ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FOOD SECURITY AND SUSTAINABILITY This page intentionally left blank ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FOOD SECURITY AND SUSTAINABILITY EDITORS IN CHIEF Pasquale Ferranti University of Naples ‘Federico II’, Portici, Italy Elliot M. Berry Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel Jock R. Anderson University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia and Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA VOLUME 1 General and Global Situation SECTION EDITORS Regina Birner University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany Alessandro Galli Global Footprint Network, Geneva, Switzerland Delia Grace International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya Kathleen Hefferon Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Llius Serra-Majem University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain Pierre Singer Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel Amsterdam(cid:129)Boston(cid:129)Heidelberg(cid:129)London(cid:129)NewYork(cid:129)Oxford Paris(cid:129)SanDiego(cid:129)SanFrancisco(cid:129)Singapore(cid:129)Sydney(cid:129)Tokyo Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,USA Copyright(cid:1)2019ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,including photocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailson howtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchas theCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(otherthanasmaybenoted herein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesin researchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmayalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods, compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthe safetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/or damagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods, products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-0-12-812687-5 Publisher:OliverWalter AcquisitionEditor:RachelConway SeniorContentProjectManager:RichardBerryman AssociateContentProjectManager:SuryaSuriyan Designer:MatthewLimbert CONTENTS OF ALL VOLUMES Contributors to Volume 1 xix Editor Biographies xxv Preface xxix VOLUME 1 Defining the Concept ofFood Value Chain 1 PasqualeFerranti The United Nations SustainableDevelopment Goals 6 PasqualeFerranti The Political Economy of Food Securityand Sustainability 9 Johan Swinnen and Senne Vandevelde Food Production andConsumptionPracticesTowardSustainability: The Role andVision of Civic Food Networks 17 Maria Fonte andMariaGrazia Quieti Population Density and Redistribution of Food Resources 26 RussellHopfenberg Implications ofStructural Transformation for Food andNutrition Security 31 SunnivaBloem Change in Production Practices: TheRoleof Agri-Food andDiversified Cropping Systems 36 Sangam LDwivedi andRodomiro Ortiz The Role ofOmicSciences in Food SecurityandSustainability 44 Fabio Alfieri CodexAlimentarius Commission 50 CindyCheng The Conceptof PlanetaryBoundaries 56 Helena Kahiluoto International Trade’sContributiontoFood Security andSustainability 61 Kym Anderson v vi Contents ofAll Volumes The Food Trade System:Structural FeaturesandPolicyFoundations 64 Nelson B Villoria VirtualWater Trade AmongWorld CountriesAssociated With Food Trade 74 Carole Dalin and Megan Konar Food Trade and Global Value Chain 82 Fabio Bartolini Greenhouse Gas, Livestock andTrade 88 Dario Caro GlobalSeafoodTrade 93 Jessica A Gephart Environmental Externalitiesin GlobalTrade for Wineand OtherAlcoholicBeverages 98 Benedetto Rugani Nitrogen Embedded inGlobal Food Trade 105 Luis Lassaletta, Gilles Billen,Josette Garnier, Azusa Oita, Hideaki Shibata, Junko Shindo, and Kentaro Hayashi FeedingUrban Areas: Challenges and Opportunities 110 Roberta Sonnino Agricultural Innovation and the Global Politics ofFood Trade 114 SrividhyaVenkataraman, Uzma Badar, and Kathleen Hefferon Food Aid 122 KristineCaiafa and Maria Wrabel Food Emergency Operations in Wars andConflicts 128 Maria Wrabel and Kristine Caiafa Food Emergency Operations After NaturalDisasters 135 Maria Wrabel and Kristine Caiafa National Policies and Programs for Food Securityand Sustainability 142 KristineCaiafa and Maria Wrabel The Role ofInternationalAgencies in Achieving Food Security 149 Kesso G van Zutphen, SrujithLingala,Madhavika Bajoria, Kalpana Beesabathuni, and Klaus Kraemer The Role ofthe Mediain Increasing Awarenessof Food Securityand Sustainability 165 Pierangelo Isernia and AriannaMarcolin Changing Dietary Patterns as Drivers ofChanging Environmental Impacts 172 MichaelClark The Food Wastage Challenge 178 Nadia El-Hage Scialabba Competition for Land, Waterand Energy (Nexus) in Food Production 187 StephanieJ E Midgley,Mark New, and Nadine Methner Greenhouse Gas EmissionsDue to Agriculture 196 Francesco Nicola Tubiello Overuse ofWaterResources: Water Stress andthe Implications for Food and Agriculture 206 Ertug Ercin Contents ofAll Volumes vii Overuse ofNitrogen Resources 212 Albert Bleeker Climate Change:Impact on MarineEcosystems andWorld Fisheries 218 U Rashid Sumaila Climate Change and Crop Yields 223 AndreaToreti, SimonaBassu,Andrej Ceglar,and Matteo Zampieri Greenhouse Gas andLivestock Emissions and Climate Change 228 Dario