Encyclopedia of Early Modern Philosophy and the Sciences PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of Early Modern Philosophy and the Sciences
Dana Jalobeanu · Charles T. Wolfe Editors Delphine Bellis · Zvi Biener · Angus Gowland Ruth Edith Hagengruber · Hiro Hirai · Martin Lenz Gideon Manning · Silvia Manzo · Cesare Pastorino Justin E. H. Smith · Marius Stan · Kirsten Walsh Section Editors Encyclopedia of Early Modern Philosophy and the Sciences Encyclopedia of Early Modern Philosophy and the Sciences (cid:129) Dana Jalobeanu Charles T. Wolfe Editors Encyclopedia of Early Modern Philosophy and the Sciences With170Figures Editors DanaJalobeanu CharlesT.Wolfe DepartmentofTheoreticalPhilosophy DepartmentofPhilosophy UniversityofBucharest UniversitédeToulouseJean-Jaurès Bucharest,Romania Toulouse,France ICUB-Humanities UniversityofBucharest Bucharest,Romania ISBN978-3-319-31067-1 ISBN978-3-319-31069-5(eBook) ISBN978-3-319-31068-8(printandelectronicbundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31069-5 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway, andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,or bysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernorthe authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwith regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface Therearemanyreferencebooksdevotedtoearlymodernphilosophy,butthisis thefirstencyclopediaofearlymodernphilosophyandthesciences.Withit,we offertothegeneralpublicthefirstreferenceinstrumentinanewfieldofstudies,a fieldmuchinvestigatedinthepastdecades.Earlymodernphilosophyandthe sciences is a domain at the crossroads which integrates research done by philosophers and historians, with new approaches and methods coming from history(andphilosophy)ofscience.Itemergedrelativelyrecently,asaresultof importanttransformationstakingplace,respectively,inthefieldsofhistoryof science,historyandphilosophyofscience,andhistoryofearlymodernphilos- ophy,andbroughtintothescholarlyfocusthecategoryofthe“earlymodern.” Early modern figures, texts, and contexts belong to an essentially formative period for both philosophy and the sciences, a period defined roughly as beginningwiththelastdecadesofthesixteenthcenturyandendinginthemid eighteenth century. Itwasanessentially formative periodfor bothphilosophy andthesciences,asmanyrecentandlessrecentworkshaveshown. ThepresentEncyclopediaofEarlyModernPhilosophyandtheSciencesoffers an integrated and creative approach to this period, its major and minor figures, recent trends, breakthroughs, and new methods of research employed in its investigation by philosophers and historians alike. Several hundred scholars contributed to its realization. In their entries, they bring together a multitude of perspectivesandmethodologiesfromthehistoryofphilosophy,historyofscience, contemporaryphilosophyofscience,andintellectualandculturalhistory.Their contributions summarize achievements in the field and acknowledge that the groundissetforinterdisciplinarystudiesoftheearlymoderns,markingamore seriousrapprochementbetweenphilosophicalandhistoricalinvestigations. This book is a reference work, combining careful contextual reconstruction withargumentsfromtraditionalphilosophy.Itisneitherextremelyeruditeschol- arship, the relevance of which would be lost on the average philosopher, nor extremely anachronistic analysis of “greats” like Descartes, Locke, Spinoza, or Humeina waythatcouldonlyappealto asmallsetofcontemporary philoso- phers,withtheadditionalriskofbeingdatedquitequickly.Instead,recentworkis both deliberately calling attention to methodological dimensions (Lærke et al. 