Encyclopedia Of Indo-European Culture

855 Pages·1997·193.7 MB·English

by  J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams

Encyclopedia of
INDO-EuROPEAN
CULTURE
Editors
]. P MALLORY
and
D. Q. ADA 1-
FITZROYDE. RBOR P BU'HER'
Ll1\,[X1,\.-\\[)1I1i .\l;O
CONTENTS
Editors'Note
AdvisersandContributors
HowtoUseThisEncyclopedia
AbbreviationsandTechmcalTermmolo
PhoneticDefinitions
AlphabeticallistofEntries
ThematiclistofEntries
Encyclop dinofIndo-Europ anCullure
LanguageIndex 059
GeneralIndex
FigureAcknowledgments H'5
EDITORS' NOTE
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EDITORS'NOTE
remain. Nevertheless, like all large, multi-authored projects, this onehas longoutlived the time
scheduledforitspreparationanditistimetosenditoutintotheworld,admittedlyalittlestartled
and not quite properly dressed for the occasion. As George Philip Krapp was wont to say on
similaroccasions:onemustleavesomethingforthereviewerstosay. Itisourhopethatuserswill
be indulgent with its imperfections and suggest improvements for a (still hypothetical) second
edition.
In the final preparation ofthe workanumberofcolleagueshave commented on some of
theentries,assistedinverifyingtheexistenceofsomeofthemoredifficulttofindlexicalitems,or
providedinvaluablebibliographicassistance. Fortheirhelp,wewouldliketothankthe follOwing
Rhian Andrews, Vaclav Blazek, Allan Bomhard,John Day, Xavier Delamarre, Anthony Harding,
PetraSabineHellmuth,andAskoParpola.ThanksalsotoamuchhadgeredJohnRoblinofGarland
who had to dealwithacontinuousdemand to createnewfont characters; also thanks to Evelyn
Kinloch of December Publications, Belfast, for the difficult job of page origination, and Roda
Morrison ofFitzroy Dearborn who saw the book through to completion. Avery special thanks
goes to Gillian Gilmour who drew or redrew all of the illustrations in the Encyclopedia and to
MamaPringleoftheCartographicalLabor~.tory,SchoolofGeosciences,Queen'sUniversityBelfast,
for all ofthe mapsand line diagrams. And, finally, thesenioreditorwould like to thankhis wife
Eimear and daughter Deirdre who helped enormously in the preparation of the indices to the
Encyclopedia.
J. P Mallory
D. Q. Adams
ADVISERS
Eric Hamp Martin Huld C Scott Littleton
CONTRIBUTORS
DouglasQ.Adams [D.QA] l.eighJellisonHansen [L.J.H.]
DepartmentofEnglish Department ofClassics
UniversityofIdaho MarlboroughSchool
Moscow, Idaho LosAngeles, California
MartinHuld [M.E.H.]
PhilipBaldi [P.B.!
Department ofEnglish
DepartmentofClassicsand
California State Universlly
Ancient Mediterranean Studies
Los Angeles, California
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pennsylvania
Caro1]ustus [CF.].]
DepartmentofClassics and Linguistics Research Center
E.]. Barber [E.].W.B.]
University ofTexas
DepartmentofLinguistics
Austin, Texas
Occidental College
LosAngeles, California
]. P. Mallory U.PM.]
Department ofArchaeology and Palaeoecology
RobertS. P. Beekes fR.S.P.B.] Queen's University Belfast
DepartmentofComparative Linguistics Northern Ireland
UniversityofLeiden
The Netherlands DeanMiller [DAM.]
Department ofHistory
AngelaDellaVolpe [A.DY] UniversityofRochester
DepartmentofEnglish and Comparative Literature Rochester, New York
CaliforniaState University
Fullerton, California MaryNiepokuj [M.N.I
DepartmentofEnglish
Purdue University
MiriamRobbinsDexter [M.R.D.]
West Lafayette, Indiana
DepartmentofHumanities-Anthropology
Antioch College
Steven0'Brien [S.T.O.B.]
LosAngeles, California
Sonoma, California
PaulFriedrich [P.F.] EdgarC Polomt [E.CP.]
Department ofAnthropology Department ofOriental and African Languages
University ofChicago, UniversityofTexas
Chicago, II1inois Austin, Texas
JohnGreppin U.A.CG.] JoeSalmons U·CS.]
Program in Linguistics Department ofGerman
Cleveland State University University ofWisconsin
Cleveland, Ohio Madison, Wisconsin
HOW'TO USE 'THIS ENCYCLOPEDIA
TheEncyclopedIaofIndo-EuropeanCultureISalphabeucally .LeXicalEnrries
arrangedandproVldescoverageofthemajorIndo-European ThebasICleXical-semanticentrynormallyconsIstsoffiveparts'
language stocksand theirorigms, the conceptualrange of thereconstructedform,aglosstotheword,sourcesmdicated
the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language, selected mbrackets,thelElanguagedata,andadiscussion
archaeologicalcultureswithsomerelatIOnshiptotheorigm
anddispersalofIndo-Europeangroups,andsomeofthemajor a) The reconstructed [arm (In bold) presents as much
issuesofIndo-Europeanculturalstudies. evidenceaswehaveabouttheactualformofthePIEword
Sometimeswe are able to reconstruct only aroot but,
FindinganEntry wherepossible,wegiveacompleteword,thenominative
Broadlyspeaking there are two sorts ofarticles in the singularinthecaseofanounoradjective(andInsome
Encyclopedia:thosethatdonothaveastheirgoaltherecon cases the genitive singular, oreVen the genitive and
structionofspecificProto-lndo-Europeanlexicalitems,i.e., accusativesingularssoastoshowmorefullycomphcated
thosethataredevotedtoarchaeological,culturaltopics,or morphologICalalternations)orthethird personpresrnt
thevariousIndo-Europeanlanguagesandstocks,andthose inthecaseofaverb.
