Encyclopedia of Perception PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of Perception
volume 1 & 2 & Copyright © 2010 by SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: [email protected] SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 33 Pekin Street #02-01 Far East Square Singapore 048763 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of perception/edited by E. Bruce Goldstein. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4129-4081-8 (cloth) 1. Perception—Encyclopedias. 2. Senses and sensation—Encyclopedias. I. Goldstein, E. Bruce, 1941– BF311.E497 2010 153.703—dc22 2009010777 This book is printed on acid-free paper. 09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Publisher: Rolf A. Janke Acquisitions Editor: Jim Brace-Thompson Editorial Assistants: Eileen Gallaher, Michele Thompson Developmental Editor: Carole Maurer Reference Systems Manager: Leticia M. Gutierrez Reference Systems Coordinator: Laura Notton Production Editor: Kate Schroeder Copy Editors: Amy Freitag, Robin Gold Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreaders: Kevin Gleason, Annie Lubinsky Indexer: Virgil Diodato Cover Designer: Ravi Balasuriya Marketing Manager: Amberlyn McKay Contents Volume 1 Editor and Advisory Board iv List of Entries v Reader’s Guide xi About the Editor xviii Contributors xix Introduction xxvii Acknowledgments xxxi List of Color Illustrations xxxii Color Illustrations xxxiii Entries A 1 G 469 B 201 H 475 C 233 I 485 D 355 K 513 E 373 L 519 F 445 M 541 Volume 2 Editor and Advisory Board iv List of Entries v Reader’s Guide xi About the Editor xviii Contributors xix Introduction xxvii Acknowledgments xxxi List of Color Illustrations xxxii Color Illustrations xxxiii Entries N 609 S 873 O 643 T 947 P 713 U 1019 Q 849 V 1025 R 853 W 1137 Index 1147 Editor and Advisory Board Editor E. Bruce Goldstein University of Pittsburgh University of Arizona Advisory Board Richard N. Aslin Steven Hsiao Joseph Anthony Movshon University of Rochester Johns Hopkins University New York University Marlene Behrmann Helene Intraub Alva Noe Carnegie Mellon University University of Delaware University of California, Berkeley Randolph Blake Scott P. Johnson Vanderbilt University University of California, Christopher Plack Los Angeles University of Manchester Geoffrey M. Boynton University of Washington Daniel Kersten Dennis R. Proffitt University of Minnesota University of Virginia Paul A. S. Breslin Monell Chemical Senses Center Roberta L. Klatzky Gary B. Rollman Carnegie Mellon University University of Western Ontario Kyle R. Cave University of Massachusetts Keith Kluender Shihab A. Shamma University of Wisconsin– University of Maryland Melvyn Alan Goodale Madison University of Western Ontario Steven K. Shevell Lawrence E. Marks University of Chicago Deborah Hall John B. Pierce Laboratory MRC Institute of Hearing Donald A. Wilson Research Stephen McAdams New York University McGill University City University of New York Mark Hollins University of North Carolina Suzanne P. McKee at Chapel Hill Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute Tom C. T. Yin University of William A. Yost Wisconsin–Madison Arizona State University List of Entries Absolute Pitch Attention: Physiological Acoustics and Concert Halls Attention: Selective Action and Vision Attention: Spatial Aesthetic Appreciation of Pictures Attention: Theories of Aftereffects Attention and Consciousness Afterimages Attention and Emotion Ageing and Chemical Senses Attention and Medical Diagnosis Ageing and Hearing Attention and Memory Ageing and Touch Attractiveness Ageing and Vision Audiology Agnosia: Auditory Audition Agnosia: Tactile Audition: Cognitive Influences Agnosia: Visual Audition: Disorders Air Quality Audition: Loudness Amblyopia Audition: Pitch Perception American Sign Language Audition: Temporal Factors Ames Demonstrations in Perception Auditory Frequency Analysis, Neural Amodal Perception Auditory Frequency Selectivity Animal Chemical Sensitivity Auditory Illusions Animal Color Vision Auditory Imagery Animal Depth Perception Auditory Localization: Physiology Animal Eye Movements Auditory Localization: Psychophysics Animal Eyes Auditory Masking Animal Frequency and Pitch Perception Auditory Processing: Central Animal Motion Perception Auditory Processing: Peripheral Aphasias Auditory Receptors and Transduction Aromatherapy Auditory Scene Analysis Art and Perception. See Pictorial Depiction Auditory System: Damage Due to and Perception Overstimulation Assistive Technologies for the Blind Auditory System: Evolution of Atmospheric Phenomena Auditory System: Structure Attention: Cognitive Influences Auditory Thresholds Attention: Covert Attention: Cross-Modal Bayesian Approach Attention: Disorders Binding Problem Attention: Divided Binocular Vision and Stereopsis Attention: Effect