Encyclopedia of Multimedia PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of Multimedia
Encyclopedia of Multimedia Borko Furht (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Multimedia A–Z With565Figures*and51Tables *ForcolorfigurespleaseseeourElectronicReferenceonwww.springerlink.com BorkoFurht DepartmentChair DepartmentofComputerScienceandEngineering FloridaAtlanticUniversity(FAU) BocaRaton,FL33431 USA LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008933697 ISBN:978-0-387-74724-8 Thispublicationisavailablealsoas: ElectronicpublicationunderISBN:978-0-387-78414-4and PrintandelectronicbundleunderISBN:978-0-387-78415-1 (cid:1)2008SpringerScience+BuisinessMedia,LLC. Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermission ofthepublisher(SpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC.,233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY10013,USA), exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformof informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenot identifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjectto proprietaryrights. springer.com Printedonacidfreepaper SPIN:121016032109SPi-543210 Preface Onlyadecadeago,multimediaseemedlikeabrandnewresearchfieldandanemergingnewindustry.Today,at thebeginningofthenewmillennium,multimediahascomeofageandthemultimediaindustryhassignificantly grown.Anotheraspectofthedigitalmediarevolutionistheformationofthenewmediaindustrycomprisedof computer,communication,entertainment,andconsumerelectroniccompanies. TheEncyclopediaofMultimedia,2ndEditionprovidesin-depthcoverageoftheimportantconcepts,issuesand technologytrendsinthefieldofmultimediatechnologies,systems,techniques,andapplications.Itisacompre- hensive collection of articles that present perspectives and future trends in the field from hundreds of leading researchersandexpertsinthefield.Thearticlesinthebookdescribeanumberoftopicsinmultimediasystems and applications – from multimedia servers, to multimedia databases and multimedia networks and commu- nications,toemergingmultimediaapplications. Theeditor,workingwiththeEncyclopedia’sEditorialBoardandalargenumberofcontributors,surveyedand divided the field of multimedia into specific topics that collectively encompass the foundations, technologies, applications, and emerging elements of this exciting field. The members of the Editorial Board and the contributors are world experts in the field of multimedia from both academia and industry. The 2nd Edition includes 10 new members of the Editorial Boards, and more than 60 new contributors, who wrote more than 80 new articles. The total number of contributors in 2nd Edition is over 200, who have written a total of more than340articles. The2ndEditionincludesarticlesonnew,emergingtopicsinmultimedia,including3Dcontent-basedsearch and retrieval, 3D television services, interactive virtual humans, large-scale object-based multimedia storage systems, knowledge-based adaptation decision, multimedia personalization, video adaptation, authentication, and stabilization, and manyother topics. Italso includes articles on emerging standards and services including MPEG-7andMPEG-21,multimediametadatastandards,andmobilebroadcastmulticastservices.Newarticles on multimedia applications, such as massively multiuser online games, sports video analysis, person detection, faceandfacialexpressionrecognition,andobjecttrackingarealsopartofthe2ndEdition. The Encyclopedia’s intended audience is technically diverse and wide; it includes anyone concerned with multimedia systems and their applications. Specifically, the Encyclopedia can serve as a valuable reference for researchers and scientists, system designers, engineers, programmers, and managers who areinvolved in multi- mediasystemdesignandtheirapplications. IwouldliketothankthemembersoftheEditorialBoardfortheirhelpincreatingthisEncyclopedia,aswellas the authors for their individual contributions. The members of the Editorial Board assisted in selecting the articles, they wrote one or more long and short articles, and they solicited the other contributors. Without the expertiseandeffortofthecontributors,thisEncyclopediawouldneverhavecometofruition.Specialthanksgoto Springer’s editors and staff, including Jennifer Evans, Susan Lagerstrom-Fife, Jennifer Carlson, and Sharon Palleschi.Theydeservemysincererecognitionfortheirsupportthroughouttheproject. BorkoFurht Editor-in-Chief BocaRaton,Florida Table of Contents ActiveBufferManagementforProvisionofVCRFunctionalities ................................................. 1 AdaptiveEducationalHypermediaSystems ........................................................................ 2 AdaptiveJointSource-ChannelCodingforScalableVideo ....................................................... 3 AdvancesinImageandVideoQualityAssessment ................................................................ 8 AnalyzingPersonInformationinNewsVideo .................................................................... 17 ApplicationsofFaceRecognitionandNovelTrends .............................................................. 21 ArchitectureofCommercialNewsSystems ....................................................................... 22 AudioandVideoInformationinMultimediaNewsSystems .................................................... 24 AudioCompressionandCodingTechniques ...................................................................... 25 AudioConferencing ................................................................................................ 31 AudioStreaming .................................................................................................... 31 AugmentedReality .................................................................................................. 35 AuthoringandSpecification ....................................................................................... 36 AutomatedLectureRecording ..................................................................................... 37 AutomaticGenerationofVideoDocumentaries .................................................................. 43 AvailabilityandScalabilityofLOMSS ............................................................................. 45 BehavioralFacilitation .............................................................................................. 47 BiometricsforUserAuthentication ................................................................................ 48 BlockMatching ..................................................................................................... 55 BroadcastEncryption ............................................................................................... 56 CameraMotions .................................................................................................... 57 CascadingStyleSheets .............................................................................................. 58 CategoriesofVideoServiceinVideoVideo-on-DemandSystem ................................................ 59 CellPhonesandE-Commerce ..................................................................................... 59 CFAImageZooming ............................................................................................... 60 Client–ServerArchitecture ......................................................................................... 