Encyclopedia of Invasive Species 2 volumes : From Africanized Honey Bees to Zebra Mussels

873 Pages·2011·28.78 MB·English

by  Susan L. Woodward

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Encyclopedia of Invasive
Species
This page intentionally left blank
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Encyclopedia
of Invasive Species
From Africanized Honey Bees
to Zebra Mussels
Volume 1: Animals
Susan L. Woodward and Joyce A. Quinn
Copyright2011byABC-CLIO,LLC
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrieval
system,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,
photocopying,recording,orotherwise,exceptfortheinclusionofbriefquotationsina
review,withoutpriorpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Woodward,SusanL.,1944Jan.20–
Encyclopediaofinvasivespecies:fromafricanizedhoneybeestozebramussels/SusanL.Woodwardand
JoyceA.Quinn.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978–0–313–38220–8(cloth:alk.paper)—ISBN978–0–313–38221–5(ebook)
1. Introducedorganisms—Encyclopedias. I.Quinn,JoyceAnn.II.Title.
QH353.W66 2011
578.602—dc23 2011026543
ISBN:978–0–313–38220–8
EISBN:978–0–313–38221–5
15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5
ThisbookisalsoavailableontheWorldWideWebasaneBook.
Visitwww.abc-clio.comfordetails.
Greenwood
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ABC-CLIO,LLC
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SantaBarbara,California93116-1911
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper
ManufacturedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
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Contents
General Introduction: Invasive Species—Concepts and Issues n xiii
VOLUME 1: INVASIVE MICROORGANISMS, FUNGI,
AND ANIMALS
Preface n xxxv
Alphabetical List of Invasive Microorganisms, Fungi, and Animal
Entries n xxxix
Microorganisms
Avian Malaria (Plasmodium relictum capistranoae) n 1
Lyme Disease Bacterium (Borrelia burgdorferi) n 3
West Nile Virus (West Nile Virus) n 7
Fungi
Bat White-Nose Syndrome Fungus (Geomyces destructans) n 11
Chestnut Blight Fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica) n 14
Chytrid Frog Fungus (Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis) n 18
Dutch Elm Disease Fungi (Ophiostoma novo-ulmi
and O. ulmi) n 21
Sudden Oak Death (Phytophthora ramorum) n 25
White Pine Blister Rust (Cronartium ribicola) n 29
Invertebrates
Bryozoan
Lacy Crust Bryozoan (Membranipora membranacea) n 36
Tunicates
Chain Tunicate (Botrylloides violaceus) n 39
Colonial Tunicate (Didemnum vexillum) n 42
Cnidarian
Australian Spotted Jellyfish (Phyllorhiza punctata) n 45
vi n CONTENTS
Annelid worms
European Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris, L. rubellus,
Aporrectodea caliginosa, Dendrobaena octaedra, and
others) n 48
Mollusks
Asian Clam (Corbicula fluminea) n 53
Asian Green Mussel (Perna viridis) n 56
Chinese Mystery Snail (Cipangopaludina
chinensis malleata) n 58
Common Periwinkle (Littorina littorea) n 61
Giant African Snail (Achatina fulica) n 64
Golden Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata) n 67
Naval Shipworm (Teredo navalis) n 70
New Zealand Mud Snail (Potamopyrgus
antipodarum) n 73
Quagga Mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis) n 76
Veined Rapa Whelk (Rapana venosa) n 79
Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) n 82
Crustaceans
Chinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis) n 86
Green Crab (Carcinus maenas) n 90
Rusty Crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) n 93
Spiny Water Flea (Bythotrephes longimanus) n 95
Arachnids
Honeybee Tracheal Mite (Acarapis woodi) n 99
Varroa Mite (Varroa destructor) n 102
Insects
Africanized Honey Bee (Apis mellifera scutellata) n 106
Argentine Ant (Linepithema humile) n 110
Asian Longhorned Beetle (Anoplophora
glabripennis) n 113
Asian Tiger Mosquito (Aedes albopictus) n 116
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys) n 120
Common Bed Bug (Cimex lectularius) n 123
Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) n 127
CONTENTS n vii
Formosan Subterranean Termite (Coptotermes
formosanus) n 131
Glassy-Winged Sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis) n 134
Gypsy Moth (Lymantria dispar) n 138
Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) n 142
Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica) n 146
Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle (Harmonia axyridis) n 148
Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta) n 152
Vertebrates
Fish
Alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) n 157
Asian Swamp Eel (Monopterus albus) n 160
Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) n 163
Brown Trout (Salmo trutta) n 166
Gizzard Shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) n 168
Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) n 172
Lionfish (Pterois volitans / P. miles) n 175
Mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis and G. holbrooki) n 178
Northern Snakehead (Channa argus) n 182
Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) n 185
Round Goby (Neogobius melanostomus) n 187
Sea Lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) n 190
Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) n 194
Spotted Tilapia (Tilapia mariae) n 196
Walking Catfish (Clarias batrachus) n 198
Amphibians
African Clawed Frog (Xenopus laevis) n 201
American Bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) n 205
Coqui (Eleutherodactylus coqui) n 208
Cuban Treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) n 211
Reptiles
Brown Anole (Norops [=Anolis] sagrei) n 214
Burmese Python (Python molurus bivittatus) n 217
Green Iguana (Iguana iguana) n 221
viii n CONTENTS
Nile Monitor (Varanus niloticus) n 225
Birds
Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) n 228
Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) n 232
Eurasian Collared-Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) n 234
European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) n 237
House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus) n 240
House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) n 243
Japanese White-Eye (Zosterops japonicus) n 246
Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monachus) n 248
Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) n 252
Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) n 256
Mammals
Black Rat (Rattus rattus) n 259
Feral Burro (Equus asinus) n 262
Feral Cat (Felis silvestris catus) n 265
Feral Goat (Capra hircus) n 268
Feral Horse (Equus caballus) n 271
Feral Pig (Sus scrofa) n 275
House Mouse (Mus musculus) n 281
Indian Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) n 284
Norway Rat (Rattus norvegicus) n 287
Nutria (Myocastor coypus) n 290
State-by-State Occurrences of Invasive Microorganisms, Fungi, and
Animals n 295
Glossary n 311
Index n I-1
VOLUME 2: INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES
Preface n xiii
Invasive Plants in the United States: A Brief Overview n xvii
Alphabetical List of Invasive Plant Entries n xxiii
CONTENTS n ix
Aquatic Plants
Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) n 321
Giant Salvinia (Salvinia molesta) n 326
Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) n 331
Water Chestnut (Trapa natans) n 335
Waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) n 339
Forbs
Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) n 344
Chinese Lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) n 349
Common Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) n 353
Common St. Johnswort (Hypericum perforatum) n 358
Dyer’s Woad (Isatis tinctoria) n 362
Fig Buttercup (Ficaria verna) n 366
Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) n 369
Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum) n 372
Goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria) n 376
Halogeton (Halogeton glomeratus) n 379
Ice Plant and Crystalline Ice Plant (Carpobrotus edulis
and Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) n 383
Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia japonica) n 387
Kahili Ginger (Hedychium gardnerianum) n 391
Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) n 395
Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans) n 399
Perennial Pepperweed and Hoary Cress (Lepidium
latifolium and Cardaria draba) n 404
Prickly Russian Thistle (Salsola tragus) n 409
Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) n 414
Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) n 417
Toadflax (Linaria dalmatica ssp. dalmatica and
Linaria vulgaris) n 421
Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) n 427
Graminoids
Asiatic Sand Sedge (Carex kobomugi) n 432
Buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare) n 435