Encyclopedia of Colloid and Interface Science PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of Colloid and Interface Science
Tharwat Tadros Editor Encyclopedia of Colloid and Interface Science 1 3 Reference Encyclopedia of Colloid and Interface Science Tharwat Tadros Editor Encyclopedia of Colloid and Interface Science With1094Figuresand81Tables Editor TharwatTadros Wokingham,Berkshire,UK ISBN978-3-642-20664-1 ISBN978-3-642-20665-8(eBook) ISBN978-3-642-20666-5(printandelectronicbundle) DOI10.1007/978-3-642-20665-8 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013940420 #Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg 2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway, andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware, orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthis legalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterial suppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,for exclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofis permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its currentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Permissionsfor usemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.Violationsareliable toprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesare exemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateof publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty, expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScienceþBusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Colloidandinterfacescienceisoneofthefastestgrowingfieldsofresearch and application. This can be evinced from the increase in the number of scientific papers published in the past two decades. In addition, several scientific journals are dedicated for this area of research and application, which includes Langmuir, J. Colloid and Interface Science, Advances in ColloidandInterfaceScience,ColloidsandSurfaces,andColloidandPoly- mer Science. Colloid and interface science has no boundaries since it is applied in many physical phenomena such as the formation of disperse systems, their stabilization, and their application in almost every chemical industry.Inrecentyears,theemergenceofnanotechnologyopenedanareaof research that applies the basic principles of colloid and interface science. Nanoparticleshavepotentialapplicationindrugdeliveryanddrugtargeting, and this is being pursued by several pharmaceutical industries. These nanodispersions find application in the cosmetic and electronic industries. Thereisalsogrowinginterestinself-assemblysystemsthatareproducedby surfactantsandpolymers,whichcanbeusedastemplatesforthepreparation ofnewmaterials. ThisEncyclopediahasbeenpreparedtocovermostoftheareasincludedin colloid and interface science. A systematic approach for covering this vast areaistolistthevarioustopicsinalphabeticalorderwherebyexpertscientists couldwritecomprehensiveentriesonthetopicoftheirinterest.Thevarious termsthatdescribeeachofthecolloidandinterfacesciencephenomenaare brieflydefinedsothatthereadercaneasilyidentifyhis/herfieldofstudy.This Encyclopedia also provides the fundamental and applied aspects of colloid and interface science. Such information is essential for understanding the complex physical phenomena in each field of research. The experimental techniques that can be applied for such investigations are also described in someoftheentries. IamverygratefultothescientistsfortheircontributionstothisEncyclo- pedia. Their excellent contributions will provide the reader with a clear insight on the phenomena involved and itspossible application. This Ency- clopedia will be extremely valuable for graduate students, researchers in academia as well as in industry who are involved in this research area. It would also be very helpful for researchers who begin to enter this field of research. v vi Preface IamindebtedtotheEditorialstaffatSpringer,inparticularBarbaraWolf and Saskia Ellis, whose input has been instrumental in producing this Encyclopedia. March2013 TharwatTadros Editor-in-Chief Editor-in-Chief Tharwat F. Tadros obtained his Ph.D. in 1962 at Alexandria University, afterwhichhewasappointedasalecturerinphysicalchemistryatthesame university. Between 1966 and 1969, he spent a sabbatical leave in the Netherlandstocontinuehisresearchincolloidandinterfacescience.Between 1969and1994,heworked atI.C.I. andZENECA toleadagroup offunda- mental research in colloid and interface science. He reached the highest scientific appointment of senior research associate. In the mean time, he was appointed visitingprofessor at Imperial College (London),Bristol, and Reading Universities. In these 25 years, he carried out research in various fields of surfactants, polymer adsorption and stability, emulsions, microemulsions, concentrated dispersions, and rheology. He supervised many Ph.D. students and postdoctoral research fellows. In 1992, he was elected President of the International Association of Colloid Scientists (IACIS).TharwatTadrosistheauthor,oracoauthor,ofaround290published papers.Hehaseditedninebooks,andauthoredsixotherbooks:Surfactantsin Agrochemicals (1994), Applied Surfactants (2005), Colloids in Agrochemi- cals,ColloidsinPaints,RheologyofDispersions(2010),andDispersionof Powders in Liquids and Stabilization of Suspensions (2012). He was the editoroftwoseriespublishedbyWiley-VCH:ColloidandInterfaceScience Series (6 volumes, published in 2006–2010) and Topics in Colloid and Interface Science (3 volumes, 2008–2013), as well as of the book Self- Organized Surfactant Structures (2011). He has been editor in chief for Colloid and Surfaces A and Advances in Colloid and Interface Science vii viii Editor-in-Chief (both published by Elsevier). Since leaving ZENECA, Tharwat Tadros workedasaconsultantforvariousindustriesandhastaughtseveralcourses in his specialized fields. He is still co-supervising many Ph.D. students at various Universities. For his distinguished research, he was awarded two medalsbytheRoyalSocietyofChemistry(UK). Contributors YasuhisaAdachi SchooloflifeandEnvironmentalScience,Universityof Tsukuba,Tsukuba,Ibaraki,Japan Zbigniew Adamczyk Polish Academy of Sciences, J. Haber Institute ofCatalysisandSurfaceChemistry,Krako´w,Poland E. V. Aksenenko Institute of Colloid Chemistry and Chemistry of Water, Kiev,Ukraine Abraham Aserin The Ratner Chair of Chemistry, Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry, The Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,Jerusalem,Israel Igna´c Capek Slovak Academy of Sciences, Polymer Institute, Institute of Measurement Science, Bratislava, Slovakia and Faculty of Industrial Technology,TnUniAD,Pu´chov,Slovakia JulianEastoe UniversityofBristol,Bristol,UK V.B.Fainerman DonetskMedicalUniversity,Donetsk,Ukraine StigE.Friberg UgelstadLaboratory,NTNU,Trondheim,Norway SusanH.Friberg UgelstadLaboratory,NTNU,Trondheim,Norway Nissim Garti The Ratner Chair of Chemistry, Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry,TheInstituteofChemistry,TheHebrewUniversityofJerusalem, Jerusalem,Israel JohnGregory DepartmentofCivil,Environmental&GeomaticEngineering, UniversityCollegeLondon,London,UK Brian A. Grimes Ugelstad Laboratory, Norwegian University of Science andTechnology,Trondheim,Norway MariosHopkinsHatzopoulos UniversityofBristol,Bristol,UK Chee-Cheong Ho University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia A.Javadi MaxPlanckInstituteofColloidsandInterfaces,Potsdam/Golm, Germany M.Karbaschi SharifUniversityofTechnology,Tehran,Iran ix
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