Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior 4 vol set (Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol and Addictive Behavior)

530 Pages·2000·5.36 MB·English

by  Rosalyn Carson-Dewitt

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A B
DDICTIVE EHAVIOR
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NCYCLOPEDIA
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DDICTIVE EHAVIOR
Editorial Board
EDITOR IN CHIEF
Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt, M.D.
Durham, North Carolina
EDITORS
Kathleen M. Carroll, Ph.D.
Associate Professor of Psychiatry
Yale University School of Medicine
Jeffrey Fagan, Ph.D.
Professor of Public Health
Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
Henry R. Kranzler, M.D.
Professor of Psychiatry
University of Connecticut School of Medicine
Michael J. Kuhar, Ph.D.
Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar and Candler Professor
Yerkes Regional Primate Center
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A B
DDICTIVE EHAVIOR
E of
NCYCLOPEDIA
D , A &
RUGS LCOHOL
A B
DDICTIVE EHAVIOR
SECOND EDITION
VOLUME 1
A – D
ROSALYN CARSON-DEWITT, M.D.
Editor in Chief
Durham, North Carolina
Copyright © 2001 by Macmillan Reference USA, an imprint of the Gale Group
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval
system, without permission in writing from the Publisher.
Macmillan Reference USA Macmillan Reference USA
An imprint of the Gale Group An imprint of the Gale Group
1633 Broadway 27500 Drake Rd.
New York, NY 10019 Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535
Printed in the United States of America
printing number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of drugs, alcohol, and addictive behavior / Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt,
editor-in-chief.–Rev. ed.
p. cm.
Rev. ed. of: Encyclopedia of drugs and alcohol. c1995.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-02-865541-9 (set)
ISBN 0-02-865542-7 (Vol. 1)
ISBN 0-02-865543-5 (Vol. 2)
ISBN 0-02-865544-3 (Vol. 3)
ISBN 0-02-865545-1 (Vol. 4)
1. Drug abuse–Encyclopedias. 2. Substance abuse–Encyclopedias. 3.
Alcoholism–Encyclopedias. 4. Drinking of alcoholic beverages–Encyclopedias. I.
Carson-DeWitt, Rosalyn II. Encyclopedia of drugs and alcohol.
HV5804 .E53 2000
362.29'03–dc21 00-046068
CIP
This paper meets the requirements of ANSI-NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper) (cid:1)oo™
Contents
Preface ix
List of Articles xi
List of Authors xxxvii
Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol,
and Addictive Behavior 1
Appendix 1373
Index 1821
v
EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION STAFF
Project Editor
AMANDA C. QUICK
Contributing Editors & Copy Editors
MARY ALAMPI
ERIN E. BRAUN
PATTI BRECHT
DEBBIE BUREK
DONNA CRAFT
SHEILA DOW
ANDREW J. HOMBURG
THAI ISHIZUKA-CAPP
PETER JASKOWIAK
MARK KLEIMAN
SARAH KNOX
JANE MALONIS
REBECCA MARLOW-FERGUSON
CHRYSTAL ROSZA
Indexer
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MARY BETH TRIMPER, Composition Manager
EVI SEOUD, Assistant Production Manager
WENDY BLURTON, Senior Buyer
Imaging Staff
BARBARA J. YARROW, Manager, Imaging and Multimedia Content
ROBYN V. YOUNG, Project Manager, Imaging and Multimedia Content
KELLY A. QUIN, Editor, Imaging and Multimedia Content
RANDY BASSETT, Imaging Supervisor
Art Staff
KENN J. ZORN, Product Design Manager
PAMELA A.E. GALBREATH, Senior Art Director
ANNE DAVIDSON, Senior Editor
LINDA S. HUBBARD, Director
ELLY DICKASON, Publisher
Preface
Why a second edition of the Encyclopedia of Drugs and Alcohol? And why change the name to the
Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior?
Consider a smattering of statistics:
• In 1999, 10.3 million people (4.7% of the American population) ages 12 years or older were
dependent on illicit drugs or alcohol (National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 1999)
• In 1998, it was estimated that approximately 19,000 alcohol-induced deaths occur annually in the
United States (excluding those deaths due to motor vehicle accidents involving alcohol) (National
Vital Statistics Reports, Murphy, 2000)
• In 1993, it was reported that 13,984 people were killed in alcohol-related motor vehicle accidents;
3,765 of these individuals had not been drinking themselves (Heien, 1996)
• In 1998, 16,926 deaths were attributed to drug-induced causes (National Vital Statistics Reports,
Murphy, 2000)
• In 1998, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis ranked as the tenth leading cause of death in the United
States (National Vital Statistics Reports, Murphy, 2000)
• Fetal alcohol syndrome affects one in every 600–750 births, and is currently the leading cause of
mental retardation, beating out previous contenders such as Down syndrome and spina bifida (Abel,
1986)
• Economic costs to society related to alcohol and drug abuse were projected at nearly $246 million in
1992; projections for 1995 suggested that economic costs related to alcohol and drug abuse would
reach over $276 million (National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse
and Alcoholism)
• Smokers ages 18–25 have a fourfold increased likelihood of illicit drug use compared to their
nonsmoking peers; smokers ages 12–17 have a sevenfold increased likelihood of illicit drug use
compared to their nonsmoking peers (1999 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse)
• In 2000, the United States put together an emergency aid package to Colombia, totaling $1.3 billion,
intended in part to address the issues of drug trafficking between Colombia and the United States
(White House, Office of the Press Secretary, 2000)
• In 1999, the annual cost for problem and pathological gambling reached $5 billion, with lifetime
costs projected at $40 billion associated with decreased productivity, social service costs, and creditor
