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E NCYCLOPEDIA OF CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH AND MEDICINE This page intentionally left blank E NCYCLOPEDIA OF CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH AND MEDICINE EDITORS-IN-CHIEF RAMACHANDRAN S. VASAN DOUGLAS B. SAWYER Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, MA, USA Scarborough, ME, USA SECTION EDITORS RAGAVENDRA R. BALIGA LUCY LIAW TheOhioStateUniversity,Columbus,OH,USA Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA THOMAS DI SALVO AMY MAJOR Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA Vanderbilt University Medical Centre, Nashville, TN, USA CHRIS P. GALE SATISH R. RAJ University of Leeds, Leeds, UK Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, THORSTEN KESSLER University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany HERIBERT SCHUNKERT YOSHIHIRO KOKUBO German Heart Centre, Munich, Germany National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan DANIEL LENIHAN Washington University Medical Centre, St. Louis, MO, USA Elsevier Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,Netherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UK 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,USA Copyright©2018ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,including photocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailson howtoseekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandourarrangementswithorganizationssuchas theCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. ThisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightbythePublisher(otherthanasmaybenoted herein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchandexperiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesin researchmethods,professionalpractices,ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmayalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods, compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein.Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthe safetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors,assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/or damagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods, products,instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN978-0-12-809657-4 Forinformationonallpublications visitourwebsiteathttp://store.elsevier.com Printedandbound:YTC Publisher:OliverWalter AcquisitionEditor:WillSmaldon SeniorContentProjectManager:RichardBerryman Designer:ChristianBilbow Cover:PhotomicrographswereprovidedbyLaura Pentassuglia,SeanLenihan,CristiGalindo,and ChristianZuppinger CONTENTS OF ALL VOLUMES ListofContributors xvii Preface xxxv VOLUME1 AdultCongenitalHeartDisease 1 DBristonandEBradley AdverseImpactofDelayedElectricalActivationoftheHeartandBenefitsofCardiacResynchronization 10 AGuhaandEGDaoud ALCardiacAmyloidosis:Classification,Diagnosis,andTreatment 34 OKSiddiqiandFLRuberg Alcohol 49 CMatsumoto AlcoholicCardiomyopathy 58 AVoiosu,SWiese,JDHove,TVoiosu,FBendtsen,andSMøller AmyloidCardiomyopathy 66 TSherandMAGertz AnemiainHeartFailure 80 APatelandNLAltman Angiogenesis 85 NWarmke,AMNWalker,andRMCubbon AnimalModelsofIschemicHeartDisease:FromAtherosclerosisandThrombosistoMyocardialInfarction 97 RCovarrubias,ASMajor,andRJGumina Ankle-BrachialPressureIndexandPulseWaveVelocityinCardiovascularRiskAssessment 