of Breakdown Bistable Perception Attention: Effect on Perception Body Perception Attention: Object-Based Body Perception: Disorders v vi List of Entries Braille Effort: Perception of Brain Imaging Electronic Nose Electroreception Camouflage Embodied Perception Causality Emotional Influences on Perception Cell Phones and Driver Distraction Event Perception Change Detection Evoked Potential: Audition Cochlear Implants: Controversy Evoked Potential: Vision Cochlear Implants: Technology Evolutionary Approach Color: Genetics of Evolutionary Approach: Perceptual Adaptations Color: Philosophical Issues Experience-Dependent Plasticity Color Constancy Extrasensory Perception Color Deficiency Eye: Structure and Optics Color Mixing Eye and Limb Tracking Color Naming Eye Movements: Behavioral Color Perception Eye Movements: Effects of Neurological and Color Perception: Physiological Mental Disorders On Common Chemical Sense (Chemesthesis) Eye Movements: Physiological Computational Approaches Eye Movements and Action in Everyday Life Computer Consciousness Eye Movements and Reading Computer-Generated Speech, Perception of Eye Movements During Cognition and Computer Graphics and Perception Conversation Computer Speech Perception Eye Movements During Fixation Computer Vision Eyes: Evolution of Consciousness Eyewitness Testimony Consciousness: Disorders Constancy Face Perception Content of Perceptual Experience Face Perception: Physiological Context Effects in Perception Feature Integration Theory Contrast Enhancement at Borders Feedback Pathways Contrast Perception Film (Cinema) Perception Corollary Discharge Flavor Cortical Organization Fragrances and Perfume Cortical Reorganization Following Damage Cross-Modal Transfer Gestalt Approach Cultural Effects on Visual Perception Grasping. See Reaching and Grasping Cutaneous Perception Guidance Systems for Blind People Cutaneous Perception: Physiology Hallucinations and Altered Perceptions Decision Making, Perceptual Haptics Depth Perception in Pictures/Film Hearing Aids Digital Imaging Hearing Impairment. See Audition: Disorders Digital Photography. See Digital Imaging Human–Machine Interface Direct Perception Direct Realism. See Naïve Realism Imagery and Perception. See Auditory Imagery; Dyslexia Olfactory Imagery; Visual Imagery Impossible Figures Ear. See Auditory Processing: Peripheral Indirect Nature of Perception Echolocation Individual Differences in Perception Ecological Approach Infant Perception List of Entries vii Infant Perception: Methods of Testing Multimodal Interactions: Tactile–Auditory Information Theory Multimodal Interactions: Thermal–Chemical Intentionality and Perception Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Auditory Inverted Spectrum Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Haptic Itch, Tickle, and Tingle Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Motor. See Action and Vision; Perceptual-Motor Kinesthesia Integration Music Cognition and Perception Language Music in Film Lateral Inhibition Lazy Eye. See Amblyopia Naïve Realism Light Measurement Nature and Nurture in Perception Lightness Constancy Navigation Through Spatial Layout Lightning and Thunder Neural Coding. See Neural Representation/ Linear and Nonlinear System Analysis Coding Loss of a Sense: Effect on Others, Physiological. Neural Prosthetic Systems See Cortical Reorganization Following Damage Neural Recording Loss of a Sense: Effect on Others, Psychological Neural Representation/Coding Low Vision Neuropsychology of Perception Nonveridical Perception Machine Vision. See Computer Vision Magic and Perception Object Perception Magnetoencephalography Object Perception: Physiology Magnitude Estimation and Production. Object Persistence See Scaling of Sensory Magnitude Olfaction Maps in the Cortex. See Cortical Organization Olfaction: Disorders Mary the Color Scientist Olfaction: Evolution of Material Properties Perception. See Surface and Olfaction: Feature Detection and Integration Material Properties Perception Olfaction and Reproductive Behavior McCollough Effect Olfactometry Melody Perception Olfactory Adaptation Microstimulation Olfactory Bulb: Functional Architecture Migraine Olfactory Central Processing Mind and Body Olfactory Imagery Mirages Olfactory Localization Mirror Neurons Olfactory Quality Modality (Philosophy) Olfactory Receptors and Transduction Modularity Olfactory Stimulus Molyneux’s Question Optic Ataxia Motion Parallax and Structure From Motion Oscillatory Synchrony Motion Perception Otoacoustic Emissions Motion Perception: Physiological Out-of-Body Experience Motion Perception: Social Multimodal Interactions: Color–Chemical Pain: Assessment and Measurement Multimodal Interactions: Neural Basis Pain: Cognitive and Contextual Multimodal Interactions: Olfaction–Taste. Influences See Flavor Pain: Neuromatrix