Encyclopedia of Cancer

1899 Pages·2019·66.463 MB·English

by  Paolo Boffetta, Pierre Hainaut

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CANCER
THIRD EDITION
EDITORS IN CHIEF
Paolo Boffetta
Tisch Cancer Institute
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
New York, NY, United States
Pierre Hainaut
Cancer Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University Grenoble-Alpes
Grenoble, France
Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm, CNRS, UGA
Grenoble, France
VOLUME 1
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EDITORS IN CHIEF
PaoloBoffetta,MD,MPH,graduatedinMedicinefromtheUniversityofTurinandobtainedaMaster
inPublicHealthfromColumbiaUniversity.HeworkedattheAmericanCancerSociety,theInterna-
tionalAgencyforResearchonCancer,aspecializedagencyoftheWorldHealthOrganizationlocated
in Lyon, France, and at the German Cancer Research Center in Heidelberg, Germany. In 2010 he
movedtoIcahnSchoolofMedicineatMountSinai,NewYork,whereheisProfessorofMedicine,
Global Health, Oncological Sciences, and Preventive Medicine, and Associate Director for Global
OncologyoftheTischCancerInstitute,aNCI-designatedCancerCenter.
Dr.BoffettaalsoholdsafullprofessorshipattheUniversityofBolognaandadjunctappointments
atHarvardSchoolofPublicHealth,VanderbiltUniversity,CatholicUniversityofRome,andUniver-
sityofSouthCarolina.Since2017heisSeniorAdvisorforResearchatVinmecHealthSystem.His
mainfieldsofresearcharecancerepidemiologyandcancerprevention,withemphasisonmodifiable
riskfactors(environmentalexposureandpersonalbehaviors),gene–environmentinteractions,molec-
ularepidemiology,andevidenceintegration.Heistheinitiatorandcoordinatorofseverallarge-scale
international consortia of molecular cancer epidemiology studies, including ILCCO (lung cancer),
INHANCE(headandneckcancer),PANC4(pancreaticcancer),StoP(stomachcancer),andILCEC
(livercancer).
Dr.Boffettaistheeditororassociateeditorof5scientificjournalsandmemberoftheeditorialboardof10additionaljournals;heis
amemberofreviewpanelsofNIHandseveralmedicalresearchagenciesinEurope.Hehasedited13booksandisEditorinChiefof
theneweditionofElsevier’sEncyclopediaofCancer.Hehaspublishedover1250peer-reviewedpublications;hispublicationshavebeen
quotedmorethan90000times;hish-indexis148.
Pierre Hainaut is Professor of Exceptional Class in Cancer Biology at University Grenoble-Alpes,
FranceandDirectoroftheInstituteofAdvancedBiosciences(IAB),ajointresearchcenterofInstitut
NationaldelaSantéetdelaRechercheMédicale(Inserm),CentreNationaldelaRechercheScientifi-
que (CNRS), and University Grenoble-Alpes. He also heads the IAB research team on Molecular
BiologyandBiomarkers.
PierreHainautholdsaPhDinBiology(Zoology)fromUniversityofLiège,Belgium(1987).After
postdocsinNice(France,1988–90),Cambridge,andYork(UnitedKingdom,1990–94),hejoinedthe
InternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer(IARC,WorldHealthOrganization)in1995,wherehe
heldthepostofHeadofMolecularCarcinogenesisfrom1999to2011.In2012,hejoinedtheInter-
nationalPreventionResearchInstitute(Lyon,France)andbecameProfessorattheStrathclydeInstitute
ofPharmacyandBiomedicalScience(Glasgow,UnitedKingdom).In2014,hewasawardedaChairof
ExcellenceinTranslationalResearchfromUniversityGrenoble-Alpes(Grenoble,France).
HisresearchfocusesonTP53mutationsandp53proteinregulationincancerandchronicdiseases.
From1994to2011,hehasledthedevelopmentoftheinternationalIARCTP53database,asourceof
information on the causes and consequences of mutations affecting the TP53 suppressor gene in
cancer.HisworkaddressesthemechanismsofTP53mutagenesisaswellastheprognosticandpredic-
tivesignificanceofTP53mutationsinlung,liver,andoesophagealcancers.Hisstudiesonp53regulationhavefocusedontheroleofenvi-
ronmentalmutagensinTP53mutagenesis,onthebiochemicalmechanismsofp53controlbyoxidation-reductionandbymetabolism,and
ontheidentificationofp53isoformsasfactorsactingasdominantinhibitorsofp53functionsincancerswithoutTP53mutations.His
currentactivitiesfocusongermlineTP53mutationandonthediversityofgeneticandnongeneticfactorsthatmodulatethepenetrance
oftheLi–FraumeniSyndrome,aswellasonthemechanismsthatmaintainoptimalp53proteinbalanceincellsandtissuesoverlifetime.
Heistheauthorofover450publicationsand50bookchapters.HeisEditoroftheCancerBiologysectionofCurrentOpinioninOncology.He
hasco-editedbooksonp53(25Yearsofp53Research,2005,2007,p53intheClinics,Springer),atextbookonmolecularepidemiology(Molec-
ularEpidemiology:PrincipleandPractice,IARCPress,2011)andtwo-volumetextbookonhumanbiobanking(HumanBiobanking,Principleand
Practice,2017,2018).
v
EDITORIAL BOARD
Fred T. Bosman
Instituteof Pathology
University of Lausanne Medical Center (CHUV)
Lausanne,Switzerland
Graham A. Colditz
Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center and InstituteforPublicHealth
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, MO, UnitedStates
