Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world

874 Pages·39.373 MB·English

by  editor in chief, Richard C. Martin.

Islam htp 10/15/03 3:04 PM Page 1
Encyclopedia of
Islam
and the
Muslim World
Editorial Board
Editor in Chief
Richard C. Martin
Professor of Islamic Studies and History of Religions
Emory University, Atlanta
Associate Editors
Saïd Amir Arjomand
Professor of Sociology
State University of New York, Stony Brook
Marcia Hermansen
Professor of Theology
Loyola University, Chicago
Abdulkader Tayob
University of Cape Town, South Africa
International Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World, Netherlands
Assistant Editor
Rochelle Davis
Teaching Fellow, Introduction to the Humanities Program
Stanford University
Editorial Consultant
John O. Voll
Center for Muslim-Christian Understanding
Georgetown University
ii
Islam_tpv1 10/15/03 4:07 PM Page 1
Encyclopedia of
Islam
and the
Muslim World
Editor in Chief
Richard C. Martin
Volume 1
A-L
MACMILLAN
REFERENCE
USA™
THOMSON
*
GALE
NewYork· Detroit· San Diego· San Francisco· Cleveland· NewHaven, Conn.• Waterville, Maine· London· Munich
Islam_tpv2 10/16/03 10:12 AM Page 1
Encyclopedia of
Islam
and the
Muslim World
Editor in Chief
Richard C. Martin
Volume 2
M-Z, Index
MACMILLAN
REFERENCE
USA™
THOMSON
*
GALE
NewYork· Detroit· San Diego· San Francisco· Cleveland· NewHaven, Conn.• Waterville, Maine· London· Munich
THOIVISON
*
GALE
Encyclopedia of Islam
Richard C. Martin, Editor in Chief
© 2004 by Macmillan Reference USA. For permission to use material from this While every effort has been made to
Macmillan Reference USA is an imprint of The product, submit your request via Web at ensure the reliability of the information
Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson http://www.gale-edit.com/permissions, or you presented in this publication, The Gale Group,
Learning, Inc. may download our Permissions Request form Inc. does not guarantee the accuracy of
and submit your request by fax or mail to: the data contained herein. The Gale Group,
Macmillan Reference USA™ and Thomson Inc. accepts no payment for listing; and
Learning™ are trademarks used herein under Permissions Department inclusion in the publication of any
license. The Gale Group, Inc. organization, agency, institution, publication,
27500 Drake Road service, or individual does not imply
For more information, contact Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 endorsement of the editors or publisher.
Macmillan Reference USA Permissions Hotline: Errors brought to the attention of the
300 Park Avenue South, 9th Floor 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253 ext. 8006 publisher and verified to the satisfaction of
New York, NY 10010 Fax: [phone] or 800-762-4058 the publisher will be corrected in future
Or you can visit our Internet site at
editions.
http://www.gale.com Cover photographs reproduced by permission
of Andrea Pistolesi / The Image Bank and
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Robert Azzi / Aramco World.
No part of this work covered by the copyright
hereon may be reproduced or used in
any form or by any means—graphic,
electronic, or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, taping, Web
distribution, or information storage retrieval
systems—without the written permission of
the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world / edited by Richard C.
Martin.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-02-865603-2 (set) — ISBN 0-02-865604-0 (v. 1) — ISBN
0-02-865605-9 (v. 2)
1. Islam—Encyclopedias. I. Martin, Richard C.
BP40.E525 2003
909’.097671—dc21
2003009964
This title is also available as an e-book.
ISBN 0-02-865912-0
Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Introduction ........................................................... ix
List of entries ......................................................... xiii
List of contributors ..................................................... xxiii
Synoptic outline of entries ................................................ xxxi
List of maps ........................................................ xxxv
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ISLAM AND THE MUSLIM WORLD
Glossary ............................................................ 749
Appendix: Genealogies and Timelines ....................................... 755
Index .............................................................. 785
v
Editorial and Production Staff
Kate Millson and Corrina Moss
Project Editors
Joann Cerrito, Melissa Hill, and Mark Mikula
Editorial Support
Jonathan Aretakis
Copy Chief
Nancy Gratton
Copy Editor
Ann McGlothlin Weller
Proofreader
Barbara Cohen
Indexer
Barbara Yarrow
Manager, Imaging and Multimedia Content
Dean Dauphinais
Senior Editor, Imaging and Multimedia Content
Lezlie Light
Imaging Coordinator
Deanna Raso
Photo Researcher
Shalice Shah-Caldwell
Research Associate
Cynthia Baldwin and Jennifer Wahi
Art Directors
Autobookcomp
Typesetter
vi
Editorial and Production Staff
Mary Beth Trimper
Manager, Composition
Evi Seoud
Assistant Manager, Composition
Rhonda Williams
Print Buyer
MACMILLAN REFERENCE USA
Frank Menchaca
Vice President
Hélène Potter
Director, New Product Development
Islam and the Muslim World vii
Introduction
A growing number of scholars and pundits have declared that the twenty-first century will be the
era of Islam. Such predictions, whether intended in a positive or negative light, err in failing to
appreciate the spread and influence of Islam during the past millennium and a half, especially on
the continents of Asia and Africa. Nonetheless, events during the first decade of the new
millennium have underscored the importance of knowing about Islamic history and understand-
ing the great diversity and richness of Muslim social, cultural, and religious practices. Suicide
bomber attacks on the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Washington,
D.C., on September 11, 2001, killed over three thousand persons. These tragic events and the
media coverage of the aftermath as well as of the two wars subsequently fought in the Muslim
countries of Afghanistan and Iraq have dramatically shown how little is known in the West about
Islam and the Muslim world. Islam is, and has been for nearly fifteen centuries, a global religious
and political phenomenon. Muslim networks of communication, from the annual pilgrimage to
Mecca to the vast new power of the World Wide Web, have enabled Muslims to establish
postmodern identities in a rapidly changing world, while at the same time preserving and
reinvigorating a variety of time-honored traditions and practices. The Encyclopedia of Islam and the
Muslim World is a sourcebook of information about Islam, its past and present, addressed to
students and general readers as the twenty-first century begins its first decade.
The Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World presents in two volumes some 504 articles,
alphabetically arranged, in incremental lengths generally of 200, 500, 1,000, 3,000, and 5,000
words. The work of some 500 scholars appears in these pages, carefully reviewed and edited in a
common style for easy access by readers who may presently have limited or no knowledge of
Islam. It has also been prepared as a teaching and learning resource for teachers and students,
from the high school grades through university. The alphabetical ordering of articles that follow,
in the List of Articles, will enable readers to locate topics of interest quickly. A synoptic outline of
the contents of the Encyclopedia, found within the frontmatter on pages xxxi–xxxiv, provides
readers with an overview by topic and subtopic of the range and kinds of information presented in
the main body of the Encyclopedia. Approximately 170 photographs, drawings, maps, and charts
appear throughout the two volumes. A glossary in the back matter of volume two, which lists
commonly used Arabic and other Islamic terms, such as shari(cid:1)a, or “Islamic law,” will enable
general readers to determine quickly the meaning of essential but perhaps less familiar terms in
Islamic studies.
The Encyclopedia is truly an international work that reflects the diversity of ideas and practices
that have characterize the Islamic world throughout its history. This diversity is reflected among
the editors who organized and compiled this work and the scores of scholars who wrote the
articles contained in it. The associate editors’ national origins are Canada, Iran, and South Africa;
their religious affiliations or backgrounds include Sunni and Shi(cid:1)ite Islam; and their scholarly
training has been in sociology, the history of religions, and Islamic studies. An even greater
ix