Caro Big Data in Agriculture andTheir Analyses 233 Stuti Shrivastava andAmy Marshall-Colon Food Fraud 238 Delia Grace Overuse ofPhosphorusResources 249 Rubel Biswas Chowdhury, Nick Milne,and Priyanka Chakraborty ICT Applicationsin Agriculture 255 Thomas Daum Pigmented Grainsas aSourceof Bioactives 261 StefaniaIametti,ParisaA Abbasi Parizad, Francesco Bonomi,and Mauro Marengo NovelFoods: New Food Sources 271 Maria Grazia Calabrese andPasquale Ferranti New Protein Sources: NovelFoods 276 DiStasio Luigia NovelFoods: Artificial Meat 280 Fabio Alfieri Synthetic Meat: Acceptance 285 AdrianaBasileand Pasquale Ferranti NovelFoods: Insects - Technology 289 Monica Gallo NovelFoods: Insects - Safety Issues 294 Monica Gallo NovelFoods: Algae 300 Monica Gallo Development ofSustainable NovelFoodsandBeverages Basedon Coffee By-Products for Chronic Diseases 307 Nuria Martinez-Saez and María Dolores del Castillo Byproducts as aSourceof Novel Ingredients in Dairy Foods 316 M Iriondo-DeHond, E Miguel, and MD delCastillo Usefulness ofDietaryComponents asSustainable Nutraceuticals for Chronic Kidney Disease 323 Amaia Iriondo-DeHond,Jaime Uribarri, andMaríaDolores delCastillo Food Taboos 332 Victor BennoMeyer-Rochow viii Contents ofAll Volumes Food By-products as NaturalSourceof Bioactive Compounds Against Campylobacter 336 Jose M Silvan and Adolfo J Martinez-Rodriguez New Functional Ingredients FromAgroindustrialBy-Products for the Development of Healthy Foods 351 Sonia CozzanoFerreira, Adriana Maite Fernández, María Dolores del Castillo Bilbao, and AlejandraMedrano Fernández VegetableBy-products as aResource for the Development of FunctionalFoods 360 AntonioColantuono Chestnut as Source ofNovelIngredients for Celiac People 364 AnnalisaRomanoand Maria Aponte NovelFood Ingredients for Food Security 369 Cristina Chuck-Hernández, Diana Karina Baigts Allende,and Jürgen Mahlknecht Snails (Terrestrial and Freshwater) as Human Food 376 Victor BennoMeyer-Rochow NovelTechniquesfor Extrusion, Agglomeration,Encapsulation, Gelation, and CoatingofFoods 379 María LZambrano-Zaragoza and David Quintanar-Guerrero NovelFoods: Allergens 393 Luigia Di Stasio Sustainable Cropsfor Food Security: Quinoa(Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) 399 AnnalisaRomanoand Pasquale Ferranti Challenges of Food Securityfor Orphan Crops 403 ZerihunTadele Sustainable Cropsfor Food Security: Moringa(Moringa oleiferaLam.) 409 MontesanoDomenico, CossignaniLina,and Blasi Francesca Insects(and OtherNon-crustaceanArthropods) as Human Food 416 Victor BennoMeyer-Rochow Probiotic Food Development: AnUpdated Review Basedon Technological Advancement 422 DanielGranato,Filomena Nazzaro,TatianaColombo Pimentel, ErickAlmeida Esmerino, and AdrianoGomes da Cruz Food WasteValorization:New Manufacturing Processesfor Long-Term Sustainability 429 Gerrard E J Poinern andDerekFawcett Food Process Modeling 434 Olivier Vitrac andMaxime Touffet Food SupplyChain Demand andOptimization 455 MarcoA Miranda-Ackerman andCitlaliColín-Chávez Separation, Fractionation and Concentration ofHigh-Added-Value Compounds From Agro-Food By-Products Through Membrane-Based Technologies 465 RobertoCastro-Muñoz Non-thermalandInnovative Processing Technologies 477 Anet Re(cid:1)zek Jambrak NovelPackagingSystems inFood 484 Lin Lin, MohamedAbdel-ShafiAbdel-Samie,and HaiyingCui Contents ofAllVolumes ix Green Production Strategies 492 Vineet Kaswan, Mukesh Choudhary, Pardeep Kumar, SandeepKaswan, and Pooja Bajya Conversion of Food Wasteto Fermentation Products 501 Muhammad Waqas, MohammadRehan,Muhammad Daud Khan, and Abdul-Sattar Nizami Consumers’Behavior Regarding Food Waste Prevention 510 Konstadinos Abeliotis,Christina Chroni, andKatiaLasaridi Strategies for Prolonging Fresh Food Shelf-Life 515 Susan Lurie Food Rescue in Developed Countries 521 TamaraY Mousa Food Retailin Developing Countries 530 Matthew Kelly Income,Time and Labor Nexus Household Food Security in Burundi 534 SanctusNiragira, Jean Ndimubandi, andJos Van Orshoven Gastronomy as an Aid to Increasing people’s Food Intake at Healthcare Institutions 540 Agnès Giboreau and Anestis Dougkas SensoryEvaluation, an Important Tool for Understanding Food and Consumers 546 HenriëttaL deKock ReducingInequality asan Opportunity toImproveFood Security 550 Soriano Bárbara and Garrido Alberto UnequalAccess toLand: Consequences for the Food Security of SmallholderFarmers in Sub Saharan Africa 556 Mark T van Wijk, James Hammond,Romain Frelat, and Simon Fraval VOLUME 2 The Conceptof Food Security 1 Wen Peng andElliot M Berry Concepts of Stabilityin Food Security 8 Jock RAnderson Changing Food Consumption Patterns andTheir Drivers 16 John M Kearney Ruminant (Bovine, Caprine,andOvine) Milk andMeat Production: The Challenge of Food Qualityand SustainabilityThrough the Use of Plant Extracts 25 Cristina Castillo,Angel Abuelo, andJoaquín Hernández Nutritionand Disease:Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 43 Elena García-Fernández and Miguel Leon-Sanz NutritionThroughthe Life Cycle: Pregnancy 49 Eileen C O’Brien, KitYingTsoi, RonaldC WMa, Mark A Hanson, MosheHod, and FionnualaMMcAuliffe NutritionThroughthe Life Cycle: Lactation 75 Ronit Mesilati-Sthay, PierreSinger, andNuritArgov-Argaman Nutritionin the Elderly 82 YitshalNBerner