Encyclopedia of Medicine and Life Science

220 Pages·2014·10.86 MB·English

Encyclopedia of
Medicine and
Life Science
Volume II
Allen Richardson
Encyclopedia of Medicine and Life Science
Volume II
"This page is Intentionally Left Blank"
Encyclopedia of Medicine and Life
Science
Volume II
Edited by Allen Richardson
Published by Learning Press,
5 Penn Plaza,
19th Floor,
New York, NY 10001, USA
Encyclopedia of Medicine and Life Science: Volume II
Edited by Allen Richardson
© 2018 Learning Press
International Standard Book Number: 978-1-9789-0798-0
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Copyright for all individual chapters
remain with the respective authors as indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Permission and sources are indicat-
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Contents
Preface VII
Chapter 1 HIV-1 Trans Infection of CD4+ T Cells by Professional Antigen
Presenting Cells 1
Charles R. Rinaldo
Chapter 2 Pathology-Dependent Effects Linked to Small Heat Shock Proteins
Expression: An Update 31
A.-P. Arrigo
Chapter 3 Stress in Obesity and Associated Metabolic and Cardiovascular
Disorders 50
Paul Holvoet
Chapter 4 B Cells in Autoimmune Diseases 69
Christiane S. Hampe
Chapter 5 Molecular Cochaperones: Tumor Growth and Cancer Treatment 87
Stuart K. Calderwood
Chapter 6 The Need for Development of New HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase and
Integrase Inhibitors in the Aftermath of Antiviral Drug Resistance 100
Mark A. Wainberg
Chapter 7 The Genetics of Alzheimer’s Disease 128
Robert C. Barber
Chapter 8 Current and Future Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis 142
Alireza Minagar
Chapter 9 Chronic Heart Failure: We Are Fighting the Battle, but
Are We Winning the War? 153
John J. Atherton
Chapter 10 Diabetes Technology: Markers, Monitoring, Assessment,
and Control of Blood Glucose Fluctuations in Diabetes 169
Boris P. Kovatchev
Chapter 11 Brown Adipose Tissue Growth and Development 183
Michael E. Symonds
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VI Contents
Chapter 12 Kinome Profiling 197
Maikel P. Peppelenbosch
Permissions
List of Contributors
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Preface
The vast field of life sciences comprises of the fields of science that consist of the scientific study of living organisms
like microorganisms, animals, plants and human beings. It also includes related matters like bioethics. While
biology remains the central focus of the life sciences, technological developments in biotechnology and molecular
biology have led to a mushrooming of specializations and interdisciplinary subjects. Life science is a field that is
helpful in improving the standard and quality of life. There are applications for life sciences in medicine, health,
agriculture as well as in pharmaceutical and food science industries. There is considerable overlap between many
of the topics of study in the life sciences. Life sciences also encompass the fields of life systems technologies, food
processing, biotechnology, biomedical technologies, environmental science and bio-medical devices. Organizations
and institutions also devote the bulk of their efforts in the various stages of research, development, technology
transfer and commercialization. Most life scientists are largely involved in research and development and
work in the laboratory or field. There are many opportunities available even in distantly related areas such as
administration, management, illustrating, service work, teaching, financial support, legal support, writing, sales
and even photography.
This book is an attempt to compile and collate all available research on new ideas in life sciences under one
umbrella. I am grateful to those who put their hard work, effort and expertise into these research projects as well
as those who were supportive in this endeavour.
Editor
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1

Trans +
HIV-1 Infection of CD4 T Cells by
Professional Antigen Presenting Cells
CharlesR.Rinaldo
DepartmentofInfectiousDiseasesandMicrobiology,UniversityofPittsburghGraduateSchoolofPublicHealth,
Pittsburgh,PA15261,USA
CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoCharlesR.Rinaldo;[email protected]
AcademicEditors:M.ClementiandZ.Stamataki
Sincethe1990swehaveknownofthefascinatingabilityofacomplexsetofprofessionalantigenpresentingcells(APCs;dendritic
+
cells,monocytes/macrophages,andBlymphocytes)tomediateHIV-1transinfectionofCD4 Tcells.Thisresultsinaburstof
virusreplicationintheTcellsthatismuchgreaterthanthatresultingfromdirect,cisinfectionofeitherAPCorTcells,ortrans
infectionbetweenTcells.SuchAPC-to-Tcelltransinfectionfirstinvolvesacomplexsetofvirussubtype,attachment,entry,and
replicationpatternsthathavemanysimilaritiesamongAPC,aswellasdistinctdifferencesrelatedtovirusreceptors,intracellular
trafficking,andproductiveandnonproductivereplicationpathways.TheendresultisthatHIV-1cansequesterwithintheAPCfor
severaldaysandbetransmittedviamembraneextensionsintracellularlyandextracellularlytoTcellsacrossthevirologicsynapse.
VirusreplicationrequiresactivatedTcellsthatcandevelopconcurrentlywiththeeventsofvirustransmission.Furtherresearchis
essentialtofillthemanygapsinourunderstandingofthesetransinfectionprocessesandtheirroleinnaturalHIV-1infection.
1.Introduction replication of virus in T cells, that is, orders of magnitude
morethancisinfectionofeitherAPCorTcells,andTcell-
Theuptakeofhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus1(HIV-1)by
to-TcellorAPC-to-APCtransinfections.
professionalantigenpresentingcells(APCs)andsubsequent
+ TheoutcomeoftheAPC-to-Tcelltransinfectionprocess
transferofvirustoCD4 Tcellscanresultinexplosivelevels
has been considered to be central to sexual transmission of
of virus replication in the T cells. This could be a major
HIV-1atmucosal(analandvaginal)andepidermal(foreskin)
pathogenic process in HIV-1 infection and development of
sites [9–11]. A further, potentially critical feature is its role
acquiredimmunodeficiencysyndrome(AIDS).Thisprocess
in progression of HIV-1 infection. In either case, the initial
of trans (Latin; to the other side) infection of virus going
phaseoftheHIV-1transinfectionprocessinvolvesunique,cis
across from the APC to the T cell is in contrast to direct,
interactionsandreplicationcyclesofvirusinthemajortypes
cis (Latin; on this side) infection of T cells by HIV-1. Note
that this is a narrow definition of trans infection, as direct, ofprofessionalAPC,thatis,subsetsofdendriticcells(DC),
cell-to-cell spread of virus is a classic phenomenon in viral monocytes/macrophages,andBlymphocytes.Recentreviews
infections [1], including HIV-1 [2, 3]. In fact, T cell-to-T have focused on DC-T cell [12] and macrophage-T cell [13]
cell infection involves many factors that are part of APC- trans infections. This review will focus on the role of each
to-T cell trans infection, including expression of CD4 on T typeofAPCinHIV-1transinfection,howtheseinfectedcells
+
cellsandformationofavirologicsynapse[4,5]andevasion transfervirustotheCD4 Tcell,andtheoutcomeofthis“kiss
of neutralizing antibody [6] and the viral inhibitory effects of death.” Note that this review does not cover information
of antiretroviral treatment (ART) [7, 8]. The use of trans ontransinfectionofsimianimmunodeficiencyvirus(SIV)in
infectioninthisreview,however,referstotheinvitromodel nonhumanprimates.Thereaderisreferredtorecentreviews
where infection of APC with low levels of HIV-1 leads to onSIVinfectionforthisinformation[14,15].
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