Encyclopedia of evolutionary biology

2136 Pages·2016·139.23 MB·English

by  Kliman

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
EDITOR IN CHIEF
RICHARD M. KLIMAN
Cedar Crest College, Allentown, PA, USA
VOLUME 1
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EDITOR IN CHIEF
Richard M. Kliman, PhD, is Professor of Biological Sciences at Cedar Crest College in
Allentown,Pennsylvania.HereceivedhisBAfromColbyCollegeinbiologyandmusic.His
graduateworkatWesleyanUniversityfocusedonquantitativegeneticsofcircadianrhythms
andphotoperiodismintheDjungarianhamster,Phodopussungorus.Asapostdoctoralfellow
at Rutgers University and Harvard University, he studied molecular evolution and popu-
lationgenetics.PriortoCedarCrestCollege,hetaughtatRadfordUniversityinVirginiaand
KeanUniversityinNewJersey.HehasalsoservedasaprogramdirectorintheDivisionof
EnvironmentalBiologyattheUSNationalScienceFoundation(NSF).
Kliman’s research interests center on questions in molecular evolution, including the
evolutionofcodonusagebiasinavarietyoforganisms;speciationandnaturalhistory;and
ecology and conservation. Much of this work has relied on population genetics/genomics
and bioinformatics approaches. He has also collaborated with Cedar Crest colleague John
CiglianoonanEarthwatch-supported“before-after-control-impact”studyontheeffectsofa
newmarinereserveinBelizeonqueenconchpopulations.Hisresearchinevolutionaryand
ecological genetics has been supported by the US National Institutes of Health and by
ConservationInternational.
KlimanhasservedontheeditorialboardsofGeneticaandTheJournalofMolecularEvolution.Hehasbeendeeplyinvolvedin
evolutioneducation,helpingtocoordinate“UndergraduateDiversityatSSE/SSB,”anNSF-supportedprogramtobringadiverse
groupofundergraduates totheannualEvolution researchconference.Hewasalead editorofpopulation/quantitative genetics
andevolutionarygeneticsforNatureEducation/Scitableatitsinception.HeisamemberoftheEducationandOutreachCommittee
oftheSocietyfortheStudyofEvolution,andeditorofthesociety’speer-reviewededucationalresource,theEvoEdDigitalLibrary.
v

