Encyclopedia of Cancer PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of Cancer
EncyclopediaofCancer (2ndedition) MANFRED SCHWAB (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Cancer (2nd edition) With 979 Figures* and 210 Tables *ForcolorfigurespleaseseeourElectronicReferenceonwww.springerlink.com Editor: ManfredSchwab ProfessorforGenetics DirectorDivisionofTumourGenetics(B030) GermanCancerResearchCenter(DKFZ) ImNeuenheimerFeld280 69120Heidelberg Germany AC.I.P.CatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress ISBN:978-3-540-36847-2 Thispublicationisavailablealsoas: ElectronicpublicationunderISBN978-3-540-47648-1and PrintandelectronicbundleunderISBN978-3-540-47649-8 LibraryofCongressControlNumber2008921484 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsof translation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinotherways,andstorageindatabanks. DuplicationofthispublicationorpartsthereofisonlypermittedundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9,1965,in itscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer-Verlag.Violationsareliableforprosecutionunderthe GermanCopyrightLaw. ©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelbergNewYork2008 Theuseofregisterednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnames areexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. THISPARAGRAPHFORMEDICALTITLESONLY:Productliability:Thepublisherscannotguaranteetheaccuracyofanyinformation abouttheapplicationofoperativetechniquesandmedicationscontainedinthisbook.Ineveryindividualcasetheusermustchecksuch informationbyconsultingtherelevantliterature. SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia springer.com Printedonacid-freepaperSPIN:150231 2109—543210 Preface To The First Edition Cancer,althoughadreadfuldisease,isatthesametimeafascinatingbiologicalphenotype.Around1980,cancer wasfirstattributedtomalfunctioninggenesand,subsequently,cancerresearchhasbecomeamajorareaofscientific researchsupportingthefoundationsofmodernbiologytoagreatextent.Tounravelthehumangenomesequence wasoneofthoseextraordinarytasks,whichhaslargelybeenfuelledbycancerresearch,andmanyofthefascinating insightsintothegeneticcircuitsthatregulatedevelopmentalprocesseshavealsoemergedfromresearchoncancer. Diverse biological disciplines such as cytogenetics, virology, cell biology, classical and molecular genetics, epidemiology, biochemistry, together with the clinical sciences, have closed ranks in their search of how cancer developsandtofindremediestostoptheabnormalgrowththatischaracteristicofcancerouscells.Intheattemptto establish how, why and when cancer occurs, a plethora of genetic pathways and regulatory circuits have been discovered that are necessary to maintain general cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation and migration. Alterations of this fine-tuned network of cascades and interactions, due to endogenous failure or to exogenouschallengesbyenvironmentalfactors,maydisableanymemberofsuchregulatorypathways.Thiscould, for example, induce the death of the affected cell, may mark it for cancerous development or may immediately provideitwithagrowthadvantagewithinaparticulartissue. Recentdevelopmentshaveseenthemergerofbasicandclinicalscience.Oftheformer,particularlygeneticshas providedinstrumentalandanalyticaltoolswithwhichtoassesstheroleofenvironmentalfactorsincancer,torefine andenablediagnosispriortothedevelopmentofsymptomsandtoevaluatetheprognosisofpatients.Hopefully, evenbetterstrategiesforcausaltherapywillbecomeavailableinthefuture.Mergingthebasicandclinicalscience disciplinestowardsthecommongoaloffightingcancer,callsforacomprehensivereferencesourcetoservebothas atooltoclosethelanguagegapbetweenclinicalandbasicscienceinvestigatorsandasaninformationplatformfor thestudentandtheinformedlaypersonalike.Obviouslythiswasanextremelyambitiousgoal,andtheimmense progressinthefieldcannotalwaysbeportrayedinlinewiththelatestdevelopments.TheaimoftheEncyclopediais toprovidethereaderwith anentrancepointtoaparticular topic.Itshouldbeofvalue tobothbasicandclinical scientistsworkinginthefieldofcancerresearch.Additionallybothstudentsandlecturersinthelifesciencesshould benefithighlyfromthisdatabase.IthereforehopethatthisEncyclopediawillbecomeanessentialcomplementto existingscienceresources. Theattemptstoidentifythemechanismsunderlyingcancerdevelopmentandprogressionhaveproducedawealth