Encyclopedia of Painting. Painters and Paintings of the World from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day

518 Pages·1963·122.71 MB·English

by  Bernard S. Myers

:
entries
European
American
Oriental
Prehistoric
Aegean
Byzantine
Etruscan
Egyptian
Gothic
Greek
Roman,
etc.
ENCYCLOPEDIA
of Paintin
Painters and Painting of the World
from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day
Fourth Revised Edition
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ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
PAINTING
Painters and Paintings ofthe World
from Prehistoric Times to the Present Day
Fourth Revised Edition
Edited y rnard Myers
S.
forme' City Colleff'% New York
Contributing Associates:
MILTON W. BROWN
City University of New York
GEORGE R. COLLINS
Columbia University
BEATRICE FARWELL
University of California, Santa Barbara
JANE GASTON MAHLER
formerly Columbia Universitv
MARCARETTA SALIMGER
Metropolitan Museum of Art
1,000 Illustrations,
of which 220 are in Full Color
1 his large book is probably the most com-
prehensive one-volume encyclopedia of
the art of painting ever published in the
English language. In the Fourth Revised
Edition hundreds of entries from the dec-
ade of the '70s have been added and up-
dated. Included are such notable twentieth
century painters as Blake, Corneille, Dine,
Estes, Hockney, Kline, Jorn, Rauschen-
berg, Schiele, Stella, Still, Tapies,
Tworkov, Vasarely, Vedova and Warhol,
to name just a few.
(continued on bach flap)
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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PAINTING

ENCYCLOPEDIA
of Paintin
Paintprs nnr/ Pdinfina' of t/ip If orid
Day
from Preliislorir Tunes to the Present
FOURTH REVISED EDITION
BERNARD MYERS.
S. Editor
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SHIRLEY D \n E R S Assistant Editor
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GMDtribatiiigAssociates
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GEORGE COLLINS
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JANE G A - T N MAHLER
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MetrcO'O.ivir. M-;^um of Art
CROWN PUBLISHERS. NEW YORK
INC..
BR BR
ND30
11%
Published by Crown Publishers, Inc.
Prepared and produced by Chanticleer Press, New York
Fourth Revised Edition, 1979
Supervising Editor, Milton Rugoff
Research Editors, Donald Goddard, 1970
Victoria Thorson. 1979
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 79-14293
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Encyclopedia of painting.
— —
1. Painting Dictionaries. 2. Painters Biography.
L Myers, Bernard Samuel, 1908- II. Myers, Shirley D.
ND30.E5 1979 750'.3 79-14293
ISBN 0-517-53880-6
AU rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reproduced or utilized in any
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, re-
cording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the Publisher. Inquiries should be addressed to:
Crown Pubhshers, Inc., One Park Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10016
Printed in Hong Kong by South ChinaPrinting Co Ltd.
—
PREFACE
JTREPARING a one-volume encyclopedia on any subject accentuates the usual problem
of how far to go and where to stop, how to maintain a balance between the essential facts
and effectiveness of presentation. Within the number of words and illustrations prescribed
by the aim of producing a portable and not too costly volume we have tried to give an
all-over picture of the outstanding painters, movements, styles and techniques from the
most ancient times to the present day. The editor and contributing associates to this volume
have attempted also to establish a just proportion between the past and the present, the
purely factual and the essentially critical, the Orient and the Occident, the specifically
biographical entry and the general descriptive entry or definition.
Features of special interest to both the general public and the student of art include
an extensive section on the Orient (China, Japan, India and Persia), a thoroughgoing
but selective section on the art of the United States, and an equally inclusive coverage of
the many European and other countries contributing to the art of our own times.
We may note finally that in contrast to other available encyclopedias in English, the
present volume is richly illustrated. The approximately one thousand color plates and
black-and-white pictures relate in every case to the biographical or descriptive entries
which they illustrate, although they are not necessarily keyed to specific descriptions in
the text. All illustrations are in or near the entry which they illustrate. In addition, the
color plates have been numbered and are referred to by number in the text.