thataredevotedtothereconstructionofProto-Indo-European
words. Theformergroupwethinktoberelativelystraight b) Theglossisusuallyshort,thoughoftensomeattemptis
forwardbutthelattergroupmaynotbe,andthusmaybe madetodistinguishthemeanmgoftheparticularentry
wonhafewwordsoforientation. fromothersimilarones. OftenfurthersemanllCcluesare
Attributingaproto-meaningtoaseriesofcognatewords broughtoutinthediscussion.
isfrequentlyahazardousbusinesswhereahalf-dozenIndo
Europeanstocks,forexample,mayyieldrelatedwordsthat c) Thesourceorsources(withinsquarebrackets)areour
mean'bright','shining','silver','white',etc.,andthelinguist attempttodirect the readertocertainlargerand more
mustdecidewhichIfanyofthesedefimtionswasthe"original" general diSCUSSIOns ofthe word or root in question.
meaning.Thisproblemiscompoundedwhentheeditorsof Typically included are references toJulius Pokorny's
this Encyclopediaare required toarrangeasenes ofcon Indf~gennanJsche5ElymologIschesWonerbuch(IFW),the
ceptuallyrelatedrootsunderappropriateheadings.Toinsure standard, though somewhat dated, etymological
thatthereadercanfindwhatheorsheisseeking(orabandon compendium ofIndo-European languages; to Calvert
hopethatthesemanticspherecanbereconstructedforProto Watkms' The Amencan Herirage DlcflonaryofIndo
Indo-European),thefollOWingguidelinesmaybeuseful: EuropeanRoolS(Wat),anetymolL1gicaloverview01Proto
a)alistofallentriesarrangedmalphabeticalorderISprovided Lndo-EuropeanfromthepomtofviewofEnghsh;toTomas
inthe"UstofEntries"section;b)asvariousheadwordsmay' GamkrehdzeandVyacheslav[vanov'sIndo-Europeanand
be "buried" under the name ofamore generalentry, e.g., [he Indo-Europeans (GO, an encyclopedic, though
"comb"istobefoundunder"TextilePreparation",thereader somewhatidiosyncratic,reviewofProto-Indo-European
isalsoofferedathematiclistofallindividualreconstructed language and culture; and to Carl Darling Buck's A
head-forms(withcross-referencestotheirentrytitles);c)If DicCionaryofSelecledSynonymsmthePrincipalIndo
thetermisstillnotfound,thereaderisdirectedtothe"General Europeanunguages(Buck),adICtionaryorgamzedunder
Index"attheendofthebook;andd)ifthereaderstillcan't semanticratherthanrootheadmgswhichillustratehow
findtheentryrequiredbutknowsthewordfortheconcept various Indo-European languageshave.treated certain
inanyofthemajorIndo-Europeanlanguages,thenreference concepts. Wherewordsdonotappearinoneortheother
maybemadetothe"LanguageIndex"attheendofthebook ofthese works, references to discussions instandard
-xiil-
ABBREVIATIONS AND
TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY
a-vocalism:::havingthevowel *-a-inPIE,ratherthanthemoreusual :/<-e-or Akkadian == ancient Afro-Asiatic, more speCIfically East Semitic language,
*-0-. . writteninthecuneiformscript,thatwasspokenfromtheMediterranean
Abkhaz:::languageofthe(non-IE)NorthwestCaucasiangroupoflanguages. tothePersianGulf. ItflourishedinthethirdmillenniumBCbutbythe
abl. ==ablative, the nominalcaseexpressingoriginorsourceofmovement second it was being replaced by constituent dialects ofAssyrian and
(i.e.,moreorlessequivalenttoEnglishprepositionalphraseswithfrom), Babylonian.
e.g.,OIndvit'settlement',abl. visas'fromthesettlement'. Akkadogram:::(inaHittite text) anAkkadianword written instead ofthe
ablaut ::: alternation ofvowelswithin the paradigm ofaword, e.g., asin correspondingHittiteword,presumablyintendedtobepronouncedas
Englishsing, sang, sung. PIEdistinguishedafull gradewith eor0,a HiUite(seealsoSumerogram). Cf. thesimilarSItuationin NE Ib« Lat
zero-grade(theabsenceofavowel),andalengthenedgradewitheorD. libra)whichisreadas'pound'.
acc. :::accusativecase,theIEcasemarkingthedirectobjectofaverb,e.g., Alb:::Albanian,languageofAlbania,attestedfrom thesixteenthcenturyin
"he saw me", or the object ofcertain prepositions, particularly those twomaindialects,GhegandTosk.
involvingmotiontowardsomegoal,e.g.,"hewenttothefield'andLat allophone:::apredictablevariantofaphoneme,e.g.,Englishkispredictably
domum venit'he/shegoeshome'. aspirated in word initial position (as m kic) but unaspirated when
acrostatic ::: a PIE inflectional type where the accent is fixed on the root precededbyan5(asinskit),orPIE *5whichwasvoicedbeforeavoiced
syllable,e.g., *bhrehater'brother'(nominative)and*bhrehat[s'brother's' stopbutvoicelesselsewhere.
