Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship

1941 Pages·2013·28.14 MB·English

Elias G. Carayannis
Editor
Encyclopedia of
Creativity,
Invention,
Innovation, and
Entrepreneurship
1 3
Reference
Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention,
Innovation, and Entrepreneurship

Elias G. Carayannis
Editor
Encyclopedia of
Creativity, Invention,
Innovation, and
Entrepreneurship
With376Figuresand97Tables
Editor
EliasG.Carayannis
DepartmentofInformationSystems&Technology
Management,SchoolofBusiness
GeorgeWashingtonUniversity
Washington,DC,USA
ISBN978-1-4614-3857-1 ISBN978-1-4614-3858-8(eBook)
ISBN978-1-4614-4579-1(Printandelectronicbundle)
DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-3858-8
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013931184
#SpringerScienceþBusinessMediaLLC2013
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Preface
I am pleased to share with you perhaps the first in its nature, scale and
scope, publishing project trying to bring together theories, practices and
policies related to the nature and dynamics of creativity, invention,
innovation and entrepreneurship. In collaboration with Springer Pub-
lishers, the four Associate Editors of the Springer Encyclopedia of
Creativity, Invention, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship and I have
brought to completion this precedent-setting and intellectual footprint-
defining Work of Reference. The aim has been to help define the intel-
lectual scaffolds for the four related emerging thematic areas of research
and practice.
EditorialBoard
Editor-in-Chief Prof. Dr. Elias G. Carayannis, Department of Information
Systems&TechnologyManagement,SchoolofBusiness,GeorgeWashington
University,USA
Creativity Associate Editor Dr. Igor N. Dubina, Altai State University,
Russia
Invention Associate Editor Prof. Dr. Norbert Seel, University of Freiburg,
Germany
Innovation Associate Editor Dr. David F. J. Campbell, University of
Klagenfurt,Austria
EntrepreneurshipAssociateEditorProf.Dr.DimitriUzunidis,Universitedu
Littoral,France
TheCI2EEncyclopediahasatotalof274entriesincludingdefinitions/
entriesofapproximately2,000-4,000wordsapiecepluslonger(upto6000
words) essays. The presentation style of the entries is informational /
educational; the entries describe, define, synthesize, and review a topic,
whereas there are several entries that showcase original theoretical or
empiricalresearchfindings(seeforinstancethepieceontheEpidemiology
of Innovation). We have included qualified input from Government,
University, Industry and Civil Society researchers, policy makers and
practitioners. Allcontributionswerereviewed onthebasis ofpeer review
aswellaseditorialreview.
v
vi Preface
TheCI2EEncyclopediawillconsistofbothprintandon-lineversionsand
willremainalivingconceptualplatformthatwillincorporatenewentrieson
anongoingbasisinitsonlineversionandwillhavefollowupprinteditions
onaperiodicbasis.
May2013 EliasG.Carayannis
PhD,MBA,BScEE,CPMMA
Washington,DC,USA
About the Editor
EliasG.Carayannis
Title:ProfessorofScience,Technology,InnovationandEntrepreneurship
Department: Information Systems & Technology Management, School of
Business
Address:FungerHall,Suite515C
Phone:[phone]
Email:[email protected]
Degrees:
Ph.D.,RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute,1994
M.B.A.,RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute,1990
B.Sc.E.E.,NationalTechnicalUniversityofAthens,Greece,1985
AreaofExpertise
Dr. EliasG.Carayannisisfullprofessor ofScience, Technology,Innovation
andEntrepreneurship,aswellasco-founderandco-directoroftheGlobaland
EntrepreneurialFinanceResearchInstitute(GEFRI)anddirectorofResearch
on Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, European Union
ResearchCenter,(EURC)attheSchoolofBusinessoftheGeorgeWashington
UniversityinWashington,DC.Dr.Carayannis’teachingandresearchactivi-
ties focus on the areas of strategic Government-University-Industry R&D
vii
viii AbouttheEditor
