Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases

4221 Pages·2018·145.054 MB·English

by  Ilpo Huhtaniemi, Luciano Martini

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
ENDOCRINE DISEASES
SECOND EDITION
VOLUME 1

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
ENDOCRINE DISEASES
SECOND EDITION
EDITORS IN CHIEF
Ilpo Huhtaniemi
Imperial College London
London, United Kingdom
Luciano Martini
University of Milan
Milan, Italy
VOLUME 1
GENERAL PRINCIPLES, DIABETES, METABOLISM, OBESITY, GASTROINTESTINAL
HORMONES, AGING, ENDOCRINE TOXICOLOGY
AMSTERDAM(cid:1) BOSTON(cid:1)HEIDELBERG(cid:1) LONDON(cid:1)NEWYORK (cid:1)OXFORD
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) ACADEMIC
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DEDICATION
ProfessorLucianoMartini,1927–2017
The other Editor in Chief of the Encyclopedia, Professor Luciano Martini, passed away on July 13th, 2017. He was an
internationally acclaimed authority in the field of endocrinology, in particular neuroendocrinology, a brilliant and imaginative
scientist,andanimpressiveanderuditescholar.
Luciano achieved the venerable age of 90, and his long career was full of outstanding scientific achievements, leadership
positionsinacademiaandinscientificsocieties,academies,andcommittees.
LucianoreceivedhisMDdegreefromtheUniversityofMilanin1950.Hethenrapidlyprogressedthroughjunioracademic
ranksuptothepositionofProfessorandChairmanoftheDepartmentofPharmacologyattheUniversityofPerugiain1968,and
subsequently,in1972,hereturnedtohisalmamater,theUniversityofMilan,asfullProfessorandChairmanoftheDepartmentof
Endocrinology,aposthehelduntil2001.HeservedinMilanasdirectorofthetrainingandresearchprogramentitledPhysiology
ofReproductionfornearly20yearsandattractedtohisteamtop-classItalianandforeignscientiststoaddresshismainresearch
interestsofneuroendocrineregulationofreproductivefunctions.
Scientificseverity,ethicalintegrity,fineperception,anddeepfarsightednessdescribebestLuciano’scharacterasascientist.He
createdinhisinstituteascientificresearchgroupdevotedtoexperimentalendocrinology,whichgrewovertheyearsinsizeand
visibilityandbecamewidelyrecognizedinternationally.Lucianopublishedmorethan400peer-reviewedandhighlycitedpapers
mainlyinthefieldsofneuroendocrinology,endocrineoncology,physiologyofreproduction,andsteroidandenergymetabolisms.
Lucianowasaprolificeditorofscientificbooksandjournals,whichincludethetwovolumesofNeuroendocrinologyandthenine
biennialvolumesofFrontiersinNeuroendocrinology.HewasEditorinChiefofComprehensiveEndocrinologypublishedin12volumes
and the first Edition of Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases. He served as President in many national and international scientific
societiesincludingtheInternationalSocietyofNeuroendocrinology,theItalianSocietyofEndocrinology,theInternationalSociety
ofEndocrinology,andtheEuropeanFederationofEndocrineSocieties.ForhisscientificachievementsLucianoreceivedhonorary
doctoratesintheuniversitiesofLiège,SantiagodeCompostela,Pécs,andMilan,andhewastherecipientofnumerousscientific
awardsandinvitedacademymemberships.
Luciano’sportraitcouldnotbecompleteifoneforgetstomentionhislife-timepassionformusic.Hewasawell-trainedand
accomplishedpianist,apassionatemusiclistener,andanenthusiasticconnoisseurofalltypesofmusic.Healsowasanamateurin
visualartsanddeeplyinterestedinhistory.
All of us who knew Professor Luciano Martini deeply mourn the loss of a great scientist and friend, the real “Il Maestro”,
teacher,colleague,andpioneerofmodernneuroendocrinology.ItrustLucianowouldhavebeenproudofthisneweditionofthe
EncyclopediaofEndocrineDiseases,andallofushavingworkedonitsproductionwouldliketodedicateittohismemory.
Ilpo Huhtaniemi
Editorin Chief
EncyclopediaofEndocrineDiseases,2ndedition
v

