Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy
Henrik Lagerlund Editor Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy Philosophy between 500 and 1500 Second Edition Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy Henrik Lagerlund Editor Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy Philosophy between 500 and 1500 Second Edition With10Figuresand23Tables Editor HenrikLagerlund DepartmentofPhilosophy StockholmUniversity Stockholm,Sweden ISBN978-94-024-1663-3 ISBN978-94-024-1665-7(eBook) ISBN978-94-024-1664-0(printandelectronicbundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1665-7 1stedition:©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.,2011 2ndedition:©SpringerNatureB.V.2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway, andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,or bysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernorthe authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwith regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureB.V. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:VanGodewijckstraat30,3311GXDordrecht,TheNetherlands Preface to the Second Edition The second edition of the Encyclopedia of Medieval Philosophy is substan- tially revised and expanded from the first edition, which was published 10yearsago.Itwasalreadyatthattimethelargestreferenceworkonmedieval philosophy inEnglish(orfor thatmatteranylanguageasfar asIknow)and continues to be with almost 500 entries in the new edition. The expanded materialforemostconsistsofnewentriesonlesser-knownfiguresinmedieval philosophy.InallotheraspectstheEncyclopediaisthesameasthefirstedition andincludesentriesonphilosophers,concepts,terms,historicalperiods,sub- jects,andtheculturalcontextofphilosophyintheMiddleAges.Furthermore, itcoversLatin,Arabic,Jewish,andByzantinephilosophyandincludesentries onthecrossfertilizationofthesephilosophicaltraditions. AuniquefeatureoftheEncyclopediaisthatitdoesnotaimtodefinewhat medievalphilosophyis.Itsimplyaimstocoverphilosophybetweentheperiod 500 C.E. and1500C.E. It ismy belief that there isnothing thatis distinctly medieval about philosophy between these dates. Instead, philosophers and theologiansworked(asinothertimes)withthehistoricallygivenmaterialthat theyhadaccesstoandformedtheirownanswerstophilosophicalquestions, someofwhichwereasoldasphilosophyitself,whileothershademergedin thethinker’sownculturalcontext.Theiranswersweresometimesrestrictedby the culture and political atmosphere, and sometimes not. Some of these answersledtothedevelopmentofnewwaysofthinkingandconceptualizing the world, which were contrary to the traditional. This makes it possible to approachmedievalphilosophywithoutanypreconceivedideaofwhatphilos- ophy is or was, which allows the inclusion of all the facets of medieval thinkingthatmakeupphilosophyofthetime. A new feature is also that the Encyclopedia contains a table of contents, whichallowsthereadertogetafastoverviewofthecontents.Theentriesinthe Encyclopedia are organized in an A–Z format for easy access, as in the first edition.Eachentrybeginswithanabstractandendswithreferencestorelated entries and a bibliography divided into primary and secondary sources. All authorsareexpertsintheirtopic,andtheirentrieshavebeenreadbyatleast onememberoftheeditorialboardtoensurethehighestqualityandstandardof scholarship. IhavereconceivedtheeditorialboardslightlyforthesecondeditionandI would like to thank theold board for their invaluable