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Published in the United States of America by Idea Group Reference (an imprint of Idea Group Inc.) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200 Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.idea-group-ref.com and in the United Kingdom by Idea Group Reference (an imprint of Idea Group Inc.) 3 Henrietta Street Covent Garden London WC2E 8LU Tel: 44 20 7240 0856 Fax: 44 20 7379 0609 Web site: http://www.eurospanonline.com Copyright © 2006 by Idea Group Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher. Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI of the trademark or registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of human computer interaction / Claude Ghaoui, Editor. p. cm. Summary: "This encyclopedia presents numerous experiences and insights, of professional from around the world, on human computer interaction issues and perspectives"--Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-59140-562-9 (hardcover) -- ISBN 1-59140-798-2 (ebook) 1. Human-computer interaction--Encyclopedias. I. Ghaoui, Claude. QA76.9.H85E 52 2006 004'.019--dc22 2005031640 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library. All work contributed to this encyclopedia set is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this encyclopedia set are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher. (cid:1)(cid:9)(cid:10)(cid:18)(cid:6)(cid:19)(cid:10)(cid:11)(cid:5)(cid:12)(cid:29)(cid:9)(cid:30)(cid:10)(cid:21)(cid:6)(cid:19)(cid:4)(cid:12)(cid:31)(cid:6)(cid:11)(cid:19)(cid:9) Ravin Balakrishnan, University of Toronto, Canada David Benyon, Napier University, UK Mary Czerwinski, Microsoft Research, USA David R. Danielson, Stanford University, USA Gabriel Jacobs, University of Wales Swansea, UK John Knight, University of Central England, UK Ritchie Macefield, Staffordshire University, UK Kai Richter, Computer Graphics Centre (ZGDV), Germany Amy M. Shapiro, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, USA (cid:24)(cid:10)(cid:21)(cid:18)(cid:12)(cid:6)(cid:13)(cid:12)(cid:17)(cid:6)(cid:2)(cid:18)(cid:19)(cid:10)(cid:26)(cid:15)(cid:18)(cid:6)(cid:19)(cid:21) Abhishek / Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India..........................................................295 Albers, Michael J. / The University of Memphis, USA.......................................................................338 Al-Hanbali, Nedal / Al-Balqa’ Applied University, Jordan................................................................242 Alkhalifa, Eshaa M. / University of Bahrain, Bahrain .........................................................................79 Alpert, Sherman R. / IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, USA.........................................................100 Andrade, Javier / University of A Coruña, Spain.......................................................................280, 381 Ares, Juan / University of A Coruña, Spain ................................................................................280, 381 Atladóttir, Gyda / University of Iceland, Iceland................................................................................220 Ball, Linden J. / Lancaster University, UK..........................................................................................211 Barboni, Eric / Université Paul Sabatier, France...............................................................................154 Bardone, Emanuele / University of Pavia, Italy .............................................................................1, 408 Bastide, Rémi / Université Paul Sabatier, France..............................................................................603 Basu, Anupam / Indian Institute of Technology, Kharapur, India ...................................................295 Becker, Shirley Ann / Florida Institute of Technology, USA............................................................457 Beekhuyzen, Jenine / Griffith University, Australia..........................................................................680 Benyon, David / Napier University, UK...............................................................................................344 Berlanga, A. J. / University of Salamanca, Spain...............................................................................504 Bevan, Nigel / Serco Usability Services, UK.......................................................................................362 Blecker, Thorsten / Hamburg University of Technology, Germany................................................722 Bocchiola, Michele / LUISS University, Italy......................................................................................408 Boechler, Patricia M. / University of Alberta, Canada..............................................................574, 648 Boucouvalas, Anthony C. / Bournemouth University, UK.................................................227, 324, 523 Bourguet, Marie-Luce / Queen Mary University of London, UK....................................................451 Campos, José Creissac / Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal.................................................45 Carroll, John M. / The Pennsylvania State University, USA.............................................................567 Chalmers, Patricia A. / Air Force Research Laboratory, USA..........................................................179 Chen, Chaomei / Drexel University, USA......................................................................................24, 273 Christou, Georgios / Cyprus College, Cyprus ....................................................................................668 Chroust, G. / J. Kepler University Linz, Austria..................................................................................414 Clayton, John F. / Waikato Institute of Technology, New Zealand...........................................175, 435 Convertino, Gregorio / The Pennsylvania State University, USA ....................................................567 Danielson, David R. / Stanford University, USA ................................................................652, 661, 713 de Freitas, Sara / Birbeck College, University of London, UK .................................................553, 706 Demetriadis, Stavros / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.................................................73 (cid:1)(cid:1) Deved i , Vladan / University of Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro ...............................................105 Diaper, Dan / Middlesex University, USA ............................................................................................579 Dix, Alan / Lancaster University, UK....................................................................................................548 Doff, Sabine / Ludwig Maximilians Universität, München, Germany ...............................................396 Drira, Khalil / Laboratoire d’Analyse et d’Architecture des Systèmes du CNRS (LAAS-CNRS), France ...........................................................................................................................................12, 128 Duchastel, Philip / Information Design Atelier, Canada....................................................................332 Elliott, Jessica Paradise / Georgia Institute of Technology, USA....................................................317 Faiola, Anthony / Indiana University, USA..........................................................................................609 Fairweather, Peter G. / IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, USA.....................................................257 Farooq, Umer / IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, USA...................................................................257 Ferre, Xavier / Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain...............................................................422 García, F. J. / University of Salamanca, Spain............................................................................486, 504 García, J. / University of Salamanca, Spain.........................................................................................504 García, Rafael / University of A Coruña, Spain...........................................................................280, 381 Garrett, Bernard Mark / University of British Columbia, Canada..........................................160, 404 Gaudioso, Elena / Artificial Intelligence Department, UNED, Spain................................................... 8 Ghaoui, Claude / Liverpool John Moores University, UK .........................................................441, 494 Gil, A. B. / University of Salamanca, Spain.........................................................................................486 Graf, Günter / University of Klagenfurt, Austria.................................................................................722 Gunnarsdóttir, Sigrún / Siminn, Iceland ..............................................................................................220 Häkkilä, Jonna / University of Oulu, Finland.....................................................................................680 Hall, Lynne / University of Sunderland, UK........................................................................................303 Harrison, Michael D. / University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK........................................................45 Hassenzahl, Marc / Darmstadt University of Technology, Germany ...............................................266 Henley, Mary / Flow Interactive Ltd., London, UK............................................................................622 Henry, Pradeep / Cognizant Technology Solutions, India ................................................................626 Hindmarch, Mark / University of Sunderland, UK ............................................................................641 Hua, Zhigang / Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.........................................................................120 Hürst, Wolfgang / Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany..........................................187, 355 Hvannberg, Ebba Thóra / University of Iceland, Iceland .................................................................220 Ip, Barry / University of Wales Swansea, UK ......................................................................................692 Jacobs, Gabriel / University of Wales Swansea, UK ..........................................................................692 Janvier, William A. / Liverpool John Moores University, UK ..........................................................494 Jaspers, M.W.M. / University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands........................................................597 Jefsioutine, Marie / University of Central England, UK...................................................................150 Jiang, Hong / University of Nebraska, USA ........................................................................................348 John, David / Bournemouth University, UK.........................................................................227, 324, 523 Jorge, Joaquim A. / Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal.........................................................441 Juristo, Natalia / Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain............................................................422 Kantardzic, Mehmed / University of Louisville, USA.........................................................................389 Karoulis, Athanasis / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece....................................................73 Keates, Simeon / IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, USA .........................................................92, 317 Kettley, Sarah / Napier University, UK..........................................................................................31, 429 Kinshuk / Massey University, New Zealand ........................................................................................170 Knight, John / University of Central England, UK.............................................................150, 196, 199 Kontos, John / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece.......................................479 Kotzé, Paula / University of South Africa, South Africa ....................................................................165 Koyama, Mauro F. / Centro de Pesquisas Renato Archer—CenPRA, Brazil.....................................12 Lacaze, Xavier / Université Paul Sabatier, France.............................................................................154 Lauer, Tobias / Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany......................................................355 Levene, Mark / Birbeck College, University of London, UK ...................................................553, 706 Lobo, Natasha / Drexel University, USA........................................................................................24, 273 Lu, Hanqing / Chinese Academy of Sciences, China ..........................................................................120 Luppicini, Rocci J. / University of Ottawa, Canada.............................................................................68 Ma, Wei-Ying / Microsoft Research Asia, China................................................................................120 Macefield, Ritchie / Staffordshire University, UK .............................................................................112 Macfadyen, Leah P. / The University of British Columbia, Canada......................... 