111 HTomiyamaandAYamashina AorticAneurysm 123 MSingh,BAZiganshin,andJAElefteriades AorticValveReplacementinPatientsWithCongestiveHeartFailure 143 VJNardy,JACrestanello,andNPJaik ArrhythmiasinCancerandCancerTreatment:AReview 162 DHaddad,AGuha,FAwan,EGDaoud,andRBaliga ArrhythmogenicRightVentricularCardiomyopathy 182 MRAfzal,CEvanson,ACardona,KRusk,andRWeiss ArrhythmogenicRightVentricularDysplasia/Cardiomyopathy 192 GMOrgeronandHCalkins v vi ContentsofAllVolumes Athlete'sHeart 205 LMSafiandMJWood AtrialTachycardia—MechanismsandManagement 212 JAhmedandPLeLorier AtrioventricularNodeReentrantTachycardia 224 AGCarrizo,BBallantyne,andABaranchuk ATTRCardiacAmyloidosis:Classification,Diagnosis,andManagement 242 JACowgillandJNWightJr. BehaviorModificationandCardiovascularDisease 257 VRamirez,BStarobin,andJMonti BicuspidAorticValveandSportsActivity 263 LStefani,GGalanti,andNMaffulli BioinformaticsPrinciplesforDecipheringCardiovascularDiseases 273 LShu,DArneson,andXYang BiomarkersinHeartFailure,Useof 293 PUGandhi BiomarkersinIschemicHeartDisease 303 JTNeumannandRBSchnabel Biomarkers:HeartFailure 315 SSGogiaandJEHo Biomarkers:PopulationScreeningandRisk-Stratification 323 IRatjen,RSVasan,andWLieb BiophysicsofAblation—RadiofrequencyandCryoablation 334 JGAndrade,MWDeyell,andLMacle BloodPressureVariabilityVersusBloodPressureLevelinRiskStratification 350 F-FWei,KAsayama,AHara,TWHansen,YLi,andJAStaessen BrugadaSyndrome 356 CAntzelevitch CardiacAnatomy,Physiology,andPathophysiology 373 KNHorandAJTrask CardiacandInducedPluripotentStemCells 384 ASalerno,WBalkan,KHatzistergos,andJMHare CardiacArrhythmiainHeartFailure 394 TOkabeandSJKalbfleisch CardiacBiomechanicsinNormalPhysiologyandDisease 411 KMBroughton CardiacFibroblast 420 JParkandMDTallquist CardiacHypertrophy:SignalingandCellularCrosstalk 434 DTirziu CardiacMagneticResonanceImaginginHeartFailure 451 AReynoldsandKMZareba CardiacPacingandMonitoring:Past,Present,andFuture 463 FChalhoubandTMela CardiacRegenerationandStemCellsasTherapyforHeartDisease 468 AJFavreau-LessardandDBSawyer ContentsofAllVolumes vii CardiacResynchronizationTherapy 475 GVoros CardiacTransplantation 489 AHasan CardiohepaticInteractions 514 JShahandEShao CardiopulmonaryExerciseTesting 523 VFranco CardiovascularComplicationsandManagementinSarcoidosis:AReview 527 DJRoberts,SFrancis,JARosenblatt,andSTCoffin CardiovascularDiseaseandObesity 535 YMatsushita CatecholaminergicPolymorphicVentricularTachycardia 542 PJKannankeril CatheterAblationforAtrialFibrillation(Methods) 553 JGAndrade,MWDeyell,andLMacle CatheterAblationforVentricularTachycardia 566 RMJohnandWGStevenson CellularSinoatrialNodeandAtrioventricularNodeActivityintheHeart 576 HJJansen,TAQuinn,andRARose ChronicInfectionsoftheHeart 593 MEdwards,CWithers,andKThakarar ChronicKidneyDiseaseasaRiskFactorforCardiovascularDisease 600 TNinomiya ClinicalAssessmentoftheCardiacArrhythmiaPatient 609 BOlshansky ClinicalManagementofInheritedArrhythmias 620 RLJonesandMVPerez ClinicalTrialsforAtrialFibrillation—WhatDoWeKnow? 