of facts, and no single individual is capable of addressing the immense breadth of the field with undisputed authority.Hence,the‘EncyclopedicReferenceofCancer’istheworkofmanyauthors,allofwhomareexpertsin their fields and reputable members of the international scientific community. Each author contributed a large number of keyword definitions and in-depth essays and in so doing it was possible to cover the broad field of cancer-relatedtopicswithinasinglepublication.Obviouslythisapproachentailsaformofpresentation,inwhich theauthorhasthefreedomtosetprioritiesandtopromoteanindividualpointofview.Thisismostobviouswhenit comestonomenclature,particularlythatofgenesandproteins.Althoughtheeditorialintentionwastoapplythe nomenclatureoftheHumanGenomeOrganisation(HUGO),themorevigorousexecutionofthisattempthasbeen lefttofutureendeavours. In the early phase of planning the Encyclopedia, exploratory contacts to potential authors produced an overwhelminglypositiveresponse.Thesubsequentcontactwithalmost300contributoryauthorswasamarvellous experience,andIamextremelygratefulfortheirexcellentandconstructivecooperation.Animportantelementin the preparation of the Encyclopedia has been the competent secretarial assistance of Hiltrud Wilbertz of the Springer-VerlagandofIngridCederlundandCorneliaKirchneroftheDKFZ.Withgreatattentiontodetailthey helpedtokeeptrackofthetechnicalaspectsinthepreparationofthemanuscript.Itwasapleasuretoworkwiththe Springercrew,includingDr.RolfLangeastheEditorialDirector(Medicine)andDr.ThomasMager,SeniorEditor forEncyclopediasandDictionaries.InparticularIwishtothankDr.WalterReuss,whountiringlyhasmasteredall aspects and problems associated with the management of the numerous manuscripts that were received from authorsoftheinternationalscientificcommunity.Ithasbeensatisfyingandattimescomfortingtoseehowhemade illustrationfilescomealive.ThanksalsotoDr.ClaudiaLangewho,beingherselfaknowledgeablecellbiologist, hasworkedasthescientificeditor.HercommitmentandinteresthavesubstantiallyimprovedthisEncyclopedia. vi PrefaceToTheFirstEdition Asafinalword,Iwouldliketostressthatalthoughsubstantialeffortshavebeenmadetocomposefactuallycorrect andwellunderstandablepresentations,theremaybeplaceswhereadefinitionisincompleteoraphraseinanessay is flawed. All contributors to this Encyclopedia will be extremely happy to receive possible corrections, or revisions,inorderforthemtobeincludedinanyfutureeditionsofthe‘EncyclopedicReferenceofCancer’. Heidelberg,September2001 MANFREDSCHWAB Preface To The Second Edition GiventheoverwhelmingsuccessoftheFirstEditionoftheCancerEncyclopedia,whichappearedin2001,andthe amazingdevelopmentinthedifferentfieldsofcancerresearch,ithasbeendecidedtopublishasecondfullyrevised andexpandededition,followingtheprincipleconceptofthefirsteditionthathasprovensosuccessful. Recent developments are seeing a dynamic merging of basic and clinical science, with translational research increasingly becoming a new paradigm in cancer research. The merging of different basic and clinical science disciplines towards the common goal of fighting against cancer has long ago called for the establishment of a comprehensive reference source both as a tool to close the language gap between clinical and basic science investigatorsandasaplatformofinformationforadvancedstudentsandinformedlaymenalike.Itisintendedtobe aresourceforallinterestedininformationbeyondtheirspecificownexpertise. WhiletheFirstEditionhadfeaturedcontributionsfromapproximately300scientists/cliniciansinoneVolume,the SecondEditionincludesmorethan1000contributorsin4VolumeswithanA–Zformatofmorethan7000entries. Itprovidesdefinitionsofcommonacronymsandshortdefinitionsofbothrelatedtermsandprocessesintheform of keyword entries. A major information source are detailed essays that provide comprehensive information on syndromes, genes and molecules, and processes and methods. Each essay is well-structured, with extensive cross-referencing between entries. Essays represent original contributions by the corresponding authors, all distinguishedscientistsintheirownfield,Editorialinputhasbeencarefullyrestrictedtoformalaspects. ApanelofFieldEditors,eachaneminentinternationalexpertforthecorrespondingfield,hasservedtoensurethe presentationoftimelyandauthoritativeEncyclopediaentries.Thesenewtraitsarelikelytomeettheexpectancethat