partnerships,technologyroad-mapping,technologytransferandcommercial-
ization, international science and technology policy, technological entrepre-
neurship,andregionaleconomicdevelopment.
Publications
Dr. Carayannis has several publications in both academic and practitioner
journals,includingthefollowing:
(cid:129) IEEETransactionsinEngineeringManagement
(cid:129) ResearchPolicy
(cid:129) JournalofR&DManagement
(cid:129) JournalofEngineeringandTechnologyManagement
(cid:129) InternationalJournalofTechnologyManagement
(cid:129) InternationalJournalofEntrepreneurshipandInnovationManagement
(cid:129) InternationalJournalofTechnovation
(cid:129) JournalofTechnologyTransfer
(cid:129) EngineeringManagementJournal
(cid:129) JournalofGrowthandChange
(cid:129) ReviewofRegionalStudies
(cid:129) InternationalJournalofGlobalEnergyIssues
(cid:129) InternationalJournalofEnvironmentandPollution
(cid:129) LeProgresTechnique
(cid:129) FocusonChangeManagement
Hehasalsopublished16bookstodateonscience,technology,innovation
and entrepreneurship with Springer Publishers, CRC Press, Praeger/
Greenwood, Palgrave/MacMillan, and Edward Elgar, and has several more
projectsundercontract.
He has also published working papers with the World Bank and given
invitedlecturesonanumberofoccasionsattheWorldBank,theIADB,the
EuropeanUnion,andseveraluniversities.
ProfessionalActivities
Dr.Carayannishasthefollowingprofessionalrolesandaffiliations:
(cid:129) EditorinchiefoftheSpringerJournaloftheKnowledgeEconomy
(cid:129) EditorinchiefoftheSpringerJournalofInnovationandEntrepreneurship:
ASystemsViewAcrossTimeandSpace
(cid:129) Editor in chief of the IGI International Journal of Social Ecology and
SustainableDevelopment
(cid:129) EditorinchiefoftheEdwardElgarBookSeriesonScience,Technology,
InnovationandEntrepreneurship
(cid:129) Editor in chief of the Springer Book Series on Innovation, Technology,
andKnowledgeManagement
(cid:129) Associate editor of the International Journal of Innovation and Regional
Development
(cid:129) VisitingprofessorattheJo¨nko¨pingSchoolofEntrepreneurship,Sweden
(cid:129) VisitingprofessoratGrenobleEcoledeManagement,France
(cid:129) VisitingseniorresearchfellowatSoutheasternEuropeanResearchCenter,
Greece
(cid:129) VisitingseniorresearchfellowatNIFU-STEP,Norway
AbouttheEditor ix
Hehasconsultedforawidevarietyoftechnology-drivenorganizationsin
both government and the private sector, including the World Bank, the
European Commission, the Inter-American Development Bank, the US
Agency for International Development, IKED, the National Science
FoundationSmallBusinessInnovationResearchProgram,theNationalInsti-
tute of Standards and Technology Advanced Technology Program, the
National Coalition for Advanced Manufacturing (NACFAM), the USN
CNO Office, Sandia National Laboratories’ New Technological Ventures
Initiative, the General Electric Corporate Training & Development Center,
Cowen&Co,FirstAlbanyInternational,andothers.
CurrentResearch
Dr.Carayannisisengagedwithdoctoralstudentsandcolleaguesfromaround
theworldinthefollowingareasofresearch:
(cid:129) TechnologyInnovationandEntrepreneurship
(cid:129) NewTechnologyVenturesFormationandFinancing
(cid:129) TechnologyInnovationMetricsandMeasurement
(cid:129) InternationalScience&TechnologyPoliciesandPractices
(cid:129) InternationalDevelopmentandTechnologyEntrepreneurship
(cid:129) TechnologyTransferandCommercialization
(cid:129) StrategicGovernment–University-IndustryR&DPartnerships
(cid:129) RegionalEconomicDevelopment
(cid:129) InnovationNetworksandKnowledgeClusters
(cid:129) ICT-EnabledTechnologyInnovationandEntrepreneurship
Other
Dr. Carayannis is the co-founder and co-director of the Global and
EntrepreneurialFinanceResearchInstitute(GEFRI)anddirectorofResearch
on Science, Technology, Innovation and Entrepreneurship of the European
UnionResearchCenter(EURC)attheGWSchoolofBusiness.
He is fluent in English, French, German, Greek, and has a working
knowledgeofSpanish.