(genitive). Altaic ::: a possible (non-IE) language family composed of the Turkic,
active::: in transitive verbs where the subject is the agent and the direct Mongolian,andTungusiclanguagegroups.
objecttheundergoeroftheactivity.e.g.,"theboyhittheball".Opposed alveolars:::soundsmadebythetipofthetonguetouching,oralmosttouching.
tothepassivewheresubjectanddirectobjecthavetheoppositesemantic thealveolarridge(thebonyridgebehindtheupperteeth),eg.,NEc,d.
specifications,e.g.,"theball washitbytheboy". n.andz.
adj. ::: adjective, a word modifying anoun, e.g., "the green grassand the analogical=:creationofanewwordorformbyimitationofexistingwordsor
colorfulflowers". forms,e.g.,inEnglishsing:sung leadstobring:brung.
adstrate==(elementsof)alanguage(presumed)responsibleforchangeina AncientChinese:::the(Middle)Chineselanguageattestedduringtheperiod
neighboringlanguagewhentheyareincontactwithoneanother. from c200BCtoc900AD.
adv. ::: adverb, aword modifying a verb or an adjective. e.g., "they went anthroponym=:nameofaperson,e.g.,Caesar.
carefully" or"theexceedinglycolorfulflowers". aoT. :::aorist, eithera(P)IE tense which designated apast happeningas a
Aeolic:::aGreekdialectgroupthatspreadtothewesternborderofAnatolia, singleevent,overanddonewith,e.g.,"hewontherace"(asopposedto
e.g., Lesbos,before c1000BC;itisoneoftheconstituentelementsof theimperfectwhichdenotesapasteventasanon-gOingevent,eg.,"he
theHomericdialect. ItconsistsofBoeotian,ThessalianandLesbian. wasl-Vinningtheracewhenhestumbledandfell"),or.moregenerally,a
IEsir:::majordivisionofOldNorsegodsledbyOoinnwhoarecontrasted (P)IE aspect that expresses momentary activity not necessarily in the
withtheVanir.IntheDumezilianmodelofcomparativemythology,they past,e.g.,theaoristsubjunctiveoraoristoptativeinGreek
are identified with the First (priest) and Second (warrior) aspects of apocopated == having lost what had been the last sound of a word, e.g.,
society. modernSpanishpan'bread'isapocopatedwhencomparedtoitsearly
affective:::meaningthatarousesemotionalaswellasrationalresponse.The Spanishancestor,pane.
emotionalresponsecaneitherbenegative,asinthefamous"four-letter appellative=descriptivenameordesignation,e.g,theall-knowinggods
words" ofcontemporary English, or it can be positive, as with approximant:::africtionlesscontinuantsound,eg..Englishy. w, r, I
endearments. Theemotionalresponsemayinterferewithnormalrules Arabic=:Afro-Asiatic,speCificallyWestSemitic(non-IE)language
ofsoundchange. Arcadian:::adialectofclassicalGreecespokeninArcadia,orthenorthcentral
affricate:::aconsonantthatbeginsasastopbutendsasafricative,eg.,the' portionofthePeloponnesus,andmostcloselyrelatedtoCypriot,spoken
initialandfinalconsonantsofNEchurchorjudge,ortheinitialconsonant on Cyprus, and the by then extinct Mycenaean spoken, and written,
ofNHGzeit'time'. severalcenturiesearlierthroughoutthesouthofthePeloponnesusand
Afro-Asiatic:::formerlyknownasHamito-Semitic,thisisthelanguagefamily onCrete.
ofsouthwestAsiaandnorthernAfricawhichcomprisedAncientEgyptian Arm=:Armenian,thelanguageoftheArmenians,ofeasternAnatoliaandthe
(and its descendant Coptic), the Semitic languages (Hebrew; Arabic, southCaucasus,attestedfromaboutthefifthcenturyADtothepresent
Akkadian,Assyrian,etc),Berber,Chadic(inChad;Nigena,Cameroon, Ashkun:::No.ristanilanguageofNuristanprovinceofAfghanistan.
etc.) and the Cushitic languagesofthe Sudan, Ethiopia, Somaliaand Asianic==designatingahypotheticallanguageorlanguagesofASiaMinoror
Tanzania. theLevant,elementsofwhicharebelievedtraceablethroughthewords
Agul==NortheastCaucasian(non-IE)languageoftheLezgiansubgroup. ofvariouseastMediterraneanlanguagesotherWisewithoutetymologies.
-xv-
~- ---- -~---------~--------.--~.......