SECTION EDITORS
HiroshiAkashiisaProfessorofEvolutionaryGeneticsattheNationalInstituteofGenetics,
Japan.HeworkedwithMartyKreitmanforhisPhDinEcology&EvolutionaryBiologyfrom
the University of Chicago (1996) and with John Gillespie as a postdoctoral fellow at UC
Davis.HehasbeenafacultymemberattheUniversityofKansas(1998–2000),PennState
University (2000–2008), and NIG (2009–present). Akashi’s research focuses on inferring
causes of genome evolution, especially weak selection, from within and between species
sequence variation. His studies of codon usage employed population genetic methods to
detect natural selection acting at its limit of efficacy and identified a phenotypic basis of
natural selection (translational accuracy) from sequence comparisons in Drosophila. Exten-
sions of this work revealed constraints related to biosynthesis that act globally on com-
positional properties of microbial proteins. The interplay of weak evolutionary forces
appearstoshiftfrequentlyamongclosely-relatedspeciesandcurrentinterestsincludetests
ofadaptivechangesinprotein/DNAcomposition.
TimCoulson’sprimaryinterestisincreatingbetterlinksbetweenthefieldsofecologyand
evolution.Hedoesthisbydevelopingtheory,parameterisingmodelsforfieldandlaboratory
systems, making predictions from these models, and, where possible, testing these predic-
tions with experiments. He works on a range of systems, from bulb mites within the la-
boratory,toguppieslivinginstreamsinTrinidad,towolvesinYellowstone.Hismotivation
todothiscomesfromobservationsthatecologicalandevolutionarychangecanbeobserved
occurring on similar time scales, yet ecological theory typically ignores evolutionary pro-
cessesandviceversa.
TimwasawardedhisPhDinplantecologyfromImperialCollege,London,in1994.He
moved on to research genotype-by-environment interactions as Natural Environment Re-
searchCouncil(NERC)-fundedpost-docattheInstituteofZoologyinLondon.Heremained
attheInstituteonafellowshipwherehedevelopedmodelstoinvestigatetheeconomicand
lifehistoryconsequencesofarangeofpopulationmanagementstrategies.In2000hemoved
totheUniversity ofCambridge, wherehebrieflylecturered intheZoology department. In
2004 he moved back to Imperial College London as a senior lecturer where he started
developing models that allow the simultaneous investigation of the dynamics of life history, populations, and quantitative
characters.In2007hebecameProfessorofPopulationBiologyatImperialCollegeLondon.HeleftImperialin2013totakeuphis
currentpositionasProfessorofZoologyattheUniversityofOxford.HeisalsoaProfessorialfellowofJesusCollege,Oxford.
AndrewForbes
vii
viii SectionEditors
RosemaryGillespie isa Professor attheUniversity ofCalifornia, Berkeley,where she also
holds the Schlinger Chair in Systematics. She is Past President of the International Bio-
geographySocietyandTrusteeandFellowoftheCaliforniaAcademyofSciences,andservesas
AssociateEditorforMolecularEcology.GillespiewasbornandeducatedinScotland,receiving
her BSc in Zoology from Edinburgh University in 1980. She came to the US to conduct
graduateworkonthebehavioralecologyofspidersattheUniversityofTennessee.Afterher
PhDshespentseveralmonthsattheUniversityofSouthinTennessee,andthenstartedwork
at the University of Hawaii in 1987, initially as a postdoc, and then in 1992 as Assistant
ProfessorinZoologyandResearcherintheHawaiianEvolutionaryBiologyProgram.Itwas
during her first year in Hawaii that she discovered an adaptive radiation of Tetragnatha
spiders.SheleftHawaiiin1999tojointhefacultyattheUniversityofCaliforniainBerkeley,
where she continues her research focus on the islands of the Pacific, Hawaii in particular,
using islands of known age and isolation to assess the combined temporal and spatial
dimension of biogeography and determine patterns of diversification, adaptive radiation,
andassociatedcommunityassembly.
DavidGuttmanreceivedhisPhDfromStonyBrookUniversityin1994workingwithDaniel
Dykhuizenonquestionsrelatedtotheroleandimportanceofrecombinationinstructuring
genetic diversity in bacterial populations. He followed this with a postdoc in molecular
evolutionwithBrianandDeborahCharlesworthattheUniversityofChicago,andasecond
postdocattheUniversityofChicagowithJeanGreenbergtogainexperienceinthefieldsof
molecularplantpathologyandplant-microbeinteractions.Hestartedhisfacultypositionat
theUniversityofTorontoin2000,andiscurrentlyaProfessorintheDepartmentofCell&
Systems Biology (CSB). He is also the Associate Chair for Research in CSB, founder and
Director of the University of Toronto Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution &
Function,andCanadaResearchChairinComparativeGenomics.HehasservedastheChair
of the American Society for Microbiology, Division R (Evolutionary and Genomic Micro-
biology),andwasthePLoSPathogensSectionEditorforBacterialEvolution&Genomics.
Dr. Guttman runs a highly diverse research program generally focused on bacterial
evolutionary genomics, with three major foci: (1) the evolution of host specificity and
virulenceinplantpathogenicbacteria;(2)microbialcomparativegenomics;and(3)studies
of the human and plant-associated microbiome. He is best known for elucidating and
linking evolutionary and mechanistic processes that determine the course and fate of bac-
terialinfections,andcharacterizingtheimpactofgeneticvariationonthebalancebetween
diseaseandimmunity.
NormanA.Johnson,thesectioneditorforAppliedEvolution,isanevolutionarygeneticist
and author. He received his PhD from the University of Rochester in 1992 and did post-
doctoralresearchattheUniversityofChicago.Hisresearchinterestshavegenerallyfocused
on aspects of speciation, specifically those related to the genetics and evolution of hybrid
incompatibility:sterility,inviability,orotherreductionoffitnessinhybridsbetweenspecies.
Dr. Johnson, an adjunct professor in the Biology Department at the University of Massa-
chusettsatAmherst,hastaughtclassesthere,aswellasatHampshireCollege,theUniversity
ofTexasatArlington,andtheUniversityofChicago.
Dr. Johnson also has a long-standing commitment toward improving the communi-
cationofscience ingeneral andevolutionary biologyin particular tootherscientists, edu-
cators,andthepublicatlarge.HeistheauthorofDarwinianDetectives:RevealingtheNatural
History of Genes and Genomes (Oxford University Press: 2007), a book geared to general
audiences that shows how biologists use DNA sequence data to make inferences about
evolutionary processes. He also was the lead organizer for a working group on communi-
catinghumanevolutionattheNationalEvolutionarySynthesisCenter(NESCent).