630 DSChewandSBWilton ComplicationsofPregnancyandFutureCardiovascularRisk 643 PHAndraweera,GADekker,MArstall,TBianco-Miotto,andCTRoberts ComprehensiveLifestyleModificationforHypertensionandLifestyle-RelatedDiseaseUndertheNew Guidelines 651 YKokuboandCMatsumoto ComputationalSystemsBiologyfortheVEGFFamilyinAngiogenesis 659 JCWeddellandPIImoukhuede CongenitalHeartValveDiseaseintheAdult 677 ALuk,JAlvarez,andJButany CoronaryAnatomy 691 MSivananthan CoronaryArteryBypassGrafting 700 RSKramer,JRMorton,RCGroom,andDLRobaczewski CyanoticCongenitalHeartDisease 730 MSRennoandJAJohns viii ContentsofAllVolumes VOLUME2 DairyProductsandCardiovascularDiseases 1 MYanagi,NAmano,andTNakamura DiabetesMellitus 9 HSone DiagnosisandImagingofCongenitalHeartDisease 17 SRFuchsandJHSoslow DiagnosisofNon-ST-ElevationMyocardialInfarction(NSTEMI) 47 MVafaieandEGiannitsis DietinHeartFailure 54 MRozmahel,EColin-Ramirez,andJAEzekowitz DietaryFatandRiskofCardiovascularDisease 60 ESEshak,KYamagishi,andHIso DigitalData(mHealthandSocialMedia) 90 RBhattacharjeeandTHussein DiseasesoftheMitralValve 98 LMcCarthyandPCollier DiureticTherapy 107 AVazir,VSundaram,andARHarper DrivingandSyncope 117 DSorajjaandW-KShen EchocardiographyinHeartFailure 126 TChenandJNKirkpatrick Echocardiography:AssessmentofValveStructureandFunction 142 SVallurupalli,ASiraj,andSKenchaiah EconomicsofHeartFailure 187 SStewart,CMainland,andADavid ElectrocardiographicMonitoringStrategies(Holter,ImplantableLoopRecorder,inBetween) 197 HNazzari,LHalperin,andADKrahn ElectrophysiologyApproachesforVentricularTachycardia 211 RMJohnandWStevenson EmergencyMedicineApproachandManagementofTraumaticInjuries:AnOverview 221 ELavineandELegome EnvironmentalAirPollution:AnEmergingRiskFactorforStroke 231 BDelpont,ASMariet,CBlanc,YBejot,MGiroud,andJReis EnvironmentalRiskFactorsforStrokeandCardiovascularDisease 238 JReis,MGiroud,andYKokubo EpidemiologyofAtheroscleroticCardiovascularDisease 248 NTownsend Epigenomics 258 TATurunen,M-AVäänänen,andSYlä-Herttuala ExerciseandCardiacRehabilitationinHeartFailure 266 SRSchubert Exercise,PhysicalActivity,andCardiovascularDisease 274 ABauman,MAlharbi,NLowres,RGallagher,andEStamatakis ExtracorporealMembraneOxygenation 281 AKilic ContentsofAllVolumes ix FamilialHypercholesterolemia 285 APirilloandALCatapano FrailtyinHeartFailurePatients 298 SPedraza,TABarrett,andCMHritz GeneticAtrialFibrillation 303 RChia,AMehta,HHuang,andDDarbar GeneticDisordersInvolvingValveFunction 313 MAfsharandGThanassoulis GeneticDisordersoftheVasculature 327 AJBrownstein,BAZiganshin,andJAElefteriades GeneticsofHeartFailure 368 ABriasoulis,RAsleh,andNPereira HeartDevelopment 380 EDeesandSBaldwin HeartFailureinAfricanAmericans 399 MJame,SJame,andMColvin HeartFailureinCancerPatients 406 AVallakati,BKonda,andRBaliga HeartFailureinLow-toMiddle-IncomeCountries 417 SStewart,FTaylor,andAKKeates HeartFailureinMinorities 429 ERFox,MEHall,JDPollard,SKMusani,CJRodriguez,andRSVasan HeartFailureintheElderly 437 SKatsanosandJParissis HeartFailureMonitoring 453 ESShao HeartFailureWithPreservedEjectionFraction 464 SDay HeartRegenerationwithStemCellTherapies 469 MNatsumeda,BATompkins,VFlorea,ACRieger,MBanerjee,WBalkan,andJMHare Heart–LungTransplantation 484 BLeNoir,MMalik,andBAWhitson HemodynamicChangesofPregnancy 489 PDivanjiandNIParikh HemodynamicsoftheRightHeartinHealthandDisease 497 DMGopalandAAlsamarah HormonalTherapyintheTreatmentofChronicHeartFailure 508 RNapoli,ASalzano,EBossone,andACittadini HypertensiveHeartDisease 517 MUMoreno,AGonzález,BLópez,SRavassa,JBeaumont,GSanJosé,RQuerejeta,andJDíez HypertrophicCardiomyopathy 527 LKWilliams VOLUME3 ImagingofMitralRegurgitation 1 JBStrom,KFFaridi,andCWTsao Imaging:CTScanningoftheHeartandGreatVessels 12 MEid,MHAlbrecht,CNDeCecco,DDeSantis,AVarga-Szemes,DCaruso,VWLesslie,andUJSchoepf