Encyclopedia of natural hazards

1177 Pages·2013·42.46 MB·English

by  Pedro Basabe

ENCYCLOPEDIA of
NATURAL HAZARDS
Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NATURAL HAZARDS
VolumeEditor
PeterBobrowskyisanAdjunctProfessorattheCenterforNaturalHazardsResearch,DepartmentofEarthSciences,SimonFraserUniversity,
Burnaby,BC,Canada([email protected]).Withover30yearsofprofessionalexperienceasanenvironmentalandengineeringgeologisthehas
workedinAfrica,China,India,NorthAmerica,MiddleEastandSouthAmerica.Hehaspublishedextensivelyonavarietyofsubjectsandhas
served/servesonanumberofbodiesandorganizations:SecretaryGeneralofIUGS,PresidentoftheGeologicalAssociationofCanada,President
oftheCanadianQuaternaryAssociation,VicePresidentoftheInternationalConsortiumonLandslides,editorialboardforLandslidesQuaternary
Internationalandseveralothers.TheprojecttocompileandpublishthisvolumewascompletedduringhistenureasSGofIUGS.
Editorial Board
PedroBasabe BillMcGuire
UN/ISDRAfricaProgramme DepartmentofEarthSciences
UnitedNationsComplex,Gigiri UniversityCollegeLondon
POBox47074 136GowerStreet(LewisBuilding)
Nairobi,Kenya London,UK
TomBeer JayMelosh
AustralianCommonwealthScientificandIndustrialResearch DepartmentofEarthandAtmosphericSciences
Organisation(CSIRO) CivilEngineeringBuilding,Room3237
PB1,Aspendale 550StadiumMallDrive
Victoria,Australia PurdueUniversity
WestLafayette,Indiana,USA
NormCatto
FarrokhNadim
DepartmentofGeography
NorwegianGeotechnicalInstitute(NGI)
MemorialUniversity
POBox3930UllevallStadion
St.John’s,Newfoundland,Canada
Oslo,Norway
ViacheslavK.Gusiakov PaulSlovic
SiberianDivision,RussianAcademyofSciences DecisionResearch
Pr.Lavrentieva,6 1201OakStreet,Suite200
Novosibirsk,Russia Eugene,Oregon,USA
MichaelK.Lindell PhilippSchmidt-Thomé
HazardReduction&RecoveryCenter GeologicalSurveyofFinland
TexasA&MUniversity POBox96
CollegeStation,Texas,USA 02151Espoo,Finland
AimsoftheSeries
TheEncyclopediaofEarthSciencesSeriesprovidescomprehensiveandauthoritativecoverageofallthemainareasintheEarthSciences.Each
volumecomprisesafocusedandcarefullychosencollectionofcontributionsfromleadingnamesinthesubject,withcopiousillustrationsand
referencelists.
Thesebooksrepresentoneoftheworld’sleadingresourcesfortheEarthSciencescommunity.Previousvolumesarebeingupdatedandnew
workspublishedsothatthevolumeswillcontinuetobeessentialreadingforallprofessionalearthscientists,geologists,geophysicists,climatolo-
gists,andoceanographersaswellasforteachersandstudents.SeethebackofthisvolumeforacurrentlistoftitlesintheEncyclopediaofEarth
SciencesSeries.Gotohttp://www.springerlink.com/reference-works/ tovisitthe“EarthSciencesSeries”online.
AbouttheSeriesEditor
ProfessorCharlesW.Finklhaseditedand/orcontributedtomorethaneightvolumesintheEncyclopediaofEarthSciencesSeries.Forthepast
28yearshehasbeentheExecutiveDirectoroftheCoastalEducation&ResearchFoundationandEditor-in-ChiefoftheinternationalJournalof
Coastal Research. In addition to these duties, he is Professor Emeritus at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Florida, USA. He is
agraduateoftheUniversityofWesternAustralia(Perth)andpreviouslyworkedforawhollyownedAustraliansubsidiaryoftheInternationalNickel
CompanyofCanada(INCO).Duringhiscareer,heacquiredfieldexperienceinAustralia;theCaribbean;SouthAmerica;SWPacificislands;
southernAfrica;WesternEurope;andthePacificNorthwest,Midwest,andSoutheastUSA.