ABBREVIATIONSANDTECHNICALTERMINOLOGY
aspectual=pertainmgtoaspect,orthemannerinwhichthespeakerviews BMAC=Bactrian-MargianaArchaeologicalComplex, malorarchaeologICal
the action ofa verb (as on-going, momentary, having continuing culture ofCentral Asia c 2200-1700 Be It has been Identified as a
relevance,etc.),e.g.,"heeatsmeat"(ie.,isnotavegetarian)versus"he likely candidate for early Indo-IranIans pnor to their expansion
eatsupthemeat"(Le,asingleactofeating). southwardsintoIranandnorthern India.
aspiration=strong,breathy,releaseofaconsonant,e.g.,theinitialpinEnglish Boeotian= GreekdialecthelongmgtotheAeohc groupthatwasspoken tn
pitasopposedtotheunaspiratedvarietywhenthepisprecededbysas Boeotia.
inspi/ Bret = Breton, a Celtic language of Brittany, primanly denved from the
assibl1ation= the changeofastopconsonant suchas t or k intoans-like languageofearlyBritishimmIgrantsofthefIfthandSixthcenturtesAD,
soundoronethatendsinas-likesound,e.g., t>ts. andcloselyrelated toCornishandWelsh
assimilation=thechangeofonesoundinawordsoastomakeitmorelike Brit=OldBritish,theF-CelticInsularCelticlanguagespokenInBntatnand
anothersoundinthesameword,e.g.,In-+possible>impossiblewhere attestedinthelastcenturiesBCandfirstcenturtesAD.
thenshiftsitsplaceofarticulationtobecomemorelikethefollOwingp. BSLP=BulletindelaSocietelmguistlquedePans
Assyrian=pertainingtoancientAssynaorits(non-IE)language(avarietyof BSOAS=BulletmoftheSocietyForOrielllalandAfricanStudies
Akkadian). Buck=Buck,Carl(1949)ADlCtIonaryofSelectedSynonymsIn(hcPrincipal
atelic= refersto events with no built-ingoalorendpoint,e.g, "they rode Indo-EuropeanLanguages.Chicago,UniversityofChicagoPress
horses","thebirdswereflYingaround',asopposedtotehceventswhere Bulg = Bulgartan, a south Slavic language closely related to (Slavic)
thereisanaturalgoalorendpointtotheactivity,e.g.,"hebuiltahouse". Macedonian.OldBulganan(ninth-eleventhcenturyBC)isclosetoOld
athematic=nounsandverbsinPIE,andthevariousdaughterstocks,whose Church SlavonIC but after the eleventh century Bulgarian saw con
stemdoesnotendin-c/o-,e.g., 'gWou-s'cow'asopposedtothethematic siderablerestructuringsuchasthe1055ofmostofItscaseforms
'[aur-o-s'aurochs;bull'. Burgundian = Germanic language, related to GothIC, whICh spread from
Attic= thevarietyofGreekspokeninclassicalAthensandthesurrounding ThUringIa to Gaul in the hfth century; some leXICal Items have been
Attica. It wasthe dominant hterary varietyofGreek inclassicaltimes preservedinFrench
andbecame,somewhatinfluencedbytheneighboringIonic,theancestor Burmese=the(non-IE)Sino-TlhetanlanguagewhichISthemajmlanguage
ofalmostall post-classicalvarietiesofGreek. ofBurma(Myanmar)
Attic-Ionic;acloselyrelatedgroupofclassicalGreekdialectsIncludingthe Byzantine= medIevalGreekasspokenmthe ByzantineEmpire
AtticofAthensand therestofAtticaand thevariousIonicdialectsof Calabrian=pertaimngto the penmsula (italian and Greekspoken there)
theCycladesandtheGreek-speakingcoastalstripofAnatolia, that formsthetoeofItaly
augment=aprefix('hle-)incertainvanetiesoflatePIEandtheirdescendants Camp= Citationsfrom Campbell, L (1990) Indo-EuropeanandUrahctree
(Greek,Armenian, Indo-Iranian,Phrygian) thatindicatedpasttimein names. Diachronica7, 149-180
verbs,e.g.,Oindbharati'hecarnes'buta-bharat'hecarried'. caus=causative,averbindicatingcausatIOn,e.g.,"tofellatree"where fcll=
Av = Avestan, the Iranian language ofthe ancient andsacred scripture of causctofall
Zoroastrianism,traditionallydatedc600-400Be,butprobablyearlier. Celtic= the major IEstockofwesternEurope, where itwasspoken mthe
backformation= word derivationbysubtraction, e.g., English orientation British Isles, Gaul, northern Italy, lbena, southern Germany and
(itselfregularlyderivedfrom.orient)>orientatesinceorientationwould Switzerland,andwascarriedasfareastasAnatoha(Galatlan).
bearegularderivativeoforientate,ifthelatterhadexisted. centum= thosedescendantsofPIEInwhichthePIEdorso-palatalsdidnot
Bailey = H. W Bailey (}979) Dictionary ofKhotan Saka. Cambridge, assibilate. Designated by the Latin word for 'hundred', cenlUm
CambridgeUniversityPress. (pronouncedinClassicalLatinaskentum) Opposedtosatdm
Bajui=adialectofShughni,an EastIranianlanguage. Chechen=languageofthe Northeast(Chechen-Ingush)groupof(non-IE)
Bakhtiari=aSouthwestIranianlanguagespokenintheprovinceofLuristan. Caucasianlanguages.