143, 373, 396, 471 Magnani, Lorenzo / University of Pavia, Italy................................................................................1, 408 Magoulas, George D. / University of London, UK.............................................................................729 Malagardi, Ioanna / National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece...............................479 Mandl, Thomas / University of Hildesheim, Germany..........................................................................53 Mohamed, Khaireel A. / Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Germany......................................463 Montero, Miguel / Centro de Profesores y Recursos de Albacete, Spain.......................................... 8 Moreno, Ana M. / Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain.........................................................422 Nabuco, Olga / Centro de Pesquisas Renato Archer—CenPRA, Brazil..............................................12 Navarre, David / Université Paul Sabatier, France....................................................................154, 603 Noyes, Jan / University of Bristol, UK..........................................................................................205, 622 Ottmann, Thomas / Institut fur Informatik, Germany.........................................................................463 Oulasvirta, Antti / Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Finland ....................................630 Owen, Robert S. / Texas A&M University-Texarkana, USA.....................................................615, 673 Palanque, Philippe / Université Paul Sabatier, France..............................................................154, 603 Pearson, Will / Sheffield Hallam University, UK ..................................................................................85 Pereira, Edeneziano D. / Centro de Pesquisas Renato Archer—CenPRA, Brazil .............................12 Polovina, Simon / Sheffield Hallam University, UK..............................................................................85 Pombortsis, Andreas / Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.................................................73 Poole, Alex / Lancaster University, UK ...............................................................................................211 Qudrat-Ullah, Hassan / York University, Canada ..............................................................................311 Rashad, Sherif / University of Louisville, USA ....................................................................................389 Rentroia-Bonito, Maria Alexandra / Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal ............................441 Richter, Kai / Computer Graphics Centre (ZGDV), Germany...........................................................287 Roda, Claudia / American University of Paris, France ................................................................38, 686 Rodríguez, Santiago / University of A Coruña, Spain................................................................280, 381 Roibás, Anxo Cereijo / University of Brighton, UK...................................................................634, 699 Röse, Kerstin / University of Kaiserslautern, Germany............................................................136, 253 Rosson, Mary Beth / The Pennsylvania State University, USA........................................................567 Roth, Volker / OGM Laboratory LLC, USA........................................................................................287 Sadeghian, Pedram / University of Louisville, USA............................................................................389 Sadoun, Balqies / Al-Balqa’ Applied University, Jordan...........................................................234, 242 Salovaara, Antti / Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, Finland......................................630 Sas, Corina / Lancaster University, UK................................................................................................511 Seoane, María / University of A Coruña, Spain..................................................................................381 Seta, Kazuhisa / Osaka Prefecture University, Japan........................................................................588 Shapiro, Amy M. / University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, USA....................................................518 Sharples, Mike / University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, UK....................................................542 Silva, Andrés / Technical University of Madrid, Spain......................................................................280 Singh, Shawren / University of South Africa, South Africa................................................165, 261, 548 Singley, Mark K. / IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, USA.............................................................257 Soh, Leen-Kiat / University of Nebraska, USA.............................................................................18, 348 Suárez, Sonia / University of A Coruña, Spain....................................................................................381 Tan, Huachun / Tsinghua University, Beijing, China...........................................................................60 Thomas, Julie / American University of Paris, France................................................................38, 686 Toprani, Kaushal / Drexel University, USA.........................................................................................273 Trauth, Eileen / The Pennsylvania State University, USA.................................................................567 Trewin, Shari / IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, USA..............................................................92, 317 Verhaart, Michael / Eastern Institute of Technology, New Zealand.................................................170 