Encyclopedia of Heart Diseases

675 Pages·2004·9.228 MB·English

by  M. Gabriel Khan MD FRCP(London) FRCP(C) FACP FACC

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
HEART
DISEASES

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
H E A R T
DISEASES
M. GABRIEL KHAN, MD, FRCP[C], FRCP[LONDON], FACP, FACC
Cardiologist
The Ottawa Hospital
Ottawa, Canada
Associate Professor of Medicine
University of Ottawa
Ottawa, Canada
AMSTERDAM (cid:1) BOSTON (cid:1) HEIDELBERG (cid:1) LONDON
NEW YORK (cid:1) OXFORD (cid:1) PARIS (cid:1) SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO (cid:1) SINGAPORE (cid:1) SYDNEY (cid:1) TOKYO
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05 06 07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To my wife Brigid who made this work possible
And
to our children
Susan
Christine
Yasmin
Jacqueline
Stephen
Natasha

CONTENTS
About the Author xv Anemia and the Heart 25
Preface xvii I. Anemia and Heart Function 25
Acknowledgments xix II. Clinical Studies 25
Bibliography 26
Aging and the Heart 1
I. The Size of the Problem 1
Aneurysm 27
II. Effects of Aging on the Heart and
I. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm 27
Vascular System 1
II. Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm 30
III. Cardiovascular Therapy in the Elderly 2
III. Aortic Dissection 31
IV. Research Implications 3
IV. Berry Aneurysm 32
Bibliography 3
Bibliography 32
Alcohol and the Heart 5
I. Alcohol and Coronary Heart Disease 5
Angina 35
II. Alcohol and Hypertension 6
I. Size of the Problem 35
III. Alcohol and Heart Failure 6
II. Pathophysiology 36
IV. Alcohol and Cardiomyopathy 6
III. Diagnosis 39
V. Alcohol and Abnormal Heart Rhythms
IV. Disease Processes Causing
and Abnormal Electrocardiograms 7
Angina 40
VI. Alcohol and Coagulation Factors and Stroke 7
V. Stable and Unstable Angina 41
VII. Type of Alcohol Consumption 7
VI. Nondrug Treatment 42
VII. Perspective 8
VII. Drug Treatment 45
Bibliography 8
VIII. Hypertension 53
Altitude and Pulmonary Edema 9 IX. Angina Patients with Heart Failure 53
I. Signs and Symptoms 9 X. Silent Ischemia 53
II. Mechanisms 9 XI. Variant Angina
III. Management 10 (Prinzmetal’s Angina) 53
IV. Clinical Study 10 XII. Unstable Angina/Acute
V. Perspective and Research Implications 10 Coronary Syndrome 54
Bibliography 11 Bibliography 55
Anatomy of the Heart and Circulation 13
Angioplasty/Coronary Balloon 57
I. Anatomic Features 13
I. Procedure 57
II. Circulation of Blood 21
II. Indications 58
Bibliography 21
III. Contraindications and Limitations 58
Anderson-Fabry Disease 23 IV. Outcome of Angioplasty 59
Bibliography 23 Bibliography 60
viii CONTENTS
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Artificial Heart 105
Inhibitors/Angiotensin Receptor Blockers 61 I. Electric Total Artificial Heart 105
I. ACE Inhibitors 61 II. Left Ventricular Assist Device 107
II. Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers 65 III. Is There a Logical Role for Ventricular
Bibliography 67 Assist Devices? 108
IV. New Frontiers 109
Antihistamines 69 Bibliography 109
I. Histamine Antagonists 69
Aspirin for Heart Disease 111
Bibliography 69
I. Historical Review 111
Antioxidants 71 II. Mechanism of Action 112
I. Statins 71 III. Recognized Indications for Aspirin and Dose 113
II. Vitamin E 72 IV. Perspective 114
III. Vitamin C 73 Bibliography 114
IV. Beta-Carotene 73
Atherosclerosis/Atheroma 117
V. Mediterranean Diet 74
VI. Dietary Plant-Derived Flavonoids 74 I. Introduction and Historical Background 117
VII. French Red Wine 74 II. Pathology 119
VIII. Probucol 75 III. Pathogenesis 121
Bibliography 75 IV. Vulnerable Atheromatous Plaques 127
V. Clinical Studies 127
Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome 77 VI. Perspective and Research Implications 128