contribution. The new board,whichincludessomemembersfromthefirstedition,havebeenequally invaluable in finishing this new edition. The Encyclopedia is now online as v vi PrefacetotheSecondEdition well andexists asalivereferencework,whichmeans thatitiscontinuously updated and expanded. In that form, I hope it will live on for many more decades.IalsoneedtothankthestaffatSpringerReferenceforhelpingmeand forworkingtirelesslytomakethisworksuchagoodresource. Stockholm HenrikLagerlund June2020 Editor Preface to the First Edition Althoughtherearemanyhandbooks,companionsandhistories,thisisthefirst encyclopedia of medieval philosophy published in English. It is, therefore, withsomeexcitementthatIpresentitheretoyou,dearreader.Theaimofthis book is to provide scholars with an easy access reference work that gives accurateandtrustworthysummariesofthepresentstateofresearch.Itincludes entries on philosophers, concepts, terms, historical periods, subjects and the cultural context of philosophy in the Middle Ages. Furthermore, it covers Latin, Arabic, Jewish and Byzantine philosophy, and includes entries on the crossfertilizationofthesephilosophicaltraditions. As mentioned in the first edition, a unique feature of this encyclopedia is thatitdoesnotaimtodefinewhatmedievalphilosophyis.Itsimplyaimsto coverphilosophybetweentheperiod500and1500.Itismybeliefthatthereis nothing that is distinctly medieval about philosophy between these dates. Instead, philosophers and theologians worked (as in other times) with the historically given material that they had access to, and formed their own answerstophilosophicalquestions;someofwhichwereasoldasphilosophy itself, while others had emerged in the thinker’s own cultural context. Their answersweresometimesrestrictedbythecultureandpoliticalatmosphere,and sometimesnot.Someoftheseanswersledtothedevelopmentofnewwaysof thinkingandconceptualizingtheworld,whichwerecontrarytothetraditional. Althoughthescopeofthisencyclopediais,withover400entries,consid- erable,itisofcoursenotexhaustive.Practicalobstaclesprecludedthecreation ofthereferenceworkthatIhadinmind,andIhadtoreviseanddownsizemy aimseveraltimes.However,Iamproudoftheworkandhopethatitwillbe useful for many years to come. A dream is to develop it into a web-based internetencyclopedia,whichwillcomeclosertomyideaofanidealreference work. Despite this it is nonetheless the most exhaustive reference work on medievalphilosophyavailable. The entries in the encyclopedia are organized in an A-Z format for easy access.Thereareshortentriesofabout1500words,mediumentriesofabout 3000wordsandsurveyentriesofabout5000words.Eachentrybeginswithan abstractandendswithreferencestorelatedentriesandabibliographydivided intoprimaryandsecondarysources.Allauthorsareexpertsintheirtopic,and their entries have been read by at least one member of the editorial board to ensurethehighestqualityandstandardofscholarship. Aswithallprojectsofthiskind,itisreallyateameffort,andthisencyclo- pedia would never have been completed on time without the editor and vii viii PrefacetotheFirstEdition editorialassistantsatSpringerReference.Theyhavedoneawonderfuljoband Iamtrulygratefulfortheirknowledgeandpatience.Ialsowanttothankthe editorial board, especially Cristina D’Ancona, John Marenbon, and Stephen McGrade,fordoingafantasticjobmuchbeyondthecallofduty.Iwouldalso liketothankElizaBenedettiandAlainDucharmeforhelpingwithsomeofthe translationsandIwouldespeciallyliketothankAlainDucharmeforhelping with