Balkan-Danubiancomplex= hypothetical groupmgofvarious cultures of Chuvash=a(non-IE)TurklclanguagespokenalongthemiddleVolgawhere
BalkansandcentralEurope(e.g.,Baden,Ezero,Usatovo)thatdatetoc thenancestorssettledaboutthefourthcenturyAD.
3000BConthebasisofsharedarchitectural,ceramICandmetallurgical cist =stone-built box-likeconstructIOn whICh served as areceptacle for a
forms. Inthe"Kurgantheory",thesimIlaritiesareattributedtoacommon buriaL
superstrateofsteppeintruders cognate=related byorigin,as two wordsIn related languagesdescended
Balta-SlaVIC=apOSSibleIEsuperstockcomposedofBalticandSlavic. fromthesamewordinthelanguageancestraltobothlanguages,words
Baluchi=anlramanlanguagebelonginglinguisticallytotheNorthwestern maybenon-cognate Iftheyhave not beendescended from acommon
Iranianlanguagesandspoken insouthwestern Pakistanandadjacent wordintheirmutualproto-languageorIftheyreflectaharrOWIngfrom
partsofIranandAfghanistan. onelanguagetoanother,e.g.,NEtheelement were'man'In wcrewo/fls
barytone=awordwithnon-finalaccent,e.g.,Greekropo,'slice'C<"thing cognatewithLat vir'man'astheybothdenvefromacommonancestral
cutoff'), asopposedto oxylone,awordwithfinal accent,eg, Greek PIEword;ontheotherhandNEmanISnotcognatewuh1"I <'IrnorIS
ropo,'cutting,sltatfl' NE virile 'manly' which IS a borrowmg (via French) from LIt I'mlts
Basque =non"lndo-European language of northern Spain and southern 'manly'.
France,usuallyregardedasaresiduallanguageofwesternEuropethat coIL =collective,anoun that designates acollectIonof personsor thIngs
hassurvivedtheincursionsofthe IndO-Europeans. takenasaunit,e.g., NEhairwhenIImeans'massofhair'("ndopposed
Berber= majorsubdivisionoftheAfro-ASiaticlanguagephylumspoken in tohair'asinglehair'),
NorthAfrica. com. = common, designatIon of the ammate (Le, nOli-neuter) gender of
bilabial=asoundformed WIth bothlips,eg, NEpand b. HittiteandotherAnatolianlanguages
BK ; citations of proposed ~nderlYJngNostratic forms for various Indo conj. =conjunction,aword,suchasand, but, because,etc, thatconnects
EuropeanwordswhicharetobefoundinBarnhard,A,andJ.C Kerns otherwords,phrases,clauses,orsentences
(1994) The Nustratic MacrofamJiy A Study in Distant Linguistic consonant stem =a type of FIE noun whICh ended In a consonant, eg,
Relationship.NewYork,MoutondeGruyter,andaugmentedWithentries *menes- 'thought' and opposed to those nouns whosestemended in
fromBarnhard,A (1996)IndO-EuropeanandtheNostraCicHypothesis. somesortofvowel,e.g., 'p6rt-u-'passage'or 'vfkW-0-'wolf'
Charleston,SIgnum continuant=aconsonant,suchass, r.thatcanbeprolongedatwIllwllhout
Blazek=citalionsfrom Blazek,V(1992)HistorickaAnalyzaIndoevropeske changeinquality;opposedtoastop.
Zoo/ogicke Termin%gle. Brno, Filosoficka takulta Masarykovy Com=Cornish,CeltIclanguageofthe Brittomcgroup(andcloselyrelated
univerzityvBrne toWelsh)spokeninCornwall.
-xvi-
ABBREVIATIONSANDTECHNICALTERMINOLOGY
correlative = a grammatical construction involving two words which dorso-palatal=asoundmvolvingthebackpartofthetongueand thehard
correspondtooneanotherinsomefashionandwhichareusedtogether, palate,e.g.,PIE *gand *K.
e.g.,correlativeclauses,"whenweneedyou, thenwe'llcallyou". dorso-velar = asound mvolvmg the back part of the tongue and the soft
Cretan=thatvarietyofancientGreekspokenonCrete. palate,e.g., NEk,g
CrimGoth=CrimeanGothic,avarietyofeasternGothicspokenintheCrimea, Dravidian=anon-IElanguagefamilyofcentralandsouthern lndlawhich
extinct by the eighteenth century; attested by a fragmentary wordlist includesTamil,Telegu,Kannadaand Malayalam
collectedmthesixteenthcentury. dual=deSignatinganumbercategorythatllldicatestwo personsorthlllgs,
Cypriot=adialectofclassicalGreecespokenontheislandofCyPrus,closely eg., GreekAUICW'twowolves', and opposed to the sillgular,denotlflg
relatedtoclassicalArcadianandMycenaean. one person or thmg (Greek AVICO<;'wolf') and plural, denoting (m
Czech= Czech,thewesternSlaviclanguageofBohemiaand Moravia,first languagesWIthoutadual)morethanonepersonorthlllgor(mlanguages
attestedabouttheeleventhcenturyAD. with adual) more that two personsor thmgs (Greek AVICOI'Ithree or
Dactan = IE stock spoken north of the Danube, primarily in the present morel wolves')
territory of Romania, dUring the last centuries BC It is very poorly Dutch = West GermalllC language spoken primarily in Ihe Netherlands,
known,attestedbypersonalandplace-names,anumberofglossesand Belgium(whereIIISknownas FleIlllshland masuffiCientlychanged
presumedremnantsintheRomanianlanguage. form torankasaseparatelanguage,inSouthAfnca(Afnkaans)
daevish= inAvestan, pertainingto thespecialvocabulary used,toreferto e-grade=inanablautingparadigm,havmgthe vowel *-e-(lesscommonly
thedaevas(demons)intheZoroastrianreligIOn. *-e-) ratherthan *-0-ornovowel
Dan=Danish, ScandinaVIanlanguageofthe Germanicstock The earlIest Egyptian=amajorbranchofthe (non-IE)Afm-Aslaticlanguagesthat also
Danish,attestedfromabout 1300ADisanEastNorselanguage(along includeSemiticand Berber.
