Encyclopedia of Diabetes

465 Pages·2011·3.67 MB·English

The encyclopedia of
diabeTes
second edition
The encyclopedia of
diabeTes
second edition
William a. petit, Jr., M.d., f.a.c.p., f.a.c.e.
christine adamec
The Encyclopedia of Diabetes, Second Edition
Copyright © 2011, 2002 by William A. Petit, Jr., M.D., F.A.C.P., F.A.C.E. and Christine Adamec
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Petit, William A.
The encyclopedia of diabetes / William A. Petit, Jr., Christine Adamec.—2nd ed.
p. cm.—(Library of health and living)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-7948-3 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8160-7948-X (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN: 978-1-4381-3622-6 (e-book)
1. Diabetes—Encyclopedias. I. Adamec, Christine A., 1949– II. Title.
RC660.P424 2011
616.4'62003—dc22 2010025174
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Text design by Cathy Rincon
Composition by Hermitage Publishing Services
Cover printed by Sheridan Books, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Book printed and bound by Sheridan Books, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Date printed: May 2011
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
conTenTs
foreword vii
acknowledgments ix
introduction: a history of diabetes xi
entries a to Z 1
appendix i: important organizations 344
appendix ii: diabetes periodicals 350
appendix iii: diabetes Research and
Training centers (dRTcs) 351
appendix iV: diabetes endocrinology
Research centers (deRcs) 352
appendix V: diabetes control programs in
U.s. states and Territories 353
appendix Vi: World health organization
Worldwide collaborating centers
for diabetes 361
appendix Vii: Web sites That include
diabetes information 366
appendix Viii: Worldwide percentage of
incident patients with end-stage Renal
disease (esRd) due to diabetes, 2003–2007 367
appendix iX: important but often overlooked
Key issues in diabetes 369
appendix X: body Mass index charts and curves
for children and young adults under age 20 370
appendix Xi: Joslin diabetes center clinics
and affliates 389
bibliography 392
index 400
foReWoRd
iabetes may well be the Black Plague of the that are recommended by their physicians and
D21st century, in terms of both its pervasive- discussed in this book, they will live longer, hap-
ness and pain. This plague upon us involves pier, and healthier lives. This has been clearly
insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes melli- proven by studies such as the Diabetes Control
tus and is a growing threat to people all over and Complications Trial (DCCT) and the United
the globe. In the United States, 23.6 million Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS),
children and adults, which is 8 percent of the and it is my mission to convey this information
population, have diabetes. Although diabetes to as many people as possible.
can be treated very effectively today and many Fortunately, recent years have seen a renais-
complications can be prevented or slowed sance of the means to treat diabetes effectively,
down, it is also a very insidious disease that ranging from home blood glucose monitors to
people often suffer from for a long, long time. disposable syringes, effective new medications,
While they struggle with their diabetes, the dis- and the increasingly used and very effective
ease costs them time, money, pain, aggravation insulin pump. There are many medications
and, sometimes, the price is also major sorrow available to help individuals with diabetes deal
and death. with their disease.
Ignorance of the disease and how to manage In this new edition of The Encyclopedia of
it has caused too many thousands of people to Diabetes, my coauthor and I have completely
lose their limbs as well as their eyesight. Yet, in revised many entries, such as the entries on
most cases, this loss of sight and these amputa- children with diabetes, cardiovascular disease,
tions, as well as the other complications of dia- and obesity, to name only a few. In addition, we
betes, can be avoided by regular self-care and have added important new topic overviews that
medical management. provide information on insulin, medications for
Diabetes may well be the paradigm for all Type 2 diabetes, the issue of depression, and
chronic diseases. It is a metabolic syndrome that lifestyle adaptations to diabetes and also the
affects every organ system in the body. Diabetes topics of pregnancy and diabetes, carbohydrates
is also innately involved with the blood vessels and nutrition, diabetic eye diseases, alternative
and the heart. In fact, heart and blood vessel medicine, and many other subjects that we
disease causes 80 percent of the deaths among hope will intrigue and enlighten our readers. A
patients with diabetes. great deal of important research on diabetes has
Yet if people with diabetes adhere to their been performed, and it is available in medical
medication plan and make the lifestyle changes journals and sometimes is found in very obscure
vii
viii The Encyclopedia of Diabetes
clinical publications. We have scoured these Diabetes also requires advocacy. People with
documents to identify the most useful items for diabetes are often too quiet, perhaps afraid to
readers with diabetes or who care about some- offend or upset anyone; as a result, diabetes
one who has diabetes. does not obtain nearly the level of federal fund-
My goal as an endocrinologist and a physi- ing that it deserves based on the destructive toll
cian is to educate people about diabetes. For it takes upon our society. If you have diabetes,
those who do not have diabetes, I want to pro- it is nothing to be ashamed of and you are one
vide knowledge so that they can do everything among many with diabetes.