FoundingSeriesEditor
ProfessorRhodesW.Fairbridge(deceased)haseditedmorethan24EncyclopediasintheEarthSciencesSeries.Duringhiscareerhehasworkedas
apetroleumgeologistintheMiddleEast,beenaWWIIintelligenceofficerintheSWPacificandledexpeditionstotheSahara,ArcticCanada,Arctic
Scandinavia,BrazilandNewGuinea.HewasEmeritusProfessorofGeologyatColumbiaUniversityandwasaffiliatedwiththeGoddardInstitute
forSpaceStudies.
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EARTH SCIENCES SERIES
ENCYCLOPEDIA of
NATURAL HAZARDS
edited by
PETER T. BOBROWSKY
Simon Fraser University
Canada
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012944445
ISBN:978-90-481-8699-0
Thispublicationisavailablealsoas:
ElectronicpublicationunderISBN978-1-4020-4399-4and
PrintandelectronicbundleunderISBN978-94-007-0263-9
SpringerDordrecht,Heidelberg,NewYork,London
Printedonacid-freepaper
Coverphoto:VolcanicLava,Hawaii.PhotoreproducedcourtesyofPaulSouders.
Everyefforthasbeenmadetocontactthecopyrightholdersofthefiguresandtableswhichhavebeenreproduced
fromothersources.Anyonewhohasnotbeenproperlycreditedisrequestedtocontactthepublishers,sothatdue
acknowledgementmaybemadeinsubsequenteditions.
AllrightsreservedforthecontributionsCommunicatingEmergencyInformation;DoseRate;HarmonicTremor;
NaturalRadioactivity;Pore-WaterPressure;RadonHazards
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht 2013
Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,
electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recordingorotherwise,withoutwrittenpermissionfromthe
Publisher,withtheexceptionofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedon
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Contents
Contributors xv AsteroidImpactPredictions 29
BrianG.Marsden(Deceased)
Preface xxxix
AutomatedLocalEvaluationin
Acknowledgments xli
RealTime(ALERT) 31
LevI.Dorman
AA-LAVA 1
RobertBuchwaldt
Avalanches 31
ChrisStethem
Accelerometer 2
ZhengwenZengandLinFa
Aviation(Hazardsto) 34
AcidRain 2 ThomasGerzandUlrichSchumann
MaryJ.Thornbush
Avulsion 40
Adaptation 3 JoannMossa
PhilippSchmidt-ThoméandSirkkuJuhola
BaseSurge 41
AirphotoandSatelliteImagery 5 CatherineJ.Hickson
J.D.Mollard
BeachNourishment(Replenishment) 42
Albedo 9 CharlesW.Finkl
AlanW.Harris
BeaufortWindScale 42
TomBeer
AntecedentConditions 10
MichaelJamesCrozier,NickPrestonand
BiblicalEvents 45
ThomasGlade
JerryT.Mitchell
ArsenicinGroundwater 13
BodyWave 47
ArindamBasu
ZhengwenZengandLinFa
Asteroid 14 Breakwaters 48
AlanW.Harris GiovanniCuomo
AsteroidImpact 18 BuildingCode 49
ChristianKoeberl RohitJigyasu
AsteroidImpactMitigation 28 BuildingFailure 50
ClarkR.Chapman TizianaRossetto
vi CONTENTS
Buildings,Structures,andPublicSafety 51 Cost-BenefitAnalysisofNaturalHazard
JohnM.Logan Mitigation 121
SvenFuchs
Calderas 57
JamesW.Cole Costs(Economic)ofNaturalHazards
andDisasters 125
CasualtiesFollowingNaturalHazards 59 HowardKunreutherandErwannMichel-Kerjan
KerrianneWattandPhilipWeinstein
Creep 129
ChallengestoAgriculture 65 PiotrMigoń
JulieA.March
CriticalIncidentStressSyndrome 130
CivilProtectionandCrisisManagement 69 AnnM.MitchellandKirstynKameg
SciraMenoniandAntonioPugliano