withSwedish) ,EIE= EtudesIndo-europeennes.
Dardic= anorthwesternsubgroupofthe modern Indiclanguageswhose ejective~astoppmducedbyclosmgthevocalmrdsandrasmgthelarynx,
mostimportantmemberISKashmiri. thuscompressingtheairintheupperthroatandmouthwhichISreleased
da!. =dative, that form ofthe noun whICh charactenstically refers to the bytheopeningofthelipsand/ortonguewhIChhavebeenclosedasfor
recipientofanaction,e.g.,himintheEnglIshsentence"Igavethebook a regular voiceless stop, e.g, the Iflltlal consonant of Osset k'ullaw
tohim" 'hernia'.
deaspiration=lossofaspiration,e.g, *bh>b, *dh>d,etc Elamite=thenon-IElanguageinElammwhat15nowsouthwesternIran
deictic=awordspecifyingplaceortime,e.g., here, there, thiS, chat,then. emphatic = in phonology, a sound produced with more than ordmary
Del = citations found in Delamarre, Xavier (I991) Le vocabulalTe indo- articulatoryenergy,e.g.,thebofNEbullshllwhenemphaticallyspoken.
europeen.·lexiqueetymologiquethematique. Paris,). Maisonneuve. enclitic= aword that hasnomdependentaccent m asentence, formmg a
delabialization=alternatenameforunrounding,e.g.,kW>k. single phonological unit with the precedmg or follOWIng word, e.g,
Delphic=thatvarietyofancientGreekspokeninDelphi. Latin-que'and'mSenatuspopulusqueRomanus'theSenateandPeople
demonstrative = specifyingorsinglingouta parhcularnoun. This, these, ofRome'.
that,thosearedemonstrativeadjectives,e.g.,"thewoolofchesesheepis enlargement=additionofconsonantalextensIOntoPIEroot,e.g., 'ten-s-or
tobeshorn" 'ten-gh- beside *ten-, all 'streich' Presumablythe remnant ofsome
denasalization=lossofnasalresonanceinasound,e.g.,m>b,n>d,etc earlyPIE derivational processbutone without much oranysemantIC
dendrochronology =the dating ofevents and environmental changes by consequenceinreconstructible PIE.
analysis of the corresponding patterns ofgrowth rings on trees and Eneo\\thic = the 50-called 'copper-stone' age, ie., the cultural and
woodenremainsfromarchaeologicalsites. chronological period where copper metallurgy eXisted alongSIde the
denominal-denominative=derivedfromanoun,e.g.,Latmpiscare'tofish' production ofstone tools but before the early Bronze Age (although
derivedfrom piscis'fish'. thereisoftenanoverlapbetweenthistermandbothNeolithiCandearly
dental= asound made WIth the tip ofthe tongue against the back ofthe BronzeAgeinvanousregIonsofEurasIa) IneasternEurope,thepenod
upperteeth,e.g., NE chinthink generallycomprisesthelate5thand4thmtllenmum Be
desiderative=designatingaderivedverbwhichexpressesadesiretodothe eponyiTIic =pertainingto orusmg an eponyiTI, a person whose name has
actdenoted,e.g.,Latedere'toeat'underliesadesiderahveesunre'tobe givenrise(byfactorrepute)tothenameofapeople,place,institution,
hungry,towanttogoandeat'. etc.,e.g.,Constantmaplefrom thenameoftheemperorConstantlt1e
desmence=grammaucalsuffix. ergative=thenamegiventoamorphologIcalandsyntacticsituationwhereby
devata-dvandva=compoundforminIndicthatunitesthenamesoftwo(or themorphologicalshapeofthesubjectofan intransitiveverband the
more)deitiesintoasinglewordwherebothelementswereoriginallym objectofatransitiveverbisthesamewhiletheshapeofthesubJeclofa
thedual,e.g.,OIndMitra-varuQa'MitraandVaruna'orIndra-vaytJ'Indra transitiveverbISdifferent.