awidecommunityhastowardsacancerreferenceworks. AnimportantelementinthepreparationoftheEncyclopediahasbeenthecompetentsupportbytheSpringercrew, Dr.MichaelaBilic,SaskiaEllisand,lately,JanaSimniok.Iamextremelygratefulfortheirexcellentandpleasant cooperation. TheCancerEncyclopedia,SecondEdition,willbeaccessiblebothinprintandonlineversions.Clinicians,research scientistsandadvancedstudentswillfindthisanamazingresourceandahighlyinformativereferencetocancer. Heidelberg,March15,2008 MANFREDSCHWAB Editor in Chief ManfredSchwab TumorGenetics GermanCancerResearchCenter,DKFZ Heidelberg Germany [email protected] Field Editors STEFAN BARTH Houston,TX DepartmentofPharmaceuticalProduct USA Development,Fraunhofer-Institute [email protected] forMolecularBiologyand AppliedEcology JOSEPH R. LANDOLPH Aachen DepartmentsofMolecularMicrobiologyand Germany Immunology,andPathology;USC/Norris [email protected] ComprehensiveCancerCenter,KeckSchoolof Medicine;DepartmentofMolecularPharmacology andPharmaceuticalSciences,SchoolofPharmacy PAOLO BOFFETTA HealthSciencesCampus Lifestyle,EnvironmentandCancerGroup UniversityofSouthernCalifornia InternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer LosAngeles,CA Lyon USA France [email protected] [email protected] HENRY LYNCH PreventiveMedicineandPublicHealth GRAHAM A. COLDITZ HereditaryCancerInstitute WashingtonUniversityinSt.Louis CreightonUniversity St.Louis,MO Omaha,NE USA USA [email protected] [email protected] ROY J. DUHÉ PAUL G. MURRAY DepartmentofPharmacologyandToxicology CRUKInstituteforCancerStudies UniversityofMississippiMedicalCenter TheMedicalSchool Jackson,MS UniversityofBirmingham USA Birmingham [email protected] UK [email protected] KENT HUNTER SAUL SUSTER MetastasisSusceptibilitySection TheOhioStateUniversity LaboratoryofCancerBiology&Genetics Columbus,OH CCR/NCI/NIH USA Bethesda,MD [email protected] USA [email protected] ANDREW THORBURN UniversityofColoradoatDenverandHealth JESPER JURLANDER SciencesCenter DepartmentofHematologyandtheLeukemia Aurora,CO USA Laboratory [email protected] Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark MARTIN TOBI UniversityofPennsylvaniaSchoolofMedicine [email protected] ChiefGISection PhiladelphiaVAMC RAKESH KUMAR Philadelphia,PA MolecularandCellularOncology USA TheUniversityofTexasMDAndersonCancerCenter [email protected] ListofContributors xiii List of Contributors VESAAALTONEN FARRUKHAFAQ DepartmentofAnatomy DepartmentofDermatology InstituteofBiomedicine UniversityofWisconsin UniversityofTurku MedicalSciencesCenter Turku Madison,WI Finland USA [email protected] [email protected] CORYABATE-SHEN CHAPLAAGARWAL CenterforAdvancedBiotechnologyandMedicine DepartmentofPharmaceuticalSciences,SchoolofPharmacy UMDMJ–RobertWoodJohnsonMedicalSchool UniversityofColoradoHealthSciencesCenter Piscataway,NJ Denver,CO USA USA [email protected] [email protected] RAJESHAGARWAL PHILLIPH.ABBOSH DepartmentofPharmaceuticalSciences,SchoolofPharmacy DepartmentofPathologyandLaboratoryMedicine UniversityofColoradoHealthSciencesCenter IndianaUniversitySchoolofMedicine Denver,CO Indianapolis,IN USA USA [email protected] [email protected] PATRIZIAAGOSTINIS FRITZABERGER CatholicUniversityofLeuven DepartmentofMolecularBiology Leuven UniversityofSalzburg Belgium Salzburg,Austria [email protected] [email protected] TERJEAHLQUIST HINRICHABKEN DepartmentofCancerPrevention TumorGenetics,ClinicIInternalMedicineandCenterfor Rikshospitalet-RadiumhospitaletMedicalCentre MolecularMedicineCologne,UniversityofCologne Oslo Cologne,Germany Norway [email protected] [email protected] AMALM.ABU-GHOSH SHAHIDAHMED DepartmentsofPediatricHematologyandOncology SaskatoonCancerCenter LombardiComprehensiveCancerCenter UniversityofSaskatchewan GeorgetownUniversity Saskatoon,SK WashingtonDC,NW Canada USA [email protected] [email protected] JOOHONGAHNN DepartmentofLifeScience ROSITAACCARDI GwangjuInstituteofScienceandTechnology InfectionsandCancerBiologyGroup Buk-Gu,Gwangju InternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer Korea Lyon [email protected] France [email protected] CEM AKIN UniversityofMichigan FILIPPOACCONCIA AnnArbor,MI MolecularandCellularOncology USA TheUniversityofTexasM.D.AndersonCancerCenter [email protected] Houston,TX USA ENRIQUE DEALAVA IFOM CentrodeInvestigacióndelCáncer-IBMCC TheFIRCInstituteforMolecularOncology Salamanca Milan Spain Italy [email protected]
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