Table Of Content

Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues ADVISORY BOARD Ann G. Carmichael, Co-Director of the Center for the Study of the History of Medicine, Indiana University Katharine Donahue,Head of History and Special Collections, Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library, UCLA John Parascandola,President of the American Association for the History of Medicine (2006), former Chief of the History of Medicine Division (HMD) of the National Library of Medicine, and Public Health Services Historian in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Christopher Ryland, Assistant Director for Special Collections at Vanderbilt University’s Annette and Irwin Eskind Biomedical Library William C. Summers,Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and Professor of History of Science and Medicine at Yale University Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues Volume 1, A–M Edited by JOSEPH P. BYRNE Foreword by Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of pestilence, pandemics, and plagues / edited by Joseph P. Byrne ; foreword by Anthony S. Fauci. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN: 978-0-313-34101-4 (set : alk. paper) ISBN: 978-0-313-34102-1 (v. 1 : alk. paper) ISBN: 978-0-313-34103-8 (v. 2 : alk. paper) 1. Epidemics—Encyclopedias. 2. Communicable diseases—Encyclopedias. I. Byrne, Joseph Patrick. [DNLM: 1. Disease Outbreaks—Encyclopedias—English. 2. Communicable Diseases— Encyclopedias—English. WA 13 E564 2008] RA652.E535 2008 614.4003—dc2 2008019487 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2008 by Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2008019487 ISBN: 978–0–313–34101–4 (set) 978–0–313–34102–1 (vol. 1) 978–0–313–34103–8 (vol. 2) First published in 2008 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48-1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents List of Entries vii Guide to Related Topics xiii Foreword by Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. xix Preface xxi Introduction xxiii The Encyclopedia 1 Glossary 801 Bibliography 813 About the Editor, Advisory Board Members, and Contributors 827 Index 843 This page intentionally left blank List of Entries AIDS in Africa Black Death and Late Medieval AIDS in the United States Christianity AIDS, Literature, and the Arts in the Black Death, Economic and United States Demographic Effects of Air and Epidemic Diseases Black Death, Flagellants, and Jews Animal Diseases (Zoonoses) and Black Death: Literature and Art Epidemic Disease Black Death: Modern Medical Debate Animal Research Bubonic Plague Antibiotics Bubonic Plague in the United States Apothecary/Pharmacist Armstrong, Richard Capitalism and Epidemic Disease Astrology and Medicine Chadwick, Edwin Avian Flu. See Influenza. Children and Childhood Epidemic Avicenna (Ibn Sina) Diseases Ayurvedic Disease Theory and Medicine Chinese Disease Theory and Medicine Cholera Babesiosis Cholera before the Pandemics Bacterium/Bacteria Cholera: First through Third Pandemics, BartonellaDiseases 1816–1861 Behring, Emil von Cholera: Fourth through Sixth Biblical Plagues Pandemics, 1862–1947 Bimaristan/Maristan Cholera: Seventh Pandemic, 1961–Present Biological Warfare Cinema and Epidemic Disease Bioterrorism Colonialism and Epidemic Disease Black Death (1347–1352) Conjunctivitis viii List of Entries Contagion and Transmission Gorgas, William Crawford Contagion Theory of Disease, Greco-Roman Medical Theory Premodern and Practice Cordon Sanitaire Corpses and Epidemic Disease Haffkine, Waldemar Mordechai Hansen, Gerhard Armauer Demographic Data Collection and Hemorrhagic Fevers Analysis, History of Hemorrhagic Fevers in Modern Africa Diagnosis and Diagnostic Tools Henderson, Donald Ainslie Diagnosis of Historical Diseases Hepatitis Diet, Nutrition, and Epidemic Disease Heredity and Epidemic Disease Diphtheria Hippocrates and the Hippocratic Corpus