andVayu' Ernout-Meillet=A.ErnoutandA Meillet.(1967)Dlctionn.llreecymologique
deverbative=awordderived from averb,e.g.,NE workerfrom (to) work delalanguelatine. hisrolredesmots 4thed. Pans, Klmcksleck
devoicing=themakingofasoundvoiceless,e.g., d> torb>p. Estonian=alongwithFmnish,themajorBalto-FinlllclanguageoftheUralic
diaL=dialectal,aformofthelanguagenotregardedasstandard(atleastin languagefamily;spokenasthenationallanguageofEstonra
dictionaries). ethnonyiTI=deSignationofanethnrcgroup,e.g.,EnglIsh,German
diminutive=awordbearingasuffixdenotingsmallness,youth, familiarity, Etruscan=aprobablynon-IElanguage(certainlynon-ltahL)anCientlyspoken
oraffection,e.g., bookletfrom bookorwordsin-itoor-itaInSpanish . inTuscanyin Italy.
suchasmuchachito'dearlIttleboy'frommuchacho'boy'. . etyiTIon=theongmalform ofaword
dissimilation=aphonologicalprocesswherebytwosoundswithmaword euhemenze=theprocesswherebygodsdevelopoutofdeifIedheroesor,to
become less alike, e.g., the dissimilation of r...r> Lrin Late Lahn the contrary, where mythologIcal stories once almbuted to gods are
peiegnnus'pilgrim'fromearherperegnnus. "reassigned"tohumanhemes.
disyllabic=havingtwosyllables. eventive=describingverbsthatreflectevents,eg.,"Hestoodup",3Sopposed
Done =one of the principal groups of the West Greek dialects which tostates,e.g.,"He wasstandIng'
presumablydidnotenterGreeceuntilaftertheMycenaeanmscnptions exocentric = deSIgnating a compound noun or noun derivation whose
DoricisfoundinnorthernGreece,thePeloponnesusandtheAegean. distnbution IS different than that ofany of its constituents (eg, NE
dorsal = asound made WIth the backofthetongueagainst the roofofthe redcoatbeSIderedandcoar).
mouth,e.g.,NE k
-xvii-
ABBREVIATIONSANDTECHNICALTERMINOLOGY
factitive=averbderivedfromanounoradjectivewhichexpressesthecreation Georgian =the best known ofthe (non-IE) South Caucasian (Kartvelian)
ofthequalityoftheunderlyingnounoradjective(e.g.,NE whicenfrom languages;spokenintheGeorgianRepublic.
white). Germanic = one ofthe twelve majorbranchesof Indo-European, spoken
familiar=awordwhosenormaluseisrestrictedtothefamilyorotherintimate originallyinnorthwesternEurope. ItincludesEnghsh, Frisian,Dutch,
associates,e.g.,daddyasopposedtothemoregeneral facher. German,Yiddish,Danish,Swedish,Norwegian,Icelandic,Faeroese,and
fern. = feminine, oneofthe divisions which PIE nouns, and the nouns of variousotherextinctlanguages.
manyIElanguages,aredivided,opposedto"masculine"and"neuter". Gheg = the northern variety ofAlbanian, opposed to Tosk, the southern
Femininenounsdonotnecessarilyrefertofemales,e.g.,Latmensa(fern.) varietyItformedthebasisofthepre-Warstandardlanguage.(Thecurrent
'table', though nounswhose referent isan adult female human being standardisbasedonTosk.)
are,almostalways,feminineingender. GI =citations from Gamkrelidze, T. and V Ivanov (1995) Indo-European
feminization=creationofafemininenounfromamasculineorneuter,e.g., and the Indo-Europeans. 2 vols. Berlin and New York, Mouton de
Latporea'femalepig,sow'fromporeus'hog,pig'. Gruyter.
Finnish=themajorrepresentativeoftheBalto-FinnicsubgroupoftheUralic glide=inphonologyasynonymforapproximant,e.g.,NEyand w.
languages. Gmc=seeGermanic.
Finno-Ugric= the majorwesterngroupoftheUraliclanguage familythat Gortyn= ancient cityofcentral Crete, known for itsearly, well-preserved
includes some fifteen languages (Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian, etc.) lawcode which forms one the earliest longinscriptions m the Donc
today;theeasternbranchcomprisestheSamoyediclanguages. varietyofGreek.
FirstFunction=theideologicalconceptualizationofthereligiousandjuridical Goth=Gothic,thesoleexampleofeasternGermanic,attested byafourth
components of Indo-European society reflected in the system of centuryADtranslationoftheBible;fragmentarilyattestedmtheCrimea
comparativemythology championedbyGeorges Dumezilandothers. (CrimeanGothic)inthesixteenthcenturybeforebecomingextinctby
Incrudesocialterms,the"priestclass"anditsattendantideology theeighteenthcentury.
firstperson=thespeaker,i.e.,'\'or'we',inaconversation. Grassman'sLaw=aruleinbothGreekandOldlndlcphonologythatprohibits
Fomorians = otherworld enemies of the Tl1atha De Danann in Irish two aspirated consonants in adjacent syllables; where two aspIrated
cosmologicalandeschatologICalmyth. consonants would be expected, the first is deaspirated (thus Greek
formal= aword whosenormaluse isrestricted tomore formal situations, 'chfthemi 'I put'> lfthemi and OInd 'dhadhami 'I put' > dadhami)
e.g.,NEcransportasopposedtocarry. Named after Hermann Grassmann (1809-1877) who recognized Ihe
formant=grammaticalsuffix(alternatedesignationfordesinence). lawin 1863.