CriticalInfrastructure 132
ClassificationofNaturalDisasters 78 SusanneKrings
ThomasGladeandDavidE.Alexander
CryologicalEngineering 132
ClimateChange 82 LukasU.ArensonandSarahM.Springman
JasperKnight
CulturalHeritageandNaturalHazards 135
CloudSeeding 92 PiotrMigoń
StevenT.Siems
DamageandtheBuiltEnvironment 141
CoalFire(Underground) 92 AdrianaGalderisiandAndreaCeudech
GlennB.Stracher
DebrisAvalanche 145
CoastalErosion 94 MarcoGiardino
WayneStephenson
DebrisFlow 149
CoastalZoneRiskManagement 97
OldrichHungr
NormCatto
Deep-seatedGravitationalSlopeDeformation 151
CognitiveDissonance 98
MauroSoldati
JaroslawDzialek
Desertification 155
CollapsingSoilHazards 99
NicholasLancaster
AndrewJ.Stumpf
DisasterDiplomacy 158
Comet 105
IlanKelman
PaulR.Weissman
DisasterRelief 159
CommunicatingEmergencyInformation 110
JaneCarterIngram
JohnH.Sorensen
DisasterResearchandPolicy,History 160
CommunityManagementofNaturalHazards 112
J.C.GaillardandIlanKelman
WilliamT.Hartwell
ComplexityTheory 117 DisasterRiskManagement 164
WilliamH.K.Lee N.Nirupama
ConcreteStructures 118 DisasterRiskReduction 170
MuratSaatcioglu WalterJ.Ammann
Convergence 118 Disasters 175
IlanKelman IanStewart
CopingCapacity 119 DispersiveSoilHazards 186
VirginiaR.Burkett AndrewJ.Stumpf
CONTENTS vii
DopplerWeatherRadar 188 EmergencyManagement 263
RodgerA.Brown MichaelK.Lindell
DoseRate 188 EmergencyMapping 272
CathyScheib FrankFiedrichandSisiZlatanova
Drought 189 EmergencyPlanning 276
SuzanneHollinsandJohnDodson SciraMenoni
CASE STUDY EmergencyShelter 280
CamilloBoanoandWilliamHunter
DustBowl 197
RichardSeagerandBenjaminI.Cook
Epicenter 284
DustDevil 201 ValerioComerci
NiltonO.Rennó
EpidemiologyofDiseaseinNaturalDisasters 285
DustStorm 202 GilbertM.Burnham
NiltonO.Rennó
Erosion 288
DvorakClassificationofHurricanes 203 MatijaZornandBlažKomac
RaymondZehr
Erosivity 289
EarlyWarningSystems 207 MatijaZornandBlažKomac
GrahamS.Leonard,ChrisE.Greggand
DavidM.Johnston
EruptionTypes(VolcanicEruptions) 290
CatherineJ.Hickson,T.C.Spurgeonand
Earthquake 208
R.I.Tilling
JohnF.Cassidy
Evacuation 293
EarthquakeDamage 223 GrahamA.Tobin,BurrellE.Montzand
NicolasDesramaut,HormozModaressiand LindaM.Whiteford
GonériLeCozannet
ExpansiveSoilsandClays 297
EarthquakePredictionandForecasting 225 GhulappaS.DasogandAhmetR.Mermut
AlikT.Ismail-Zadeh
Expert(Knowledge-Based)SystemsforDisaster
EarthquakeResistantDesign 231 Management 300
TizianaRossettoandPhilippeDuffour Jean-MarcTacnetandCorinneCurt
ExposuretoNaturalHazards 305
EconomicValuationofLife 240
JörnBirkmann
MohammedH.I.DoreandRajivG.Singh
Extensometers 306
EconomicsofDisasters 242
ErikEberhardt
Pierre-AlainSchieb
Extinction 307
EducationandTrainingforEmergency
RossD.E.MacPhee
Preparedness 247
KevinR.Ronan ExtremeValueTheory 310
GianfaustoSalvadori
ElasticReboundTheory 249
JohnRistau
CASE STUDY
ElectromagneticRadiation(EMR) 250 EyjafjallajökullEruptions2010 311
NormanKerle FreysteinnSigmundsson
ElNiño/SouthernOscillation 250 Fault 317
MichaelGhilandIlyaZaliapin WilliamA.Bryant
viii CONTENTS
FederalEmergencyManagement CASE STUDY
Agency(FEMA) 321
GalerasVolcano,Colombia 369
VincentR.Parisi
BarryVoightandMartaL.Calvache
Fetch 322 Gas-Hydrates 377