61 Client–ServerMultimediaStreaming .............................................................................. 61 CodingofStereoscopicandThreeDimensionalImagesandVideo ............................................. 63 CollaborativeComputing .......................................................................................... 67 CollaborativeVirtualEnvironments ............................................................................... 74 ColorImageFilteringandEnhancement .......................................................................... 75 ColorImageNoise .................................................................................................. 81 ColorImageZooming .............................................................................................. 82 Color-MappedImaging ............................................................................................ 83 CombiningIntra-ImageandInter-ClassSemanticsforImageMatching ........................................ 88 CompressedProgressiveMeshes ................................................................................... 89 viii TableofContents CompressedVideoSpatio-TemporalSegmentation ............................................................... 89 CompressioninImageSecretSharing ............................................................................. 91 ContentBasedMusicRetrieval ..................................................................................... 92 ContentBasedThreeDimensionalShapeRetrieval ............................................................... 98 ContentDistributionNetwork .................................................................................... 103 ContentExtractionandMetadata ................................................................................ 104 ContentManagementinMultimediaNewsSystems ............................................................. 107 ContentProtectionSolutionsforDigitalHomeNetworks ...................................................... 108 Content-BasedPhotoAlbumManagementUsingFaces ........................................................ 109 Content-UserGapinMPEG-7 .................................................................................... 115 ContextandCurrentMetadataStandards ........................................................................ 118 Context-AwareModelingofMultimediaContent ............................................................... 118 Context-AwareMultimedia ....................................................................................... 119 Context-AwareMusicalAudio .................................................................................... 124 Context-AwareVideoProduction ................................................................................ 125 Context-BasedArithmeticCoding ................................................................................ 125 CreatingAdaptiveCourseTextswithAHA! ...................................................................... 130 DataConferencing ................................................................................................. 133 DataDiscovery,RoutingandTrafficPatterns .................................................................... 133 DataEncryptionStandard(DES)andAdvancedEncryptionStandard(AES) ................................. 135 DataManagementTechniquesforContinuousMediainAd-HocNetworksofWirelessDevices............. 136 DataMiningforVideoCodingandTranscoding ................................................................ 140 DataModeling,Multimedia ....................................................................................... 143 DeadReckoning ................................................................................................... 146 DemosaickedImagePostprocessing .............................................................................. 147 Demosaicking ...................................................................................................... 148 DesignofObject-BasedStorageDevices ......................................................................... 149 DesktopVirtualReality ............................................................................................ 150 DetectionofHigh-LevelConceptsinMultimedia ............................................................... 151 Device-DrivenPresentationofMultimediaContent ............................................................. 158 DiamondSearchforBlockMotionEstimation .................................................................. 159 DigitalBiometrics .................................................................................................. 160 DigitalCameraImageProcessing ................................................................................. 165 DigitalCinema ..................................................................................................... 170 DigitalInpainting .................................................................................................. 171 DigitalRightsManagement ....................................................................................... 176 DigitalWatermarking .............................................................................................. 181 DiscreteCosineTransform(DCT) ................................................................................ 186 DiscreteWaveletTransform(DWT) .............................................................................. 188 DistanceandSimilarityMeasures ................................................................................. 188 TableofContents ix DistributedMultimediaSystems .................................................................................. 189 DistributedVideoCoding ......................................................................................... 194 Dithering ........................................................................................................... 198 DocumentStandardsinMultimediaNewsSystems ............................................................. 199 EdgeDetection ..................................................................................................... 201 Edge-SensingMechanism ......................................................................................... 202 ElementsofMultimediainEducation ............................................................................ 202 EmbeddingMultipleWatermarksinaTransformDomain ...................................................... 203 EmergentSemantics ............................................................................................... 204 EmotionandMultimediaContent ................................................................................ 204 EncryptioninRTP ................................................................................................. 205 End-to-EndSecurityforMultimediaAdaptation ................................................................ 206 ExperientialMediaSystems ....................................................................................... 212 ExposureValues .................................................................................................... 217 ExtensibleStylesheetLanguage .................................................................................... 