in their power to try to prevent the develop- The Encyclopedia of Diabetes is not meant to be
ment of the disease and to help others who are read cover to cover, although, as I recall from
living with diabetes. For example, obesity is a medical school, there are some readers who are
major cause of Type 2 diabetes and about 25 wired in a compulsive manner and will read
percent of the population in the United States through it, from A to Z. We welcome those who
is obese, as of this writing in 2010. As a result, dip in for data on a specifc topic as well as those
many of these individuals, often unknowingly, who seek to extract every gem of information
are at high risk for the development of diabetes. that we have included.
Weight loss, however, will plummet that risk, Maybe you have had diabetes for 20 years
and even a modest weight loss signifcantly or perhaps you were diagnosed today. You may
decreases the risk for diabetes. have a family member or friend with diabetes,
Education for those who already do have and you are trying to educate yourself. We hope
diabetes consists of teaching them that they that this book will give you a good place to start
need to keep their blood glucose levels as close in your quest for information about diabetes. We
to normal as is safely possible, and this message have tried to cover enough information to be
has been brought home again and again in so useful as a frst source and reference and a good
many studies. I urge those of you with diabetes overview of diabetes. In some areas, we cover a
not to smoke and encourage you to exercise lot of what you need to know. In other areas, we
regularly and keep your cholesterol and blood can only scratch the surface, but we frequently
pressure levels as low as possible to avoid devel- provide leads to other written and computer
oping diabetic complications. If people with dia- based resources.
betes follow this plan and avoid the irreversible Keep learning and keep asking questions. Go
complications, then when we fnally do have a back and take a class again, and call your local
cure, these patients can partake of this cure and diabetes educators for a review of your health
enjoy wellness! status. Call, fax, and e-mail your member of
Diabetes requires a lot of continuing educa- Congress whenever the issue of diabetes fund-
tion. This cannot be done by one person and ing is in front of them—as well as when other
necessarily involves a team centered around issues affecting diabetes come up, such as drug
patients and their families, a team that includes laws, Medicare, insurance regulations, disability
physicians, nurses, dietitians, and many other laws, and stem cell research. Join your local
folks. The education is also ongoing. You can- American Diabetes Association and help us
not learn it “all” and then “graduate.” As physi- move forward to improve your life and the lives
cians learn more about diabetes, the treatment of all those affected by diabetes!
paradigms and therapeutic focus change and —William A. Petit, Jr., M.D. Fellow of the
evolve, and we share this knowledge with our American College of Physicians, Fellow of the
patients. American College of Endocrinology
acKnoWledgMenTs
any people have assisted us with their Dr. Don Higgins, Dr. Robert Malkin, Dr. Joseph
M advice, recommending research or even Dell’Orfano, and my mother and father and also
readings and additions to entries. Special and thank the community for their support. In addi-
grateful thanks to our editor, James Chambers, tion, special thanks to Jo Ann Ahern, A.P.R.N.,
for his excellent editing of our manuscript. M.S.N., C.D.E.; Kathleen M. Ahern, Insulin
William Petit, Jr., would like to acknowl- Pump Consultant; and Patricia O’Connell, R.D.,
edge the examples and ideals of Jennifer, Hay- M.S., C.D.E.
ley, and Michaela, Dr. Funmi Onobrakpeya, Christine Adamec would especially like to
Karen M cAvoy, R.N., C.D.E., Pat O’Connell, thank her husband, John Adamec, for his
R.D., C.D.E., Dr. Neal Zimmerman, Dr. Marc patience and support during this project.
Kawalick, Dr. Ann Rasmusson, Dr. Steven Hanks,
ix