EDITORS IN CHIEF
IlpoHuhtaniemireceivedhisMDandPhDatUniversityofHelsinki,Finland,didpostdoctoral
traininginUnitedStates(UCSanFranciscoandNIH,Bethesda),andhasbeenonsabbatical
leaveinGermany,UnitedStatesandScotland.In1986–2002heheldthepostofProfessorand
ChairmanofPhysiologyatUniversityofTurku,Finland.Hemovedin2002toUKtoaChairin
Reproductive Endocrinology at Imperial College London, from which position he retired in
2015.Hehasreceivedseveralnationalandinternationalhonors,amongstthemafellowshipof
The Academy of Medical Sciences, United Kingdom, and a Doctor Honoris Causa at the
Medical University Łódź, Poland, and University of Szeged, Hungary. He was the Chief
ManagingEditorofMolecularandCellularEndocrinology1999-2017,hasservedintheEditorial
Board of Endocrinology and Endocrine Reviews and is/has been the Editor or Editorial Board
Member of several other scientific journals (e.g., European Journal of Endocrinology, Clinical
Endocrinology,HumanReproductionUpdate,JournalofEndocrinology,MolecularHumanReproduc-
tion,Reproduction,AsianJournalof Andrology).Hehasextensiveexperience asOfficial ofinter-
national scientific organizations (e.g., Past President of International Society of Andrology).
Hisresearchinterestsincludeclinicalandbasicreproductiveendocrinology,inparticularthefunctionofgonadotrophinsandmale
reproductiveendocrinology.Healsohaslong-terminterestsindevelopmentofmalecontraception,hormone-dependentcancer,
andtheendocrinologyofaging.Hehasauthoredabout700peer-reviewedresearcharticlesandreviews,andhisH-factoris78.
LucianoMartiniwasbornonMay14,1927,inMilan,Italy.HeobtainedthedegreeofMedical
Doctor "summa cum laude" on November 24, 1950, from the Faculty of Medicine of the
University of Milan, Italy. He was Emeritus Professor of Pharmacology of the University of
Perugia, Italy, and Emeritus Professor of Endocrinology of the University of Milan, Italy. He
was Doctor Honoris Causa in Medicine of the Universities of Liège, Belgium, Santiago de
Compostela, Spain, and Pécs, Hungary, and Doctor Honoris Causa in Biotechnological Sci-
ences of the University of Milan, Italy. He was an author of more than 400 peer-reviewed
scientific publications in the fields of endocrinology, neuroendocrinology, pharmacology,
physiologyofreproduction,steroidbiochemistry,andbasiconcology.Hewaselectedmember
of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (Italian National Academy) and of the American
AcademyofArtsandSciences(HonoraryForeignMember).
Luciano Martini acted as Editor in Chief of the journal Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology from
1990to2001,andwasaMemberoftheEditorialBoardofEndocrinology(ForeignConsulting
Editor, 1961–65), as well as of several other speciality journals, such as Experimental and
Clinical Endocrinology, Biochemistry, and Steroids. He has acted as Editor of several textbooks
(e.g.,Neuroendocrinology,atextbookin2volumes,AcademicPress,NewYork,1966–67,andClinicalNeuroendocrinology,atextbook
in 2 volumes, Academic Press, New York, 1977–82) as well of a series of books under the name Comprehensive Endocrinology
(13volumes),RavenPress,NewYork,1979–84.HeactedasEditorinChiefforthefirsteditionofEncyclopediaofEndocrineDiseases
(4volumes),AcademicPress-Elsevier,SanDiego,2004.
vii

EDITORIAL BOARD
Jean-JacquesBody JeanMarcKaufman
CHU Brugmann, Free University of Brussels (ULB), Brussels, Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital,
Belgium Ghent,Belgium
FelipeF.Casanueva AndréLacroix
Department of Medicine, Santiago de Compostela University, EndocrineDivisionandResearchCenter,Centrehospitalierde
Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), l'UniversitédeMontréal(CHUM),Montreal,QC,Canada
SantiagodeCompostela,Spain
FrancoMantero
CIBER de Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutricion (CIBERobn),
UniversityofPaduaMedicalSchool,Padua,Italy
CarlosIIIHealthInstitute,SantiagodeCompostela,Spain
JormaToppari
Jean-LouisChiasson
Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Integrative
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology,
Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Turku, Turku,
CardiometabolicAxis,CRCHUM,Montreal,QC,Canada
Finland
SophieChristin-Maitre Department of Pediatrics, Turku University Hospital, Turku,
HospitalSaint-Antoine,Assistance-PubliqueHôpitauxdeParis, Finland
Paris,France
JacquettaTrasler
SorbonneUniversity,MedicalUniversity,Paris,France
ResearchInstitute,McGillUniversityHealthCenter,Montreal,
RichardNClayton QC,Canada
KeeleUniversity,NewcastleunderLyme,UnitedKingdom
ChristinaWang
NuffieldHospital,Derriford,Plymouth,UnitedKingdom
David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA,
UllaFeldt-Rasmussen UnitedStates
DepartmentofMedicalEndocrinologyandMetabolism DepartmentofMedicine,Harbor-UCLAMedicalCenter,Torrance,
Rigshospitalet,NationalUniversityHospital, CA,UnitedStates
CopenhagenUniversity,Copenhagen,Denmark Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA BioMed),
Torrance,CA,UnitedStates
WouterW.deHerder
Department of Internal Medicine—Sector of Endocrinology MartinO.Weickert
ErasmusMC-UniversityHospitalRotterdam,Rotterdam,The The ARDEN NET Centre, ENETS Centre of Excellence,
Netherlands Coventry,UnitedKingdom
University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust,
IeuanHughes Coventry,UnitedKingdom
Department of Pediatrics, University of Cambridge, Clinical Research Network (CRN) West Midlands, Coventry,
Cambridge,UnitedKingdom UnitedKingdom
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and
CambridgeBiomedicalCampus,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom
GregoryKaltsas
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens,
Greece
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