fortis=referringtoastopconsonantpronouncedwithmorethanordinary Grimm's Law = designation ofthe systematic phonolOgical change in the
articulatoryenergy,e.g.,thetinNEtumbled. prehistory of Germanic whereby PIE voiced aspirated stops were
Fraenkel=Fraenkel,E.(1962-1965)LitauischesEcymologischesWonerbuch deaspirated,voicedstopsbecamevoiceless,andVOIcelessstopsbecame
Heidelberg,e.Winter. continuants(e.g., 'dh,d,t>d,c,pl.NamedafterJacobGrimm(1785
Francoman=designatingagroupofWestGermanicdialectsspokennearor 1863)whorecognizedtherelationshipin 1822.SeealsoVerner'sl.aw
onthemiddleandlowerRhine,roughlythevarietiesofWestGermanic Grk= Greek,themajorIEstockofGreeceanditsanCIentcolonies,attested
spokenbytheFranks(OldLowFranconianistheancestorofDutch). asMycenaean from about the fourteenth centuryBC,and as Homenc
Fried = Friedrich, Paul (1970) Proto-Indo-European Trees. Chicago, Greek(c800BC)thenClassicalGreekfromc600BCuntilthebeginning
UniversityofChicagoPress. oftheChristianera.
Fris=Frisian,aWestGermamclanguagecloselyrelatedtoEnghshandspoken hapax=ashortformofhapaxlegomenon,meaningawordthatoccursonly
intheDutchprovinceofFriesland. orice in the recorded attestation ofagiven language; consequently, a
full-grade=referringtoaPIEformationwherethevoweliseither-e-or-0 hapax may often be very uncertain with respect to both form and
(usually accented), e.g., PIE *d6r-u (nom.-acc.) 'tree' ~here the root meanmg.
syllableshowsafull-grade -0-. Compare *dr-6us(gen.)'wood'where Hattic=anon-IElanguagespokenatHattusa,pnortoitsdommatlOnbythe
the rootsyllablehaszero-gradewhilethemflectionalsyllablehasfull Hittites. Thesurvivingtexts, found in the Hittite archives, are largely
grade. liturgicalandHatticloanwordsarefound mHutite
Galatian = adjective referring to the Celtic immigrants found in central Hausa = an Afro-Asiatic language (a group which also contains Senuuc)
Anatolia inclassicaltimesand to theirlanguage. The Celtic Galatians spokeninNigerandnorthernNigeria.
formedthenucleusofalargerRomanprovincetocertaincongregations Hebrew ~ aSemitic (Afro-Asiatic) language spoken m anCIent Judea and
ofwhichPaulwroteanepistle. Samariaand,inarevivedform, inmodernIsrael .
Gallo-Lat=Gallo-Latin,seeGallo-Roman. Hesychius=HesychiusofAlexandria,afifthcenturyADGreekscholarwho
Gallo-Roman =referring to the Latin spoken in Gaul after the Roman compiledanextensivedictionaryoftheGreeklanguage;heISsometimes
conquest, a Latin which had borrowed anumber ofwords from the theonlysourceforGreekcognateswithotherIEwords
Celticlanguage(Gaulish)originallyspokenthere. heteroclisis=thenameforamorphologICalSituatIOninProto-Indo-European
Gath=Gathic,deSIgnatingtheoldestvarietyofAvestan,initsoriginalform and many ofits daughterlanguages wherebyagiven noun IS formed
thelanguageofZaraeustra fromtwostems,oneforthenominativeandaccusativeandtheotherfor
GaulseeGaulish. therestofthecases.Themostcommontypemvolvedanommatlveand
Gaulish=theContinentalCelticlanguageofancientGaul,generallyattested accusativewith-r(e.g.,PIE *tl6d-r'water')andthe restofthecasesm
dUringtheperiodfromthethirdcenturytofirstcenturiesBe. -n-(e.g., *ud-n-6s'ofwater').
Gawarbati=Dardic(i.e.,northwesternlndic)languagespokeninAfghanistan HierLuv = Hieroglyphic LUvian, an Anatolian language closely related to
nearthePakistanfrontier,wheretheBashgalandChitralriversmergeto (Cuneiform) Luvian and attested in ahieroglyphic script, deVIsed m
formtheKunar. Anatolia,dUringtheperiodc1300-700Be
gemination=thedoublingofaconsonant,e.g.,inLatferrum'iron'orsagitta hierogamte=pertainingtosacredmarriage.
'arrow'. hippomorphic=havingtheshapeofahorse.
generalizing particle = a small uninflected word (orsuffix) that serves to Hirt's Law = designation of two laws discovered by Herman Hirt (1865
make apronounor verb general in its application (e.g., NE -everin 1936);thefirstrecognizestheleftwardretractionofPIEaccentinBalto
whoever). Slavic from a final syllable to a preceding one, proVIded the lalter
genitive=genitivecase,theIEcasegenerallydenotingpossession,e.g., 'gW6us contamedalaryngeal(e.g.,PIE 'dhuh2m6s>Lith d6mas),thesecond
'cow',butgen. *gWol,l6s'ofthecow'(d possessive). recognizes the leftward shift ofPIE accent 10 Greek from the middle
- xviii-