NormCatto HarshK.GuptaandKalachandSain
FireandFirestorms 323 GeographicInformationSystems(GIS)and
JohnRadke NaturalHazards 378
PaoloTarolliandMarcoCavalli
FlashFlood 324
YangHong,PradeepAdhikariand GeographicInformationTechnology 385
JonathanJ.Gourley BrigitteLeblon
Geohazards 387
FloodDeposits 325
BlažKomacandMatijaZorn
JánosKovács
Geological/GeophysicalDisasters 387
FloodHazardandDisaster 326
RichardGuthrie
YangHong,PradeepAdhikariand
JonathanJ.Gourley
GlacierHazards 400
JohnJ.Clague
FloodProtection 336
FernandoNardi
GlobalChangeandItsImplicationsfor
NaturalDisasters 405
FloodStage 336
GonériLeCozannet,HormozModaressiand
FernandoNardi
NicolasDesramaut
Floodplain 337 GlobalDust 409
KlementTockner EdwardDerbyshire
Floodway 338 GlobalNetworkofCivilSocietyOrganizationsfor
ArmandLaRocque DisasterReduction 416
TerryGibson
FogHazardMitigation 338
SteveLaDochyandMichaelR.Witiw GlobalPositioningSystems(GPS)andNatural
Hazards 416
FogHazards 342 NormanKerle
PaulJ.Croft
GlobalSeismographNetwork(GSN) 417
Föhn 346
AllisonBent
AnitaBokwa
CASE STUDY
ForestandRangeFires 346
GeorgeEftychidis HaitiEarthquake2010:PsychosocialImpacts 419
JamesM.Shultz,LouisHernsMarcelin,
FrequencyandMagnitudeofEvents 359 ZeldeEspinel,SharonB.Madanes,
LionelE.Jackson,Jr. AndreaAllenandYuvalNeria
FrostHazard 363 HarmonicTremor 425
LeanneWebbandRichardL.Snyder MelanieKelman
FujitaTornadoScale 366 Hazard 425
ThomasW.Schmidlin FarrokhNadim
Fumarole 367 HazardandRiskMapping 426
TravisW.Heggie BrianR.Marker
CONTENTS ix
HazardousnessofaPlace 435 ImpactFirestorms 525
NetraRajRegmi,JohnRickGiardinoand TamaraGoldin
JohnD.Vitek
ImpactTsunamis 525
HeatWaves 447 GalenGisler
GerdTetzlaff
ImpactWinter 528
High-RiseBuildingsinNaturalDisaster 451 OwenBrianToon
MuratSaatcioglu
Inclinometers 529
ErikEberhardt
HistoricalEvents 452
SuzanneA.G.LeroyandRaisaGracheva
CASE STUDY
HospitalsinDisaster 471
IndianOceanTsunami,2004 529
JeffreyN.Rubin
FranckLavigne,RaphaëlParis,Frédéric
Leone,J.C.GaillardandJulieMorin
HumanImpactsofHazards 474
DouglasPaton,DavidJohnstonandSarbJohal
InducedSeismicity 535
MauriceLamontagne
HumanityasanAgentofNaturalDisasters 478
ThomasGladeandAndreasDix
InformationandCommunicationTechnology 536
PeterS.Anderson
Hurricane(Typhoon,Cyclone) 481
RobertKorty
InsectHazards 540
PhilipWeinstein
CASE STUDY
Insurance 542
HurricaneKatrina 494
JaroslawDzialek
JoannMossa
IntegratedEmergencyManagementSystem 544
HydrocompactionSubsidence 496
FrankFiedrich
AndrewJ.Stumpf
IntensityScales 544
Hydrograph,Flood 497
DavidGiles
FernandoNardi
InternationalStrategiesforDisasterReduction
HydrometeorologicalHazards 497
(IDNDRandISDR) 552
GordonMcBean
Karl-OttoZentelandThomasGlade
HyogoFrameworkforAction2005–2015 508
Internet,WorldWideWebandNaturalHazards 563
PedroBasabe
LucyStanbrough
Hypocenter 516
Isoseismal 565
MauriceLamontagne
ValerioComerci
IceandIcebergs 519
NormCatto Jökulhlaups 567
MartenGeertsema
IceStorms 520
RonaldE.Stewart KarstHazards 571
ViacheslavAndreychoukandAndrzejTyc
ImpactAirblast 522
NataliaArtemieva CASE STUDY
ImpactEjecta 523 Krakatoa(Krakatau) 576
ChristianKoeberl BillMcGuire
ImpactFireball 524 Lahar 579
PeterBrown RichardB.Waitt