losses (Gerstein et al., 1999)
Drugs, alcohol, and addictive behaviors have enormous ramifications on a global scale, and include
political, economic, legal, social, and public health issues, as well as family well-being and physical and
psychological health. These ramifications can be studied as a macrocosm of the way in which the issues
attendant to addictions affect every stratum of society, or collapsed down into the microcosm of misery
visited on a single individual struggling to loosen the stranglehold of addiction.
The first edition of Macmillan’s Encyclopedia of Drugs and Alcohol is an amazing compendium of
ix
x PREFACE
information on the effects of addictions at every level. Drs. Jaffe, Anthony, Johanson, Kuhar, Moore, and
Sellers and their team of experts put together an intelligently organized, complete survey of drug and
alcohol addictions. Our task, then, was to respectfully update these articles to reflect the impressive
amount of research performed over the five years since the publication of the original edition.
The newly renamed second edition, now called the Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive
Behavior, retains the first edition’s organizational format, but includes new and updated articles that
address the exciting frontiers that have opened up in the field of addiction studies. New brain imaging
techniques, an explosion of information about the human genome and its relevance to health, excellent
efforts at data collection to define the scope and nature of the problem of addictions, and carefully
designed studies aimed at uncovering the statistical relevance of various prevention, diagnosis, and
treatment programs are all illuminating and igniting the process of understanding addictions. The
encyclopedia’s name change reflects acknowledgment that behaviors not involving chemical substances
(such as pathological gambling) are being seriously and thoughtfully studied, and appear to involve some
physiological and psychological pathways in common with those addictions involving chemical substances.
Far from being an esoteric consideration of theoretical concepts, research within the field of addiction
studies quickly doubles back to benefit those individuals who are trapped in the mundane, nitty-gritty
ugliness of an addiction. For this reason, and because issues within the field of addictions surely touch the
lives of essentially every member of society, this second edition preserves the first edition’s mission of
providing information that will be useful, interesting, and accessible to nonspecialists seeking an
understanding of addiction topics.
The second edition’s editorial board (Drs. Kathleen Carroll, Jeffrey Fagan, Henry Kranzler, and Michael
Kuhar) has been impressively dedicated in their efforts to produce this encyclopedia. Their expertise and
guidance have been invaluable, as have the expertise and knowledge of the various writers who have
contributed to this work. All of us who have worked on this encyclopedia have appreciated the forbearance
of publisher Elly Dickason, senior editor Anne Davidson, and editor Amanda Quick. I wish to thank my
husband, Toby, and my daughters, Anna, Emma, and Isabelle, for their patience as “the encyclopedia
project” took its place in our family life.
Last, we wish to acknowledge with appreciation all of the researchers and academicians who continue to
illuminate issues relevant to addiction, the professionals who work compassionately with those affected by
addiction, and the many individuals who continue to reach for a life free of addiction’s grip.
ROSALYN CARSON-DEWITT, M.D.
Editor in Chief
October 2000
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABEL, E. L. & SOKOL, R. J. (1986). Fetal alcohol syndrome is now leading cause of mental retardation. Lancet, 2, 1222.
Gambling Impact and Behavior Study: Final Report to the National Gambling Impact Study Commission. (1999).
Chicago: National Opinion Research Center, University of Chicago.
HARWOOD, H., FOUNTAIN, D., & LIVERMORE, G. (1998). The Economic Costs of Alcohol and Drug Abuse in the United
States, 1992. National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism: DHHS,
NIH, NIH Publication no. 98-4327. Bethesda, MD.
HEIEN, D. M. (1996). Are higher alcohol taxes justified? The Cato Journal, 15.
MURPHY, S. L. (2000). Deaths: Final data for 1998. Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Vital Statistics
Report, 48(11).
U.S. DEPARTMENTOFHEALTHANDHUMANSERVICES, SUBSTANCEABUSEANDMENTALHEALTHSERVICESADMINISTRATION.
(2000). Summary of findings from the 1999 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse.
THEWHITEHOUSE, OFFICEOFTHEPRESSSECRETARY. (2000). Fact sheet: Presidential decision directive on the Colombia
initiative: Increased U.S. assistance for Colombia.
x
List of Articles
Abstinence Violation Effect Alan Marlatt
(AVE) Molly Carney
Revised by Patricia Ohlenroth
Abuse Liability of Drugs: William Woolverton
Testing in Animals Revised by James T. McDonough, Jr.
Abuse Liability of Drugs:
Testing in Humans Joseph V. Brady
Accidents and Injuries from
Alcohol Cheryl J. Cherpitel
Accidents and Injuries from
Drugs James E. Rivers
Acetylcholine Floyd Bloom
Addicted Babies Joyce F. Schneiderman
Revised by Sheila Dow
Addiction Griffith Edwards
Addiction: Concepts and
Definitions Harold Kalant
Addiction Research Unit
(ARU) (U.K.) Griffith Edwards
Addiction Severity Index A.Thomas McLellan
(ASI) Revised by Rebecca Marlow-Ferguson
Addictive Personality William A. Frosch
Addictive Personality and
Psychological Tests William A. Frosch
Adjunctive Drug Taking John L. Falk
Administrative and Public
Health Law Lorraine Green Mazerolle
Adolescents and Drug Use Alison M. Trinkoff
Carla L. Storr
Revised by Mary Carvlin
Adult Children of Alcoholics
(ACOA) Marc A. Schuckit
xi