2013;MillerandJalobeanu2022),breakingdowntraditionaloppositionssuch as, typically, rationalism vs. empiricism (Dobre and Nyden 2014; Biener and Schliesser2014),andcallingattentiontogender(Broad2002;O’Neill2005),to “insidersandoutsiders”(Rogersetal.2009),minorfigures(e.g.,KenelmDigby, see Georgescu and Adriaenssen forthcoming), underground movements v vi Preface (Paganinietal.2019),previouslyunacknowledgedorunderacknowledgedfoci like “the body” and “the passions” (Wolfe and Gal 2010; James 1999), or reassessed concepts like “mechanization” (Garber and Roux 2013). It also featuresprominentlyimportanttrendsinthecontemporaryhistoryofscientific practices, material culture, and modes of knowledge, including the recent emphasison“vernacular” and artisanal knowledge.Asa result, inadditionto reflecting on new developments and convergences, this book offers to the interested reader points of intersection and convergence, and instruments to approach early modern texts in novel and creative ways. For instance, we conceive of “early modern” in this encyclopedia as being variously defined chronologically,dependingonspecificcontexts:forsome,itisGalileo’sastro- nomicaldiscoveries,forothersDescartes’DiscourseonMethod;earlymodern philosophy workshop announcements often state that they welcome papers “fromMontaignetoKant,”whileMontaigneisactuallyafigureoftheRenais- sance.Inanycase,webeginwhereRenaissancesurveys(includingSpringer’s EncyclopediaofRenaissancePhilosophy)leaveoff,withsomenecessaryover- lap.AndweendwiththeappearanceofDiderotandD’Alembert’sEncyclopédie (itself, of course, a work seeking to promote an interdisciplinary exchange between the sciences, philosophy, and the artisanal disciplines, differently from a “Unity of Science” project: Rahman and Symons 2004) in 1751 – an endpointdifferentfromthe morecommonchoice,whichisusuallyKant,and reflecting our interest in a less “foundational” vision of the relation between philosophyandthesciences,asdiscussedinmoredetailinStephenGaukroger’s multi-volumeseriesonScienceandtheShapingofModernity(beginningwith Gaukroger2006). We divided this book into 12 major parts: Chemistry and Alchemy; Emo- tions, Passions, and Mind; Experimental Philosophy; Language, Mind, and Logic;twodifferentsectionsonthelifesciences(MedicineandNaturalHistory); MechanicalPhilosophy;MechanicsandMixedMathematics;Metaphysicsand LawsofNature;Newtonianism;SpacesfortheProductionofKnowledge;and WomeninPhilosophyandScience.Eachpartwassupervisedbyasectioneditor. Manyadditionalentrieswereaddedwithoutofficiallybelongingtooneofthese parts.Thereaderwillfind,listedinalphabeticalorderalongwiththeindividual entries,introductorysurveysofthesesections(thustheIntroductionto“Mechan- icalPhilosophy”willbeunderMwhilethaton“Language,MindandLogic”is underL);theseshortsectionintroductionslistthemostrecenttrendsineachof thesesubfields. Thereaderwillfindinthisbookover350entries,writtenbyapproximately 250scholars.Aswithanyprojectofthesedimensions,therewasboundtobea differencebetweenitsconceptionandtherealization.Wedidnotcoverallthe entries we initially planned. But we hope that the interested reader will find morethanenoughtosurveyandunderstandmanyofthegermanefeaturesof thisnewfieldofstudies.Inadditiontoitsprintversion,thisencyclopediaseeks totakefulladvantageofSpringer’sonlinereferenceplatform.Thesearefast- changingfields,andindeed,thenamesandboundariesbetweensomeofthese disciplines(e.g.,culturalhistoryofscience,HPS&HPS,earlymodernphilos- ophy with a focus on the sciences, intellectual history, and philosophy of science) have been changing since the editors were graduate students and during their careers. It is thus important