Theory Multimodal Interactions: Pain–Touch Pain: Physiological Mechanisms Multimodal Interaction: Spatial Perception in Pain: Placebo Effects Touch and Vision Pain: Treatments for Chronic viii List of Entries Perception in Unusual Environments Reading. See Eye Movements and Reading Perceptual Development: Attention Reading Typography Perceptual Development: Color and Contrast Receptive Fields Perceptual Development: Face Perception Recognition Perceptual Development: Hearing Recovery of Vision Following Blindness Perceptual Development: Imitation Reorganization. See Cortical Reorganization Perceptual Development: Infant Music Perception Following Damage Perceptual Development: Intermodal Perception Response Time Perceptual Development: Object Perception Retinal Anatomy Perceptual Development: Speech Perception Reverse Correlation Perceptual Development: Taste and Olfaction Perceptual Development: Touch and Pain Scaling of Sensory Magnitude Perceptual Development: Visual Acuity Seeing as Perceptual Development: Visually Guided Reaching Selective Adaptation Perceptual Development: Visual Object Self-Motion Perception Permanence and Identity Sense Interactions. See Multimodal Interactions: Perceptual Developmental Disorders. See Vision: Color–Chemical; Multimodal Interactions: Developmental Disorders Neural Basis; Multimodal Interactions: Pain– Perceptual Expertise Touch; Multimodal Interactions: Tactile– Perceptual Learning Auditory; Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Haptic Perceptual-Motor Integration Sensory Coding. See Neural Representation/ Perceptual Organization: Auditory. See Auditory Coding Scene Analysis Sensory Rehabilitation Perceptual Organization: Vision Sensory Restoration and Substitution Perceptual Representation (Philosophy) Shape Constancy. See Constancy Perceptual Segregation Signal Detection Theory and Procedures Phantom Limb Size Perception. See Constancy Phenomenology (Philosophy) Skin Senses. See Cutaneous Perception Pheromones Sleep and Dreams Philosophical Approaches Social Perception Philosophy: Access and Report Somatic Perception. See Body Perception: Philosophy: Attention and the Size Disorders of the Conscious Field Sound Reproduction and Perception Physiological Approach Sound Stimulus Pictorial Depiction and Perception Spatial Layout Perception, Neural Plasticity. See Experience-Dependent Plasticity Spatial Layout Perception, Psychophysical Positron Emission Tomography. See Brain Imaging Spatial Memory Priming Speech Perception Prism Adaptation Speech Perception: Physiological Private Nature of Perceptual Experience Speech Production Proprioception Speechreading Prostheses: Auditory. See Cochlear Implants: Speed of Processing in Sensory Systems Technology Statistical Learning Prostheses: Visual Surface and Material Properties Perception Psychophysical Approach Synesthesia Psychophysics: Detection Tactile Acuity Qualia Tactile Map Reading Taste Rapid Serial Visual Presentation Taste: Disorders Reaching and Grasping Taste: Genetics of List of Entries ix Taste: Supertasters Visual Acuity Taste Adaptation Visual Categorization: Physiological Mechanisms Taste and Food Preferences Visual Deficits. See Low Vision Taste Receptors and Transduction Visual Disorders: Blindness Taste Stimuli: Chemical and Food Visual Disorders: Neuropsychological. Taste System Structure See Neuropsychology of Perception Taste Thresholds and Intensity Visual Displays Temperature Perception Visual Filling In and Completion Texture Perception: Tactile Visual Illusions Texture Perception: Visual Visual Imagery Theoretical Approaches Visual Light- and Dark-Adaptation Theory of Mind Visually Guided Actions Tickle. See Itch, Tickle, and Tingle Visual Masking Timbre Perception Visual Memory Time Course of Perception. See Speed of Visual Perception. See Vision Processing in Sensory Systems Visual Processing: Extrastriate Cortex Time Perception Visual Processing: Primary Visual Cortex Tinnitus Visual Processing: Retinal Tool Use Visual Processing: Subcortical Mechanisms for Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing Gaze Control Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Visual Prostheses. See Prostheses: Visual Tuning Curves Visual Receptors and Transduction Visual Scanning. See Eye Movements: Unconscious Processes Behavioral Visual Scene Perception Vestibular System Visual Scene Statistics Vibratory Perception Visual Search Video Games Visual Spatial Frequency Analysis Virtual Reality: Auditory Visual Stimuli Virtual Reality: Touch/Haptics Visual System: Evolution of Virtual Reality: Vision Visual System Structure Visceral Perception Vomeronasal System Vision Vision: Cognitive Influences Weight Perception Vision: Developmental Disorders Wine Tasting Vision: Temporal Factors Word Recognition
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