Encyclopedia of Latin America, 4 volumes (Facts on File Library of World History)

1773 Pages·2010·35.3 MB·English

by  Mark A. Burkholder

Encyclopedia of
Latin amErica
Amerindians through The Age of Globalization
(Prehistory to the Present)
J. Michael Francis
Volume editor
ThoMas M. leonard
general editor
Encyclopedia of Latin America
Amerindians through The Age of Globalization
Copyright © 2010 by J. Michael Francis
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or
by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher.
For information contact:
Facts On File, Inc.
An imprint of Infobase Publishing
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001
e-ISBN: 978-1-4381-2964-8
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of Latin America / Thomas M. Leonard, general editor.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8160-7359-7
1. Latin America—History—Encyclopedias. I. Leonard, Thomas M., 1937–
II. Francis, J. Michael ( John Michael ) III. Burkholder, Mark A., 1943– IV. Rankin, Monica.
F1406.E5155 2010
980'.01303—dc22 2009014594
Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk
quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call
our Special Sales Department in New York at [phone] or [phone].
You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com
Text design and composition by Lina Farinella
Cover printed by Sheridan Books, Ann Arbor, MI
Book printed and bound by Sheridan Books, Ann Arbor, MI
Date printed: May 2010
Illustrations by Patricia Meschino
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Encyclopedia of
Latin amErica
? ç
Volume I

Amerindians through Foreign Colonization
(Prehistory to 1560)

Encyclopedia of
Latin amErica
? ç
  Volume I 
Amerindians through Foreign Colonization 
(Prehistory to 1560)
J. Michael Francis
Volume editor
ThoMas M. leonard
general editor

?    ç
Contents
Editors and Contributors vii
List of Entries xiii
List of Illustrations, Maps, and Tables
in This Volume xxv
Preface to the Set xxix
How to Use This Encyclopedia xxxiii
Acknowledgments for This Volume xxxiv
Introduction to This Volume xxxv
Time Line (Prehistory to 1560) xli
Entries A to Z 1
Appendix: Primary Source Documents 327
Glossary 351
Suggested Readings for This Volume 354
Index 357

?    ç
editors and Contributors
Editors University. He received a B.A. at Trinity College and
Volume editor J. Michael Francis, Ph.D., associate pro- M.A. and Ph.D. degrees at Duke University. Andrien is
fessor of Latin American history at the University of North the author or editor of several books and of numerous
Florida, earned a Ph.D. in history from the University of articles in scholarly journals and book chapters.
Cambridge. He serves as book review editor for the jour-
Benton, Bradley Thomas. Bradley Thomas Benton is
nal Ethnohistory and has published several books on Latin
a doctoral candidate in the Department of History at
American history, including Invading Colombia (Penn State
the University of California, Los Angeles. His disserta-
UP) and Politics, Murder, and Martyrdom in Spanish Florida
tion focuses on the 16th-century indigenous nobility of
(American Museum of Natural History).
Texcoco, New Spain.
General editor Thomas M. Leonard, Ph.D., is dis-
Berger, Eugene C. Eugene C. Berger is an assistant
tinguished professor and director of the International
professor of Latin American history at Missouri Southern
Studies Program at the University of North Florida.
State University. He has made research trips to Spain,
Leonard received a bachelor’s degree from Mt. St. Mary’s
Chile, and Peru. He earned a Ph.D. from Vanderbilt
University, an M.A. from Georgetown University, and
University in 2006. Berger’s dissertation is entitled
a Ph.D. from American University. Among Leonard’s
“Peru’s Periphery: Frontier Identity and the Politics of
several publications on U.S.–Latin American relations are
Conflict in Seventeenth-Century Chile.”
The United States and Central America (Georgia), Panama,
the Canal and the United States (Regina), and Latin America
Blanton, Justin. Justin Blanton is a graduate student at
during World War II (Rowman and Littlefield). He also
the University of North Florida with a focus on colonial
edited the three-volume Encyclopedia of the Developing World
Latin American history. His current research focuses on
(Taylor & Francis), Encyclopedia of United States–Cuban
the 17th-century mission system of Spanish Florida.
Relations (MacFarland), Day by Day: The Seventies (Facts On
File), and Day by Day: The Forties (Facts On File). Borrero, Roberto Múkaro. Roberto Múkaro Borrero
is on staff at the American Museum of Natural History’s
Department of Education. He currently serves as presi-
Contributors
dent and chairman of the United Confederation of
Altman, Ida. Ida Altman taught at the University of Taíno People and as chairman of the NGO Committee
New Orleans for 24 years and joined the University of on the United Nations International Decade of the
Florida history department in 2006. She is author of World’s Indigenous Peoples, a special committee of the
Emigrants and Society: Extremadura and Spanish America in Conference of NGOs in Consultative Relationship with
the Sixteenth Century and Transatlantic Ties in the Spanish the United Nations (CONGO).
Empire: Brihuega, Spain, and Puebla, Mexico, 1560–1620
and coauthor, with Sarah Cline and Juan Javier Pescador, Browman, David L. Dr. David L. Browman is the direc-
of The Early History of Greater Mexico. She is completing tor of the Interdisciplinary Program in Archaeology at
a book entitled The War for Mexico’s West: Indians and Washington University in St. Louis. A good deal of his
Spaniards in New Galicia, 1524–1550. research has investigated the origins of complex society in
the puna and altiplano of the Central and South-Central
Andrien, Kenneth J. Kenneth J. Andrien is Humanities Andes. Recently, he has also devoted significant time to
Distinguished Professor in History at Ohio State the intellectual history of Americanist archaeology.
vii