that the entries can be updated by Preface vii their authors. In addition, cross-referentiality and other standard electronic reference features should enhance the reader’s ability to move in between approaches (internalist and externalist, scientific and philosophical), names, topics, and periods. We hope that this book and its more multi-dimensional electronicversionwillbeusefultophilosophersandhistoriansalike,aswellas to any academic and non-academic reader who wants to find out quickly somethingabout“theearlymoderns,”newtrendsinscholarship,andmethods andperspectivesintheinvestigationofphilosophyandthesciencesfromthe sixteenthtoeighteenthcenturies. Bucharest DanaJalobeanu Toulouse CharlesT.Wolfe July2022 References BienerZ,SchliesserE(eds)(2014)Newtonandempiricism.OxfordUniver- sityPress,Oxford Broad J (2002) Women philosophers of the seventeenth century. Cambridge UniversityPress,Cambridge DobreM,NydenT(eds)(2014)Cartesianempiricisms.Springer,Dordrecht Garber D, Roux S (eds) (2013) The mechanization of natural philosophy. Springer,Dordrecht Gaukroger S (2006) The emergence of a scientific culture. Science and the shapingofmodernity,1210–1685.OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford GeorgescuL,AdriaenssenHT(eds)(forthcoming)ThephilosophyofKenelm Digby.Springer,Dordrecht James S (1999) Passion and action: the emotions in seventeenth-century philosophy.OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford Lærke M, Smith JEH, Schliesser E (eds) (2013) Philosophy and its history. Aims and methods in the study of early modern philosophy. Oxford UniversityPress,Oxford MarshallMillerD,JalobeanuD(eds)(2022)Cambridgehistoryofphilosophy ofthescientificrevolution.CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge O’Neill E (2005) Early modern women philosophers and the history of philosophy.Hypatia20(3):185–197 PaganiniG,JacobMC,LaursenJC(eds)(2019)Clandestinephilosophy.New studies on subversive manuscripts in early modern Europe, 1620–1823. UniversityofTorontoPress,Toronto RahmanS,SymonsJ(2004)Logic,epistemologyandtheunityofscience:an encyclopedic project in the spirit of Neurath and Diderot. In: Rahman S, SymonsJ,GabbayDM,vanBendegemJP(eds)Logic,epistemology,and theunityofscience.Springer,Dordrecht,pp3–15 RogersGAJ,SorellTetal(eds)(2009)Insidersandoutsidersin17th-century philosophy.Routledge,London Wolfe CT, Gal O (eds) (2010) The body as object and instrument of knowl- edge:embodiedempiricisminearlymodernscience.Springer,Dordrecht Acknowledgements Wewouldliketothankoursectioneditors,DelphineBellis,ZviBiener,Angus Gowland, Ruth Hagengruber, Hiro Hirai, Martin Lenz, Gideon Manning, SilviaManzo,CesarePastorino,JustinE.H.Smith,MariusStan,andKirsten Walsh,whodidsuchawonderfuljobinselectingandsupervisingtheentriesin theircorrespondingparts.Whileworkingonthisproject,DanaJalobeanuwas financedbytworesearchgrantsawardedbytheNationalAgencyofResearch, PN-III-P4-ID-PCE-2020-0251 and PNIII- P4-ID- PCE 2016-0228. Charles Wolfe workedonthis partly while inresidence attheInstitutefor Advanced StudyatCEU(Budapest),thenaspartofaprojectthatreceivedfundingfrom the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme (GAn.725883ERC-EarlyModernCosmology),andisgratefulforthepleasant workingconditions.WereceivedexcellentassistanceatSpringerduringtheir respectiveperiodstherefromMelanieThannerandSunainaDadhwal.Lastbut not least, we would like to thank Andrew Spencer, our Managing Editor at Springer,whowasakeyfactorinbringingthisbooktoitsactual,physical,and electronicform. ix List of Topics AdditionalEntries Earth,Theoriesof EclecticisminModernThought SectionEditors:DanaJalobeanuand Effluvia