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Encyclopedia of Modern Asia Vol 1 (Abacus-China) PDF

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9 Encyclopedia of Modern Asia 9 Encyclopedia of Modern Asia Volume 1 Abacus to China A Berkshire Reference Work David Levinson • Karen Christensen, Editors 9 Editorial Board Virginia Aksan McMaster University Edward Beauchamp University of Hawaii, Honolulu Anthony Bichel Central Michigan University Rebecca Bichel Pennsylvania State University Linsun Cheng University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth Gerald Fry University of Minnesota Bruce Fulton University of British Columbia Paul Hockings University of Illinois, Chicago Robert LaPorte, Jr. Pennsylvania State University Associate Editors Linda Arthur University of Hawaii, Manoa Jamal Elias Amherst College Allen Guttmann Amherst College Josie Hernandez de Leon Laurentian University Gustaaf Houtman Royal Anthropological Institute, London, U.K. Bruce Lockhart Singapore National University Patit Mishra Sambalpur University Anthony Smith Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Honolulu Encyclopedia of Modern Asia David Levinson and Karen Christensen, Editors Copyright © 2002 Berkshire Publishing Group ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Since this page cannot legibly accommo- No part of this book may be reprinted or date all copyright notices, the acknowledg- Charles Scribner’s Sons reproduced or utilized in any form or by ments constitute an extension of the An imprint of The Gale Group any electronic, mechanical, or other means, copyright notice. 300 Park Avenue South now known or hereafter invented including New York, NY 10010 phootcopying and recording, or in any in- formation storage or retrieval system, with- Gale and Design™ and Thomson out permission in writing from Berkshire Learning™ are trademark s used herein Publishing Group. under license. The paper used in this publication meets For more information, contact the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 The Gale Group, Inc. (Permanence of Paper). 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331–3535 For permission to use material from this Or you can visit our Internet site at product, submit your request via Web at http://www.gale.com http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you may download our Permissions Request form and submit your request by fax or mail to: Permissions Department The Gale Group, Inc. 27500 Drake Rd. Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 Permissions Hotline: 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253, ext. 8006 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Levinson, David, 1947- Encyclopedia of modern Asia : / David Levinson, Karen Christensen, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-684-80617-7 (set hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Asia—Encyclopedias. I. Christensen, Karen, 1957- II. Title. DS4 .L48 2002 950'.03—dc21 2002008712 Printed in United States of America 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 9 Editorial and Production Staff Berkshire Publishing Group Project Directors David Levinson and Karen Christensen Project Editor Junhee Kim Senior Editor Francesca Forrest Associate Editor Marcy Ross Copy Editors Peter Donovan, Sharon Emmons, Ann Farkas, Adam Groff, Suzanne Guiod, Elizabeth Hayslett, Jean Kaplan, Gary Kessler, Michael Laraque, Laura Lawrie, Hope Leman, Stephen Lynch, Lea Millay, Mike Nichols, Glenn Perkins, William Rodarmor, Stephen Sanborn, Mark Siemens Information Management and Programming Deborah Dillon Charles Scribner’s Sons Project Editor Sarah Feehan Designer Jennifer Wahi Proofreaders and Editors Tony Coulter, Mary Flower, David Hall, Archie Hobson, Andrew Libby, Katherine Moreau, Laura Patchkofsky, Joseph Pomerance, Linda Sanders Senior Editor John Fitzpatrick Publisher Frank Menchaca 9 Contents Volume 1 Volume 4 List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Survey of Asia’s Regions and Nations . . . . . . . ix Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi Regional Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Survey of Asia’s Regions and Nations . . . . . . xxv Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii Regional Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxiii Malaysia to Portuguese in Southeast Asia Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxix Abacus to China Volume 5 List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Volume 2 Survey of Asia’s Regions and Nations . . . . . . . ix List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Regional Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Survey of Asia’s Regions and Nations . . . . . . . ix Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii Regional Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Possession to Turkey Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii China-India Relations to Hyogo Volume 6 List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Volume 3 Survey of Asia’s Regions and Nations . . . . . . . ix List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Regional Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Survey of Asia’s Regions and Nations . . . . . . . ix Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii Regional Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Turkic Languages to Zuo Zongtang Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii Directory of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225 Iaido to Malay-Indonesian Language Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 ENCYCLOPEDIAOFMODERNASIA vii 9 List of Maps Front Matter of All Volumes Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .548 Central Asia Huang River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .558 China and East Asia South Asia Volume 3 Southeast Asia—Insular India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Southeast Asia—Mainland Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 West and Southwest Asia Indus River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77 Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96 Volume 1 Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Afghanistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 Irian Jaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144 Altay Mountains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Irrawaddy River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 Amu Dar’ya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94 Jammu and Kashmir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203 Andaman and Nicobar Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101 Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207 