Encyclopedia of Children, Adolescents, and the Media: TWO-VOLUME SET

978 Pages·2007·15.06 MB·English

by  Jeffrey Jensen Arnett

Copyright © 2007 by SAGEPublications,Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of children,adolescents,and the media/[edited by] Jeffrey Jensen Arnett.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1–4129–0530–3 or 978-1-4129-0530-5 (cloth :alk. paper)
1. Mass media and children—Encyclopedias. 2. Mass media and teenagers—Encyclopedias.
3. Internet and children—Encyclopedias. 4. Internet and teenagers—Encyclopedias. 5. Video games
and children—Encyclopedias. 6. Video games and teenagers—Encyclopedias. I. Arnett,Jeffrey
Jensen. II. Title.
HQ784.M3E53 2007
302.23083—dc22 2006016723
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
06 07 08 09 10 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Publisher: Rolf Jenke
Acquiring Editor: Jim Brace-Thompson
Development Editors: Diana E. Axelsen
Eileen Gallaher
Editorial Assistant: Karen Ehrmann
Production Editor: Beth A. Bernstein
Copy Editors: April Wells-Hayes
Jacqueline Tasch
Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.
Indexer: David Luljak
Cover Designer: Michelle Lee Kenny
Contents
Editorial Board vii
List of Entries ix
Reader’s Guide xv
About the Editor xxiii
About the Associate Editors xxv
Contributors xxvii
Introduction xxxv
Entries
Volume 1: A–K
1–460
Volume 2: L–Z
461–886
Index I-1–I-70
Editorial Board
ASSOCIATE EDITORS Reed W. Larson
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Jane D. Brown
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Sonia Livingstone
London School of Economics and Political Science
Keith Roe
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Kathryn Christine Montgomery
American University
L. Monique Ward
University of Michigan
Mary Beth Oliver
Pennsylvania State University
Barbara J. (Jan) Wilson
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Donald F. Roberts
Stanford University
ADVISORY BOARD Nancy Signorielli
University of Delaware
Sandra L. Calvert
Georgetown University
Susannah Stern
University of San Diego
Joanne Cantor
University of Wisconsin–Madison
Victor C. Strasburger
University of New Mexico School of Medicine
Ulla Carlsson
NORDICOM, Göteborg University
Federico A. Subervi
Texas State University
Meenakshi G. (Gigi) Durham
University of Iowa
Tom ter Bogt
University of Amsterdam
L. Rowell Huesmann
University of Michigan
Patti M. Valkenburg
Universiteit van Amsterdam
Friedrich Krotz
University of Erfurt
Ellen Wartella
University of California at Riverside
Dale L. Kunkel
University of Arizona
vii
List of Entries
Action for Children’s Television (ACT) Agenda Setting
Adolescents, Developmental Needs Aggression,Advertising and
of, and Media Aggression, Electronic Games and
Adolescents, Media Portrayals of Aggression, Movies and
Adolescents, Movie Portrayals of Aggression, Music and
Adult Mediation of Advertising Effects Aggression, Music Videos and
Adult Mediation Strategies Aggression,Television and
Adult Mediation of Violence Effects Alcohol Advertising, Effects of
Advertising, Body Image and Alcohol Advertising, International
Advertising, Deceptive Practices in American Academy of Pediatrics
Advertising, Effects on Adolescents Anime
Advertising, Effects on Children Anti-Drug Media Campaigns
Advertising, Ethnicity/Race in Appreciation Index
Advertising, Exposure to Arousal Theories
Advertising, Gender and Asia, Media Use in
Advertising, Health and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity
Advertising, Host Selling and Disorder (ADHD)
Advertising, Intended vs. Unintended
Effects of Bedrooms, Media Use in
Advertising, Market Size and Body Image, Ethnicity/Race and
Advertising, Materialism and Body Image in Boys and Young Men
Advertising, Parent-Child Conflict and Body Image in Children
Advertising, Persuasive Intent of Body Image in Girls and Young Women
Advertising, Program-Length Commercials in Books for Adolescents
Advertising, Purchase Requests and Books for Children
Advertising, Regulation of Boy Bands
Advertising, Sexuality in Branding
Advertising,Viewer Age and British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
Advertising Campaigns, Prosocial
Advertising on Children’s Programs Cartoons, Educational
Advertising Council,The Cartoons, Gender Representation in
Advertising in Girls’Magazines Cartoons, History of
African Americans, Media Effects on Cartoons,Violence in
African Americans, Media Images of Catharsis Theory
African Americans, Media Use by Cellular Telephones. See Mobile Telephones
Agenda Cutting Center for Media Education (CME)
ix
x———Encyclopedia of Children, Adolescents, and the Media
Channel One. See Commercial Television in Daytime Talk Shows
Schools: Channel One Depression, Media Use and
Chat Rooms Desensitization Effects
Chat Rooms, Social and Linguistic Processes in Designated Driver Advertising Campaigns
Child-Centered vs. Media-Centered Perspectives Developmental Differences, Media and
Childhood, Media Portrayals of Digital Divide
Child Pornography Digital Literacy
Children Now Disney
Children’s Advertising Review Unit (CARU) Displacement Effect
Children’s Internet Protection Act of 2000 (CIPA) Divided Attention, Parallel Processing and.
