Table Of Content

Encyclopedia of Islam JA :F Encyclopedia of Buddhism Encyclopedia of Catholicism Encyclopedia of Hinduism Encyclopedia of Islam Encyclopedia of Judaism Encyclopedia of Protestantism Encyclopedia of World Religions nnnnnnnnnnn Encyclopedia of Islam JA :F Juan E. Campo J. Gordon Melton, Series Editor Encyclopedia of Islam Copyright © 2009 by Juan E. Campo All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Campo, Juan Eduardo, 1950– Encyclopedia of Islam / Juan E. Campo. p. cm.— (Encyclopedia of world religions) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-5454-1 ISBN-10: 0-8160-5454-1 1. Islamic countries—Encyclopedias—Juvenile literature. 2. Islam—Encyclope- dias—Juvenile literature. I. Title. DS35.53.C36 2008 297.03—dc22 2008005621 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Erika K. Arroyo Cover design by Cathy Rincon/Takeshi Takahashi Illustrations by Sholto Ainslie Printed in the United States of America VB Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper and contains 30 percent postconsumer recycled content. For Magda, Andrés, and Federico In Memory of Julio H. Campo (1925–2006) Que bonita es esta vida . . . contents K About the Editors and Contributors ix List of Illustrations and Maps xv Preface xvii Acknowledgments xix Introduction xxi Chronology xxxvii ENTRIES A TO Z 1 Bibliography 725 Index 731 about the editors and contributors K Series Editor program. He specializes in the comparative J. Gordon Melton is the director of the Institute for study of the cultural formations of Islam in the the Study of American Religion in Santa Bar- Middle East and South Asia, sacred space and bara, California. He holds an M.Div. from the pilgrimage, and political Islam in the contexts Garrett Theological Seminary and a Ph.D. from of modernity. His research has taken him to Northwestern University. Melton is the author Egypt, where he has lived, studied, or taught of American Religions: An Illustrated History, The for nearly six years, as well as India, Saudi Encyclopedia of American Religions, Religious Arabia, Bahrain, Turkey, Malaysia, Singapore, Leaders of America, and several comprehensive Thailand, and Israel. Professor Campo’s first works on Islamic culture, African-American book, The Other Sides of Paradise: Explorations religion, cults, and alternative religions. He has in the Religious Meanings of Domestic Space in written or edited more than three dozen books Islam, won the American Academy of Religion’s and anthologies as well as numerous papers and award for excellence, in 1991. He has edited articles for scholarly journals. He is the series or contributed articles to a number of leading editor for Religious Information Systems, which reference works, including Merriam-Webster’s supplies data and information in religious stud- Encyclopedia of World Religions, Encyclopedia of ies and related fields. Melton is a member of the the Qur’an, and the Macmillan Encyclopedia of American Academy of Religion, the Society for Islam and the Muslim World. His current projects the Scientific Study of Religion, the American include a comparative study of modern Muslim, Society of Church History, the Communal Stud- Hindu, and Christian pilgrimage. ies Association, and the Society for the Study of Metaphysical Religion. Contributors Fahad A. Alhomoudi holds a Ph.D. from McGill Volume Editor University. He is the vice dean of academic Juan E. Campo, associate professor of religious research at al-Imam Muhammad bin Saud studies at the University of California, Santa Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. He Barbara, holds an M.A. and Ph.D. from the specializes in Islamic thought and Islamic law, University of Chicago’s History of Religions with a focus on its origins. He is the author of ix