CharlesT.Wolfe Embodiment,EarlyModernConceptionsof Aesthetics Empiricism,EarlyModern Amo,AntonWilhelm,anAfricanPhilosopherin EpistemicImagesinEarly-ModernMixed Eighteenth-CenturyGermany Mathematics AnimalsinEarlyModernThought Euler,Leonhard AntimathematicisminEarlyModernPhilosophy Fables,Mythographies,andTeachingPhilosophy andScience FibersinSeventeenth-andEighteenth-Century ArtofMemory Medicine AstrologyintheEarlyModernPeriod:Practices Fontenelle,BernardleBovierde andConcepts Gilbert,William Austen,Ralph Glisson,Francis,andtheIrritableLifeofNature BayleandEarlyModernFreeThought Grew,Nehemiah(1641–1712) Bošković,RugjerJosip Grotius,Hugo Bruno,Giordano Hartley,David Buffon,GeorgesLouisLeclercde(1707–1788) Hooke,Robert Censorship,Self-Censorship,andDissimulation Hume,David(1711–1776) Challe,Robert ImagesinEarlyModernNaturalHistory CivilityandPolitenessinEarlyModernThought IndividualityinEarlyModernPhilosophy ClandestinePhilosophy:EarlyModern InfinityinEarlyModernPhilosophy ClandestineManuscriptsandTheir Intussusception PhilosophicalContribution JesuitPhilosophy Clarke,Samuel Kepler,Johannes Clauberg,Johannes Kircher,Athanasius Collins,Anthony LaMettrie,JulienOffrayde ColorintheEarlyModernPeriod LanguageandItsTheoriesintheEarlyModern Comenius,Bacon,andtheRoyalSociety Era Conatus Leeuwenhoek,Antonievan Cordemoy,Géraudde(1626–1684) Leibniz’sPhilosophy Cuenz,Gaspard Leurechon,Jean Diderot,Denis Linnaeus,Carl DistributedCognitionintheEarlyModernEra Locke’sPhilosophy xi xii ListofTopics Locke-StillingfleetControversy Spinosa(L’Espritde)orTraitéDesTrois MagicintheSeventeenthCentury Imposteurs Mandeville,Bernard Spinoza Materialism SpinozaandScience Mathesisuniversalis Spinoza’sMetaphysics MedicineandEconomicsinEarlyModern SpinozisminSocialScience Thought SubstanceinEarlyModernPhilosophy MethodAsaConceptualGenreinEarlyModern TeleologyinEarlyModernPhilosophyand Philosophy Science MonadsandMonadologyinEarlyModern Theophrastusredivivus PhilosophyandtheSciences TimeinEarlyModernPhilosophyandScience MonstersinEarlyModernPhilosophy TolandandtheDevelopmentofIrreligious Mydorge,Claude Philosophy NaturalLaw Tolerance:Toleration NatureandImmortalityoftheSoul VanHelmontandHelmontianism Novatores:RejectingAristotleand Voltaire,François-Maried’Arouet ForgingaNewPhilosophyinthe Wallis,John(1616–1703):Communication, SeventeenthCentury Controversy,andScientificPracticeinEarly Pascal,Blaise ModernEngland Perrault,Claude Wilkins,John Petty,William Willis,Thomas(1621–1675) PhilosophicalandPhysiologicalAccountsofthe Wolff,Christian,andEarlyModern MindintheScottishEnlightenment Thought Pitcairne,Archibald Plattes,Gabriel PoulaindelaBarre,François(1647–1723) PrimeMatterinLateAristotelianandEarly Chemistry,Alchemy ModernPhilosophy SectionEditor:HiroHirai PrincipleofSufficientReason Projectors AlchemicalImages PsychologyintheGermanContext Alchemy,Chemistry,andMetallurgy Pufendorf,Samuelvon Balsam QuerelledesAnciensetdesModernes Becher,JohannJoachim RamistPhysics ChemistryandAlchemyinEarlyModern RamusandRamism Philosophy:AnIntroduction ReadingPracticesinEarlyModernPeriod ChemistryTeachingandTextbooksinthe ReasonandRevelationinEarlyModern SeventeenthCentury ProtestantThought Chymistry(Alchemy/Chemistry) RecreationalMathematics Croll,Oswald ReligiousControversiesinDoctrinalContext DuChesne,Joseph RepublicofLetters Fermentation ScientificRevolution,Ideologiesofthe Fludd,Robert Senses,EarlyModernTheoriesofthe Homunculus ShaftesburyandBritishMoralThought Libavius,Andreas SkepticisminEarlyModernThought Matter–Form(Hylomorphism)inEarlyModern Sociability Alchemy Soul,Seatofthe Phlogiston
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