proofreading.Theencyclopediais, however,foremostaproductofthe individualauthorsthathavecontributedtowardsit.Iwouldliketothankallof themfortheirinvaluablesupportandinput. London,Ontario HenrikLagerlund June2010 List of Topics ʿAbdal-Laṭīfal-Baġdādī ArabicPhilosophicalTexts,Jewish AbdurrahmānBistāmī Translationsof AbrahamibnEzra ArabicTexts:NaturalPhilosophy,Latin AbūBakral-Bāqillānī Translationsof AbūBakral-Rāzī,MuḥammadibnZakarīyāʾ ArabicTexts:Philosophy,LatinTranslationsof (Rhazes) ArethasofCaesarea AbūBishrMattāibnYūnus AristotelianismintheGreek,Latin,Syriac, AbūHāshimal-Jubbā’ī Arabic,andHebrewTraditions Abu̕L-ʿAbbāsLawkarī Aristotle,Arabic AbūL-Barakātal-Baġdādī Aristotle,Arabic:Physics Abūl-Farajibnal-ʿlbrī(Barhebraeus) Aristotle,Arabic:Poetics AbūSulaymānal-Sijistānīal-Manṭiqī ArnaldusdeVillanova AdamWodeham Athīral-Dīnal-Abharī AdelardofBath Atomism Aesthetics Augustine Aesthetics,Byzantine AugustineinByzantium Afḍalal-Dīnal-Kāshānī(BābāAfḍal) AugustineofAncona AḥmadibnḤanbal Avicebron AlanofLille BahmanyāribnMarzubān AlbertofSaxony al-Balkhī,AbūZayd AlberttheGreat BarlaamofCalabria Albertism BartholomaeusArnoldideUsingen AlchemyintheArabWorld BasilBessarion AlchemyintheLatinWorld al-Baṭalyūsī,AbūMuḥammadibnal-Sīd AlexanderofAphrodisiasandArabic Being Aristotelianism BernardofClairvaux AlexanderofHales BeroMagnideLudosia AlexandrianTraditionintoArabic:Medicine BertholdofMoosburg AlexandrianTraditionintoArabic:Philosophy al-Bīrūnī,AbūRayḥān ‘Allamaal-Ḥillī Boethius al-ʿĀmirī,Abūl-Ḥasan BoethiusofDacia Āmulī,SayyidḤaydar Boethius’Detopicisdifferentiis,Commentarieson AnselmofCanterbury Bonaventure ApolloniusofTyana Bursī,al-ḤāfiẓRajabal- ix x ListofTopics CanonLaw FrancescMarbres CarolingianRenaissance FrancisofMarchia Categories FrancisofMeyronnes Categories,CommentariesonAristotle’s FranciscodeVitoria Causality FutureContingents Certainty GabrielBiel ChurchFathers Galen,Arabic CiceroinPoliticalPhilosophy GarlandustheComputist Civil(Roman)Law al-Ġazālī,AbūḤāmidMuḥammad Conciliarism GeorgeofTrebizond Conscience GeorgePachymeres Consciousness GeorgeScholarios(GennadiosII) Consequences,Theoryof GeraldOdonis ContemplativeHappinessandCivicVirtue Gersonides CorporationTheory al-Ghazālī’sMaqāṣidal-Falāsifa,Latin CristoforoLandino Translationof DanteAlighieri GilbertofPoitiers al-Dawānī,Jalālal-Dīn GilesofRome,PoliticalThought Dāwūdal-Qayṣarī GiovanniPicodellaMirandola Decaelo,CommentariesonAristotle’s GodfreyofFontaines Degenerationeetcorruptione,Commentarieson GottschalkofNepomuk Aristotle’s GreekTextsTranslatedintoHebrew DemetriosKydones GregoryAkindynos DenystheCarthusian GregoryofRimini DietrichofFreiberg GregoryPalamas ḌirāribnAmr GuidoTerreni DivineLaw Happiness DivinePower HasdaiCrescas DivineSuffering(Theopaschism) Heloise DomingodeSoto HenryHarclay DominicusGundissalinus HenryofGhent Doxographies,Graeco-Arabic Heresy DurandofSt.Pourc¸ain HermesTrismegistus EconomicThoughtintheMiddleAges HervaeusNatalis Emotions HeymericofCamp Epistemology HildegardofBingen Epistemology,Byzantine HughofSt.Victor EssenceandExistence IbnAbīJumhūral-Ahsā’i Ethics Ibnal-Malāḥimī,Ruknal-DīnMaḥmūd Ethics,Arabic Ibnal-Samḥ Ethics,Byzantine Ibnal-Ṭayyib Ethics,Jewish IbnʿArabī,AbūBakrMuḥammadMuḥyiddīn EustratiosofNicaea IbnBājja,AbūBakribnal-Sāʾiġ(Avempace) al-Fārābī,AbūNaṣr IbnFarīġūn al-Fārābī,LatinTranslationsof IbnḤazmofCordoba FeudalLaw IbnḤindū,Abūl-Faraj FormandMatter IbnKammūna,ʿIzzal-Dawla
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