218 FaceandFacialExpressionRecognitionusingThreeDimensionalData ....................................... 221 FaceDetection,Tracking,andRecognitionforBroadcastVideo ................................................ 228 FaceRecognition ................................................................................................... 239 FaceRecognitionEvaluationandPilots .......................................................................... 245 FaceRecognition,ThreeDimensional ............................................................................ 245 FacialAnimationandAffectiveHuman–ComputerInteraction ................................................ 246 FairnessinOnlineGames ......................................................................................... 251 FrequencyDomainRepresentationsforThreeDimensionalFaceRecognition ................................ 252 FuzzyTechniquesforContextRepresentation ................................................................... 254 GameAccessibility ................................................................................................. 257 GameEventSynchronization ..................................................................................... 258 GazeTrackingAppliedtoImageIndexing ....................................................................... 258 GenericMultimediaContentAdaptation ........................................................................ 263 GeographicVideoContent ........................................................................................ 271 GIFFormat ......................................................................................................... 272 H.263VideoCompression ........................................................................................ 275 HalftoningBasedVisualSecretSharing(Vss) .................................................................... 277 HapticDevices ..................................................................................................... 277 HapticFeedbackinUserInterfaces ............................................................................... 278 Haptics ............................................................................................................. 279 HarmonicBroadcastingProtocol ................................................................................. 280 HierarchicalVoDSystem .......................................................................................... 281 HighDefinitionLiveStreaming ................................................................................... 282 HuffmanCoding ................................................................................................... 288 HumanComputerInteraction .................................................................................... 289 x TableofContents HybridTransmissionApproachesforVideo-on-DemandSystem .............................................. 293 Hypercube-BasedMulti-viewVideoCoding ..................................................................... 294 ImageandVideoCapture ......................................................................................... 301 ImageandVideoQualityAssessment ............................................................................ 302 ImageandVideoSuperResolutionTechniques .................................................................. 309 ImageCompressionandCoding .................................................................................. 318 ImageDataRepresentations ....................................................................................... 323 ImageInpainting ................................................................................................... 329 ImageRetrieval .................................................................................................... 330 ImageSearchEngine ............................................................................................... 335 ImageSecretSharing .............................................................................................. 338 ImageWatermarking .............................................................................................. 343 ImageWatermarkingusingVisualCryptography ................................................................ 344 ImmersiveVirtualReality ......................................................................................... 345 InHome,inCar,inFlightEntertainment ........................................................................ 346 IndexingThreeDimensionalScenes .............................................................................. 346 InfraredFaceRecognition ......................................................................................... 352 InfrastructureandEngineering ................................................................................... 353 InpaintinginVirtualRestorationofArtworks ................................................................... 357 IntegratedQoSArchitectureofLOMSS .......................................................................... 358 IntegrationofCollaborativeComputingWithModelingandSimulationTechnologies ....................... 359 1 1 Intel Xscale Micro-Architecture ............................................................................... 360 InteractiveStoryTelling ........................................................................................... 360 InteractiveVirtualHumansinMobileAugmentedReality ...................................................... 362 InteractivityinMultimediaDocumentsandSystems ............................................................ 368 InterleavedAudio .................................................................................................. 370 IPTelephony ....................................................................................................... 371 JFIF(JPEGFileInterchangeFormat) ............................................................................. 377 JPEG ................................................................................................................ 377 JPEG2000ImageCodingStandard ............................................................................... 379 JPEG-LS ............................................................................................................ 386 KeyManagement .................................................................................................. 389 Knowledge-AssistedImageandVideoAnalysis .................................................................. 389 Knowledge-BasedMultimediaAdaptationDecision-Taking .................................................... 391 LargeScaleMultimediaStreaminginHeterogeneousNetworkEnvironments ................................. 395 Large-ScaleObject-BasedMultimediaStorageSystems .......................................................... 400 Large-ScaleVideo-on-DemandSystems .......................................................................... 406 LayeredAccessControlforMpeg-4FineGranularityScalableVideo ........................................... 412 LCDDisplayInterfaces ............................................................................................ 412 LegacyandCurrentPractice–TheRealityofContemporaryCollaborativeComputing ...................... 414
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