Disease in the Pre-Columbian Historical Epidemiology Americas Hospitals and Medical Education in Disease, Social Construction of Britain and the United States Disinfection and Fumigation Hospitals in the West to 1900 Drug Resistance in Microorganisms Hospitals since 1900 Dysentery Human Body Human Immunity and Resistance to Early Humans, Infectious Diseases in Disease Ectoparasites Human Immunodeficiency Ehrlich, Paul Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Empiric Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) Encephalitis Human Papilloma Virus and Cervical Encephalitis, Epidemic Outbreaks Cancer in the Twentieth Century Human Subjects Research Enders, John Franklin Humoral Theory Enteric Fevers Environment, Ecology, and Epidemic Immunology Disease Industrialization and Epidemic Disease Epidemic and Pandemic Industrial Revolution Epidemiology Influenza Epidemiology, History of Influenza Pandemic, 1889–1890 Ergotism Influenza Pandemic, 1918–1919 Insect Infestations Farr, William Insects, Other Arthropods, and Epidemic Fernel, Jean Disease Flight International Health Agencies and Folk Medicine Conventions Fracastoro, Girolamo Irish Potato Famine and Epidemic Frost, Wade Hampton Disease, 1845–1850 Islamic Disease Theory and Medicine Galen Geopolitics, International Relations, Jenner, Edward and Epidemic Disease Germ Theory of Disease Kitasato, Shibasaburo Gonorrhea and Chlamydia Koch, Robert List of Entries ix Latin America, Colonial: Demographic Paleopathology Effects of Imported Diseases Panspermia Theory Laveran, Charles Louis Alphonse Paracelsianism Leeuwenhoek, Antony van Paracelsus Legionnaires’ Disease Pasteur, Louis Leprosarium Penicillin Leprosy Personal Hygiene and Epidemic Disease Leprosy in the Premodern World Personal Liberties and Epidemic Leprosy in the United States Disease Leprosy, Societal Reactions to Pest Houses and Lazarettos Literature, Disease in Modern Pesticides London, Great Plague of (1665–1666) Pettenkofer, Max Josef von Lyme Disease Pharmaceutical Industry Physician Magic and Healing Pilgrimage and Epidemic Disease Malaria Plague and Developments in Public Malaria and Modern Military History Health, 1348–1600 Malaria in Africa Plague: End of the Second Pandemic Malaria in Medieval and Early Plague in Africa: Third Pandemic Modern Europe Plague in Britain, 1500–1647 Malaria in the Americas Plague in China Malaria in the Ancient World Plague in East Asia: Third Pandemic Mallon, Mary Plague in Europe, 1500–1770s Malthusianism Plague in India and Oceania: Manson, Patrick Third Pandemic Mather, Increase and Cotton Plague in Medieval Europe, Measles 1360–1500 Measles, Efforts to Eradicate Plague in San Francisco, 1900–1908 Measles Epidemic in Fiji (1875) Plague in the Contemporary World and Eugenics Plague in the Islamic World, Measles in the Colonial Americas 1360–1500 Medical Education in the West, Plague in the Islamic World, 1100–1500 1500–1850 Medical Education in the West, Plague Literature and Art, Early 1500–1900 Modern European Medical Ethics and Epidemic Disease Plague Memorials Meningitis Plague of Athens Microscope Plague of Justinian, First Pandemic Plagues of the Roman Empire Napoleonic Wars Plagues of the Roman Republic Neolithic Revolution and Epidemic Pneumonic and Septicemic Plague Disease Pneumonic Plague in Surat, Gujarat, News Media and Epidemic Disease India, 1994 Nicolle, Charles Jules Henri Poison Libels and Epidemic Disease Non-Governmental Organizations Poliomyelitis (NGOs) and Epidemic Disease Poliomyelitis and American Popular Nurses and Nursing Culture

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From the Athenian flu pandemic to the Black Death to AIDS, this extensive two-volume set offers a sociocultural, historical, and medical look at infectious diseases and their place in human history from Neolithic times to the present. Nearly 300 entries cover individual diseases (such as HIV/AIDS, m