Villemur, Thierry / LAAS-CNRS, France .............................................................................................128 Whitworth, Brian / New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA...................................................533, 559 Woods, Sarah / University of Hertfordshire, UK ................................................................................303 Woolrych, Alan / University of Sunderland, UK.................................................................................641 Xiao, Lu / The Pennsylvania State University, USA............................................................................567 Xie, Xing / Microsoft Research Asia, China.........................................................................................120 Xu, Zhe / Bournemouth University, UK ................................................................................227, 324, 523 Zhang, Yujin / Tsinghua University, Beijing, China .............................................................................60 (cid:17)(cid:6)(cid:2)(cid:18)(cid:8)(cid:2)(cid:18)(cid:21) Abduction and Web Interface Design / Lorenzo Magnani and Emanuele Bardone................................ 1 Adaptable and Adaptive Web-Based Educational Systems / Elena Gaudioso and Miguel Montero....... 8 Agent-Based System for Discovering and Building Collaborative Communities / Olga Nabuco, Mauro F. Koyama, Edeneziano D. Pereira, and Khalil Drira .......................................................... 12 Agent-Supported Interface for Online Tutoring / Leen-Kiat Soh................................................................. 18 Analyzing and Visualizing the Dynamics of Scientific Frontiers and Knowledge Diffusion / Chaomei Chen and Natasha Lobo......................................................................................................... 24 Art as Methodology / Sarah Kettley ............................................................................................................. 31 Attention Aware Systems / Claudia Roda and Julie Thomas.................................................................... 38 Automated Deduction and Usability Reasoning / José Creissac Campos and Michael D. Harrison ...... 45 Automatic Evaluation of Interfaces on the Internet / Thomas Mandl.......................................................... 53 Automatic Facial Expression Analysis / Huachun Tan and Yujin Zhang .................................................. 60 Case Study on the Development of Broadband Technology in Canada, A / Rocci J. Luppicini................. 68 Cognitive Graphical Walkthrough Interface Evaluation / Athanasis Karoulis, Stavros Demetriadis, and Andreas Pombortsis......................................................................................................................... 73 Cognitively Informed Multimedia Interface Design / Eshaa M. Alkhalifa .................................................. 79 Communication + Dynamic Interface = Better User Experience / Simon Polovina and Will Pearson .... 85 Computer Access for Motor-Impaired Users / Shari Trewin and Simeon Keates..................................... 92 Computer-Based Concept Mapping / Sherman R. Alpert ............................................................................ 100 (cid:1) (cid:2) Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning / Vladan Deved i ................................................................ 105 Conceptual Models and Usability / Ritchie Macefield ................................................................................. 112 Cooperative Framework for Information Browsing in Mobile Environment, A / Zhigang Hua, Xing Xie, Hanqing Lu, and Wei-Ying Ma............................................................................................. 120 CSCW Experience for Distributed System Engineering / Thierry Villemur and Khalil Drira................... 128 Cultural Diversity and Aspects of Human Machine Systems in Mainland China / Kerstin Röse................. 136 Culture(s) of Cyberspace, The / Leah P. Macfadyen.................................................................................. 143 Design Frameworks / John Knight and Marie Jefsioutine........................................................................ 150 Design Rationale for Increasing Profitability of Interactive Systems Development / Xavier Lacaze, Philippe Palanque, Eric Barboni, and David Navarre....................................................................... 154 Development of the Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) Interface, The / Bernard Mark Garrett............... 160 Development Methodologies and Users / Shawren Singh and Paula Kotzé.............................................. 165 Dynamic Personal Portfolio Using Web Technologies, A / Michael Verhaart and Kinshuk..................... 170 Education, the Internet, and the World Wide Web / John F. Clayton ......................................................... 175 Effect of Usability Guidelines on Web Site User Emotions, The / Patricia A. Chalmers............................ 179 Elastic Interfaces for Visual Data Browsing / Wolfgang Hürst .................................................................. 187 Engagability / John Knight............................................................................................................................ 196 Ethics and HCI / John Knight....................................................................................................................... 199 Expectations and Their Forgotten Role in HCI / Jan Noyes......................................................................... 205 Eye Tracking in HCI and Usability Research / Alex Poole and Linden J. Ball.......................................... 211 From User Inquiries to Specification / Ebba Thóra Hvannberg, Sigrún Gunnarsdóttir, and Atladóttir Gyda........................................................................................................................................ 220 Fuzzy Logic Usage in Emotion Communication of Human Machine Interaction / Zhe Xu, David John, and Anthony C. Boucouvalas ................................................................................................................ 227 GIS Applications to City Planning Engineering / Balqies Sadoun................................................................ 234 GIS-Based Interactive Database System for Planning Purposes, A / Nedal Al-Hanbali and Balqies Sadoun................................................................................................................................ 242