The various personalities, movements, techniques and definitions are listed in the usual
alphabetical fashion, with the partial exception of the Oriental material, which is spe-
cially treated because of its relative unfamiliarity to the Western reader. Here the names
of the best-known and outstanding Oriental painters may be found as listings in their
alphabetical places within the body of the book; these listings refer the reader to the
appropriate era or dynasty within the special sections on Chinese, Japanese, Indian or
Persian painters. For lesser-known Oriental names the reader may turn directly to the
national entry and scan the listings under each dynasty thereof for the appropriate entry.
This arrangement helps the reader find a desired name and at the same time, by grouping
the entries of each Oriental culture, provides a historical survey of the painting of each
country.
In alphabetizing the names of Italian painters, we have followed the prevailing practice
—
of books on Italian art of alphabetizing such names with a few unavoidable exceptions
according to the painter's first or given name: e.g., Antonello da Messina, Raphael,
Michelangelo.
Where the editors felt that a cross-reference to another entry was necessary, the word
see in parenthesis was used, but the reader will find that almost all names or terms that
figure prominently in any entry are themselves given a separate entry elsewhere in the
book. It should also be noted that for many entries, especially of the general kind, e.g.,
abstract painting, pertinent illustrations will be found accompanying the entries of indi-
vidual painters elsewhere in the book.
— —
There has not been nor indeed could there have been any attempt to achieve com-
pleteness in a one-volume encyclopedia of this kind. It is felt, however, that the most
representative and noteworthy painters in each historical era and country have been
included. By the same token, it was neither possible nor desirable to list the countless
representatives of the manifold art movements of our own time beyond the leading and
most typical figures. To do so would have been to overweight this period to the disad-
vantage of other periods.
With regard to responsibility for the various contributions, this is divided as follows:
Milton W. Brown: all United States painting except the most recent; Italian painters bom
after 1476 exclusive of living artists; the major Flemish entries; and the general article on
stained glass.
George R. Collins: all Spanish painting; ancient painting; medieval painting; French
painters through Impressionism; the briefer Flemish entries; and general articles on
enamel, illuminated manuscripts, mosaic, Byzantine, Early Christian, Egyptian, Gothic,
Greek, Ropian, and Romanesque painting.
Beatrice Farwell: Italian painters bom before 1476.
Jane Gaston Mahler: all Oriental painting, including China, Japan, India and Persia.
Bernard S. Myers: all British entries; all Mexican and other Latin-American entries;
modern European painters from the late nineteenth century to the present day; Australian
and Canadian painters; Portuguese painters; and general articles, including oil painting,
prehistoric painting, Jewish painting and Expressionism.
Margaretta Salinger: Dutch and German entries exclusive of the modems.
The considerable task of editorial supervision for the entire project was accomplished
by Milton Rugoff of Chanticleer Press; the gathering of the large number of photographs
in black-and-white and in color was also done under his direction.
The editors also wish to thank Alan McCulloch of Melbourne, Australia, for supplying
material on Australian painters; Marilyn Lutzker of New York for research assistance;
Mrs. George R. Collins for assistance in manuscript revision, and Mr. Wang Chi-ch'uan for
help with the choice of Chinese painters.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
XHE
acknowledgments for an illustrated work of this kind would be almost
limitless if one were to enumerate all the museums, galleries, government agencies
and private collectors who have made photographs in color and black-and-white
available. Although individual picture credits are listed at the back of the book,
particular mention must, however, be made of the generosity and assistance of
the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., the unfailing helpfulness of the
librarians of the Art and Architecture Division of the New York Public Library,
and the special acts of cooperation or kindness of the following:
Addison Gallery of American Art, Phillips Academy, Andover; Albright Art
Gallery, Buffalo; Baltimore Museum of Art; Bodleian Library, Oxford University;
Brooklyn Museum; Detroit Institute of Arts; M. H. de Young Memorial Museum,
San Francisco; Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge; Frick Art
Reference Library, New York; Hispanic Society of America, New York; Institute
of Contemporary Art, Boston; Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston; Kress
Foundation, New York; Mauritshuis, The Hague; Metropolitan Museum of Art,
New York; Minneapolis Institute of Arts; Morgan Library, New York; Museum
of Fine Arts, Boston; Museum of Modem Art, New York; Museum of Top Kapu,
Istanbul; National Gallery of Modern Art, Rome; National Gallery of Canada,
Ottawa; National Gallery, London; Philadelphia Museum of Art; Phillips Gallery,
Washington, D.C.; Prado, Madrid; Smith College Museum of Art, Northampton,
Mass.; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam; Toledo Museum of Art, Ohio; Whitney
Museum of American Art, New York; Worcester Art Museum; Aarhus Kunst-
museum; Art Institute of Chicago; Cleveland Museum of Art; Folkwang Museum,
Essen; Kunsthalle, Hamburg; Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Musee National
d'Art Modeme, Paris; National Gallery, Berlin; New-York Historical Society;
North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh; Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam; Solomon R.