Children’s Online Privacy Protection See also Information Processing
Act of 1998 (COPPA) Drug Use, Depictions of
Children’s Television Act of 1990 Drug Use, Prevention of. SeeAnti-Drug
Children’s Television Charter Media Campaigns
Children’s Television Workshop. See Sesame
Workshop Eating Disorders
China, Media Use in. See alsoAsia, Eating Habits, Media Influence on
Media Use in E-Commerce
Choice in Media Use Educational Television, Effects of
Cigarette Advertising, Effects of Educational Television, History of
Cigarette Advertising, History of Educational Television, Programming in
Cigarette Advertising, International. SeeTobacco Electronic Games,Addiction to
Advertising, International Electronic Games,Age and
Cigarette Use, Music Videos and Electronic Games, Cognitive Effects of
Cigarette Use in Television and Movies Electronic Games, Cognitive Scripts and
Cognitive Development, Media and Electronic Games, Effects of
Cognitive Script Theory Electronic Games, Gender and
Cognitive Skills, Computer Use and Electronic Games, High-Risk Players of
Comic Books, Japanese. SeeAnime; Manga Electronic Games, History of
Comic Books, Superheroes in Electronic Games, International
Comics, Daily Newspaper Electronic Games, Moral Behavior in
Comic Strips, Gender Stereotypes in Electronic Games, Positive Uses of
Commercial Television and Radio in Schools Electronic Games, Rates of Use of
Commercial Television in Schools: Electronic Games,Types of
Channel One Electronic Games,Violence in
Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) Electronic Media, Children’s Use of
Computer Use,Age Differences in Email
Computer Use, Gender and Email Pen Pals
Computer Use, International Engaged Resistance
Computer Use, Rates of Entertainment-Education, International
Computer Use, Socialization and Entertainment-Education in the
Computer Use in Schools United States
Consumer Development, Phases of Ethnicity, Race, and Media
Consumerism Ethnicity/Race, Media Effects on Identity
Contraceptive Advertising Ethnicity/Race, Stereotyping
Contraceptive Information, Online Europe, Media Use in
Contraceptive Information,Television and European Broadcasting Union (EBU)
Coviewing European Comparative Study
Cuing and Priming Excitation-Transfer Theory
Cultivation Theory Experience Sampling Method (ESM)
Cultural Identity Externalizing Behavior
List of Entries———xi
Family, Media Education and. See Media India, Media Use in
Education, Family Involvement in Indigenous Media
Family,Television Portrayals of Individual Differences, Media Preferences and
Family Communication Patterns Model Infants and Toddlers, Developmental
Family Environment, Media Effects on Needs of
Family Relationships,Television and Infants and Toddlers, Media Exposure of
Fan Cultures Information Processing,Active vs. Passive
Fantasy, Media Effects on Models of
Fantasy–Reality Distinction Information Processing, Developmental
Fathers, Media Portrayals of Differences and
Fear Reactions Instant Messaging
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), Interactive Media
Advertising and Interactivity
Federal Communications Commission, International Clearinghouse on Children,
Deregulation of Children’s Programming and Youth, and Media
Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Internet Blocking
First Amendment Internet Bulletin Boards
Food Advertising, Content in Internet Content Rating Association (ICRA)
Food Advertising, Eating Disorders and Internet Pornography, Effects of
Food Advertising, Gender, Ethnicity, and Age Internet Rating Systems
Food Advertising, Influence of Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
Food Advertising, International Internet Use,Addiction to
Food Advertising, Obesity and Internet Use,Age and
Food Advertising, Regulation of Internet Use, Education and
Food Advertising to Children Internet Use, Gambling in
Food and Beverage Advertising in Schools Internet Use, Gender and