I. Diagnosis 77 Bibliography 130
II. Management 77
Athletes and Sudden Cardiac Death 131
Bibliography 77
I. Cardiac Causes of Sudden Death in Young
Antiplatelet Agents 79 Athletes 132
I. Mechanism of Action 79 II. Sudden Death Not Associated with
II. Indications 80 Cardiac Disease 135
III. Available Antiplatelet Agents 80 III. Athlete’s Heart Versus Hypertrophic
Bibliography 83 Cardiomyopathy 136
Bibliography 137
Arginine and the Heart 85
Atrial Fibrillation 139
I. Clinical Study 85
Bibliography 85 I. Epidemiology 140
II. Diagnosis 140
Arrhythmias/Palpitations 87 III. Causes and Research Implications 141
I. Origin of the Heartbeat 87 IV. Pathophysiology 143
II. Palpitations, Premature Beats, and V. Classification and Management 143
Irregular Beats 88 VI. Anticoagulants 148
III. Tachycardia 89 VII. Electronic Pacing 149
IV. Antiarrhythmic Agents 95 Bibliography 149
V. Automatic Implantable Cardioverter
Defibrillator 100 Atrial Septal Defect 151
VI. Conclusion 100 I. Clinical Study 151
Bibliography 100 Bibliography 152
Arteriosclerosis 101 B-Type Natriuretic Peptide 153
I. Diseases Causing Arteriosclerosis 101 I. Clinical Studies 153
II. Atherosclerosis 102 II. Perspective 154
Bibliography 103 Bibliography 155
CONTENTS ix
Beriberi Heart Disease 157 IV. Next Generation Agents 196
Bibliography 197
I. Clinical Manifestations 157
Bibliography 157
Carcinoid Heart Disease 199
Beta-Blockers 159 I. Heart Damage 199
II. Diagnosis 199
I. Beta-Receptors 160
III. Treatment 200
II. Mechanism of Action 160
IV. Clinical Study 200
III. Salutary Effects 160
Bibliography 200
IV. Indications 161
V. Clinical Trials 163
Cardiogenic Shock 201
VI. Adverse Effects and Cautions 164
I. Causes 201
VII. Classification 164
II. Pathophysiology 201
VIII. Subtle Differences and Research Implications 165
III. Management 202
IX. Individual Beta-Blockers 166
IV. Perspective and Research Implications 202
Bibliography 167
Bibliography 202
Blood Clots 169
Cardiomyopathy 203
I. Causes of Blood Clots 169
I. Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 204
II. Nondrug Treatment 170
II. Sudden Death 207
III. Drug Treatment 170
III. Dilated Cardiomyopathy 209
Bibliography 174
IV. Restrictive Cardiomyopathy 211
V. Specific Heart Muscle Disease 211
Blood Pressure 175
Bibliography 212
I. Historical Review 175
II. Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure 178 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) 215
III. Classification 178
I. Causes of Loss of Consciousness 215
IV. Normal Fluctuations in Blood Pressure 178
II. Cardiac Arrest Rhythms 216
V. Finger Cuff Method of Penaz 180
III. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 216
VI. Technique and Pitfalls of Measurement 180
IV. Defibrillation 219
VII. Effects of High Blood Pressure 180
V. Drugs for Cardiac Arrest 220
Bibliography 180
VI. Perspectives and Research Implications 221
VII. Outcomes of Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest 221
Brugada Syndrome 183
VIII. The Heimlich Maneuver 222
I. Clinical Features 183
Bibliography 222
II. Perspective 184
Bibliography 184 Chagas Disease 223
I. Epidemiology 223
Bundle Branch Block 185
II. Symptoms and Signs 223
I. Right Bundle Branch Block 185
III. Diagnostic Investigations 225
II. Left Bundle Branch Block 187
IV. Management 225
Bibliography 187
Bibliography 225
Caffeine and the Heart 189 Chelation and Heart Disease 227
I. Biochemistry 189 I. Clinical Study 227
II. Effects 190 II. Perspective 227
Bibliography 191 Bibliography 228
Abstract 228
Calcium Antagonists 193
Chemotherapy-Induced Heart Disease 229
I. Mechanism of Action 193
II. Available Calcium Antagonists 194 I. Chemotherapeutic Agents 229
III. Therapeutic Benefits 196 II. Cardiac Damage from Anthracyclines 229