Aral Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Java and Bali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267 Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Kalimantan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 Azerbaijan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Karakoram Highway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317 Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 Kara-Kum Canal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .319 Bay of Bengal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269 Kara-Kum Desert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320 Bhutan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287 Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337 Borneo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .308 Killing Fields—Cambodia (1999) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369 Brahmaputra River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317 Kyrgyzstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424 Brunei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329 Laos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443 Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .408 Luzon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .530 Caucasus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449 Macao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .532 Chang River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488 China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .504 Volume 4 Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Volume 2 Maldives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 East Timor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314 Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86 Euphrates and Tigris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352 Mekong River and Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Fergana Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375 Mindanao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148 Ganges River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423 Mongolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .165 Gobi Desert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438 Myanmar (Burma) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245 Great Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449 Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307 Gulf of Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .461 North Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348 Himalayas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513 Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424 ENCYCLOPEDIAOFMODERNASIA ix LISTOFMAPS Pamir Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457 Sumatra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354 Persian Gulf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .480 Syr Dar’ya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362 Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .492 Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380 Tajikistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394 Taklimakan Desert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .406 Volume 5 Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452 Red River and Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 Tian Shan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481 Réunion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Tibet (Xizang) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484 Sarawak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130 Tonle Sap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513 Siberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .540 Silk Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212 South Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270 Volume 6 Spratly Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314 Turkmenistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317 Uzbekistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43 Strait of Malacca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .339 Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 x ENCYCLOPEDIAOFMODERNASIA 9 Preface T he Encyclopedia of Modern Asia is an unprecedented effort at global understand- ing. With a readership of students and nonspecialists in mind, a team of more than eight hundred scholars and other experts from around the world has compiled this six-volume, 2.2-million-word publication. In it, we explore economics, religion, tech- nology, politics, education, the family, the arts, environmental issues, international relations, scientific advances, and other vital aspects of the Asian experience that will shape the twenty-first century. The Encyclopedia explains the relationship of Asia to the rest of the world through its extensive coverage of the historical exchange of ideas and inventions. Most important, it provides a variety of perspectives on issues and events, and encompasses the past and the present of Asia in an authoritative and fully cross-disciplinary work. To provide the comprehensive view needed by students and scholars in our global age, the Encyclopedia takes the broad and dynamic view of Asian history and culture that does not make false assumptions about Asian unity or uniformity, but allows us to look for continuity and diversity, change and variation, across and beyond this vast territory. The Encyclopedia contains over 2,600 entries, which range from 200 to 4,000 words. The text is supplemented by 1,300 illustrations, tables, and sidebars of mainly primary-source materials; 90 maps; topical and regional outlines; and an extensive in- dex. Articles have been written by experts from more than a dozen scholarly disci- plines, from fields including banking, economic development, law, and human rights, and from more than sixty nations. Our goal when we began this project with Charles Scribner’s Sons in 1998 was to make the Encyclopedia of Modern Asia the standard reference work on Asia. Much has happened in Asia since then—the Asian economic crisis of 1997–1998 (the effects of which remain), the September 11th terrorist attack on the United States in 2001 and subsequent invasion of Afghanistan and war on terrorism, and increased fighting in the Middle East—to name just a few. After September 11, 2001, people were fascinated by the fact that three years ear- lier we came up with the idea for this project, complete with coverage of the Central Asian republics, the Taliban, and many articles on Islam. "Were you smart or lucky?" someone asked. Our small publishing company’s mission is to focus on the "global ENCYCLOPEDIAOFMODERNASIA xi

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