Guggenheim Museum, New York; Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne.
Also the following: Art News, New York; Babcock Galleries, New York; The
Bamboo Studio, New York; Grace Borgenicht Gallery, New York; Alice Boney,
New York; Carstairs Gallery, New York; Downtown Gallery, New York; Dr. Han
Li-wai, Advisor to the President, Republic of China, Formosa; Sidney Janis Gallery,
New York; Knoedler and Co., New York; Kootz Gallery, New York; C. T. Loo,
New York; New York Graphic Society, N.Y.; H. E. Smeets, Weert, Netherlands;
Wildenstein and Co., New York; Walter Bareiss, New York; William B. Jaffe,
New York.
Also the following: American Fund for Israel Institutions, New York; Austral-
ian News and Information Bureau, New York; Austrian Information Service,
New York; Belgian Information Center, New York; The Roy Bernard Company,
New York, and Inter Nationes, Bonn, Germany; British Information Services, New
York; Information Office, Canadian Consulate General, New York; Casa de Por-
tugal, Portuguese Official Information Bureau, New York; Danish Information
Office, New York; Government of India Information Services, New York; The
Kosciuszko Foundation, New York; Pro Helvetia, and the Consulate General of
Switzerland, New York; Swedish American News Exchange, New York.
KEY TO ABBREVIATED NAMES OF MUSEUMS
Antwerp Musee Royal des Beaux-Arts, Antwerp
Berlin Kaiser-Friedrich Museum, Berlin
Boston Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
Brera Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan
Brussels Musee Royal des Beaux-Arts, Brussels
Chicago Art Institute of Chicago
Cook Collection Cook Collection, Richmond, England
Corcoran Corcoran Gallery, Washington
Dresden Gemaldegalerie, Dresden
Frankfort Stadelsches Kunstinstitut, Frankfort
Freer Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington
Frick Collection Frick Collection, New York
Guggenheim Guggenheim Museum, New York
Hermitage Hermitage Museum, Leningrad
London National Gallery, London
Louvre Musee du Louvre, Paris
Mauritshuis Mauritshuis, The Hague
Metropolitan Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
Modern Museum The Museum of Modem Art, New York
Munich Bavarian State Art Gallery (Alte Pinakothek), Munich
Naples Gallery Pinacoteca del Museo Nazionale di Napoli
Nelson Nelson Gallery of Art, Kansas City, Missouri
Paris, Modern Museum Musee d'art moderne, Paris
Philadelphia Philadelphia Museum of Art
Pitti Palazzo Pitti, Florence
Prado Museo del Prado, Madrid
Siena Pinacoteca Nazionale, Siena
Stedelijk Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam
Tate Tate Gallery, London
Uffizi Museo degli Uffizi, Florence
Urbino Gallery Galleria Nazionale delle Marche, Palazzo Ducale
Vatican Pinacoteca Vaticana (Vatican Picture Gallery), Rome
Venice Academy Accademia di Belle Arti, Venice
Vienna Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
Wallace Collection Wallace Collection, London
Washington National Gallery' of Art, Washington
Whitney Whitney Museum of American Art, New York