Forbidden Fruit Hypothesis Internet Use, HomeNet Study and
Formal Features Internet Use, International
Internet Use, Positive Effects of
Gender, Media Use and Internet Use, Psychological Effects of
Gender Identity Development Internet Use, Rates and Purposes of
Gender Roles in Magazines Internet Use, Social
Gender Roles in Music Internet Watch Foundation
Gender Roles on Television Intertextuality
Gender Roles in Television Commercials
General Aggression Model (GAM) Japan, Media in
Globalization, Media and
Kaiser Family Foundation
Heroes, Identity, and Parasocial Interaction Knowledge Gap
Hip Hop, Ethnicity/Race in
Hip Hop, Female Performers of Language, Impact of the Internet on
Hip Hop, Masculinity in Language, Profanity in. See Profanity,
Hip Hop, Portrayals of Women in Trends in
Hip Hop,Violence in Language Learning,Television and
Hip Hop,Youth Culture and Latin America, Media Use in
HIV/AIDS, Media Prevention Programs and Latina/os, Media Effects on
Horror Films Latina/os, Media Images of
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) Latina/os, Media Use by
Licensing, Merchandising and
Imagination, Effects of Television on Literacy
Immigrants, Media Use by Loneliness
xii———Encyclopedia of Children, Adolescents, and the Media
Magazines,Adolescent Boys’ Music, Rebelliousness and
Magazines,Adolescent Girls’ Music,Transgressive History of
Magazines, Children’s Music Genres, Dance/House/Techno
Manga (Japanese Comic Books) Music Genres, Heavy Metal
Mean World Syndrome Music Genres, Hip Hop
Media, Future of Music Genres, History of
Media, Meanings of Music Genres, Pop/Rock
Media Advocacy Music Listening,Age Effects on
Media Celebrities Music Listening, Gender Effects on
Media Education, Family Involvement in Music Listening, Impact of
Media Education, International Music Listening, Problem Behavior and
Media Education, Political Socialization and Music Listening, Uses of
Media Education, Schools and Music Lyrics, Effects of
Media Education Foundation Music Lyrics, Music Television and
Media Effects Music Videos,Amount of Viewing and
Media Effects, Family Interactions and Music Videos, Effects of
Media Effects, History of Research on
Media Effects, Maltreated Children and Narrative Stories
Media Effects, Models of National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy
Media Entertainment National Commission on Adolescent
Media Exposure Sexual Health
Media Genre Preferences National Television Violence Study
Media Journals Native Americans, Media Use by
Media Literacy,Aims and Purposes of Natural Experiments, Impact on Community
Media Literacy,Approaches to Activities
Media Literacy, Key Concepts in Natural Experiments, Impact on Creativity and
Media Literacy Programs School Achievement
Media Matters Campaign Natural Experiments, Impact on Gender Roles
Media Practice Model News, Children’s Exposure to
Message Interpretation Process Model News, Children’s Responses to
Mobile Telephones News, Portrayals of Children and Adolescents in
Mood Management Theory Notel, Unitel, Multitel Study
Motherhood Project
Mothers, Media Portrayals of Obesity
Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) Obscenity
Movies, History of Online Media,Agency and
Movies, Perceived Realism of Online Relationships
Movies, Rating Systems and
Movies, Romantic Love in Parasocial Interaction
Movies, Sexuality in Parental Advisory Labels and Rating Systems
Movies, Substance Use in Parental Regulation of Children’s Media
Movies,Violence in Parenting Styles
Movie Viewing,Adolescents’ Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC)
Movie Viewing, Children’s Peer Groups, File Sharing Among
Multimedia Toys Peer Groups, Impact of Media on
Multitasking Peer Groups, Influences on Media Use of
Multi-User Dungeons/Domains (MUDs) Peer Groups, Joint Use of Media in
Music, Group Identity and Personal Web Pages
Music, Impact of Violence in Physiological Arousal
Music, Personal Identity and Pornography, Child. See Child Pornography