BarnesJewishHospital
St. Louis, MO, UnitedStates
Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery
Washington University School of Medicine
St. Louis, MO, UnitedStates
Carlo La Vecchia
Department of Clinical Sciencesand Community Health
University of Milan
Milan,Italy
Gerd P. Pfeifer
Center forEpigenetics
Van Andel Research Institute
Grand Rapids, MI, United States
Marco Pierotti
IFOM/Cogentech
Milan,Italy
Thomas Tursz
University of Paris-Sud
Orsay, France
Institut Gustave Roussy
Villejuif, France
vii
SECTION EDITORS
FredT.BosmanMDPhD,studiedMedicineattheUniversityofLeiden(MD1971),wherehealso
earnedhisPhDdegree(incytogenetics,1976),andtrainedasapathologist.Hewasstaffpathologist
at the University of Leiden, Professor and Chair of Pathology at the Faculty of Medicine of the
UniversityofMaastricht,FacultyofMedicineoftheErasmusUniversityinRotterdam,Directorof
theUniversityInstituteofPathology,andProfessorofPathologyattheUniversityMedicalCenter
(CHUV)ofLausanneinSwitzerland,nowemeritus.HeisHonoraryFellowoftheRoyalCollegeof
Pathologists(UnitedKingdom)andforeigncorrespondentoftheRoyalNetherlandsAcademyof
Sciences.
FredBosman’sresearchactivities(combiningdiagnosticandexperimentalpathology)focused
on the biology of digestive tract cancer, notably Barrett’s esophagus and colorectal cancer, with
astrongemphasisonthedevelopmentofmoleculardiagnostics.Hehaswrittenover350original
publicationsandover50bookchapters.FredBosmanwasSeriesco-editorofthe4theditionofthe
WHOSeriesClassificationofHumanTumours,theinternationalstandardfortumorclassification,and
co-editoroftheVolumeonTumoursoftheDigestiveTract.
GrahamA.Colditz,MD,DrPH,FAFPHM,isaninternationallyrecognizedleaderincancerpreven-
tion.Asanepidemiologistandpublichealthexpert,hehasalongstandinginterestintheprevent-
ablecausesofchronicdisease,particularlyamongwomen.Hefocuseshisresearchonearlylifeand
adolescent lifestyle, growth, andbreastcancerrisk.He is alsointerestedin approachestospeed
translation of research findings into prevention strategies that work. Dr. Colditz developed the
award-winningYourDiseaseRiskwebsite(www.yourdiseaserisk.wustl.edu)whichcommunicates
tailoredpreventionmessagestothepublic.Hehaspublishedover1100peer-reviewedpublications,
sixbooksandsixreportsfortheInstituteofMedicine,NationalAcademyofSciences.Hish-indexis
over220.
InOctober2006,onthebasisofprofessionalachievementandcommitmenttopublichealth,
Dr.ColditzwaselectedtomembershipoftheNationalAcademyofMedicine,anindependentbody
that advises the US governmenton issues affecting publichealth. In 2011,he was awarded the
American Cancer Society Medal of Honor for cancer control research. In 2012 he received the
AACR-AmericanCancerSocietyAwardforResearchExcellenceinCancerEpidemiologyandPreven-
tion.Healsoreceivedawardsin2014forcancerpreventionresearchfromASCOandfromAACR.
During2016heservedontheImplementationScienceWorkGroupoftheBlue-RibbonPanelto
advisetheNationalCancerMoonshot.Hereceivedthe2018DanielP.SchusterAwardforDistinguishedWorkinClinicalandTranslational
Science,WashingtonUniversitySchoolofMedicine.HewasalsoelectedasaFellow,AmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience
CarloLaVecchiareceivedhisMDfromtheUniversityofMilanandaMasterofSciencedegreein
Medicine(epidemiology)fromOxfordUniversity.Presently,heisProfessorofMedicalStatistics
andEpidemiologyattheFacultyofMedicineattheUniversityofMilan.Dr.LaVecchiaservesas
an editor for numerous clinical and epidemiologic journals. He is among the most renowned
andproductiveepidemiologistsinthefieldwithover2040peer-reviewedpapersintheliterature
and is among the most highly cited medical researchers in the world, according to ISI
HighlyCited.com,thedeveloperandpublisheroftheScienceCitationIndex(2003,2017,Hindex
153,H10index1543,secondItalianinClinicalMedicine).Dr.LaVecchiaisAdjunctProfessorof
MedicineatVanderbiltMedicalCenterandtheVanderbilt-IngramCancerCenter(2002-18).
ix
x Section Editors
Gerd.P.PfeiferreceivedaPhDdegreeinbiochemistryfromGoetheUniversityinFrankfurt,Ger-
many.Afterpostdoctoraltraining,hebecameafacultymemberattheBeckmanResearchInstitute
oftheCityofHopeinDuarte,California,wherehespentmuchofhiscareerworkingoncancer
research.In2014,Dr.PfeiferjoinedthenewCenterforEpigeneticsattheVanAndelResearchInsti-
tuteinGrandRapids,MI,UnitedStates,asaProfessorofEpigenetics.Dr.Pfeiferhasauthoredmore
than300publications,hasheldanNIHMERITaward,andwaselectedFellowoftheAmericanAsso-
ciationfortheAdvancementofSciencein2015.ResearchinDr.Pfeifer’slaboratoryhasbeencon-
cernedwithgeneticandepigeneticmechanismsofhumancarcinogenesis,withemphasisonDNA
methylationandgenetictoxicology.
MarcoAlessandroPierottigraduatedin1973inBiologicalSciencesattheUniversityofMilan,Italy,
andstartedworkingattheFondazioneIRCCSIstitutoNazionaledeiTumori(INT)inMilan.From
1978to1980hewasVisitingInvestigatorattheLaboratoryofChemicalCancerogenesisoftheNCI-
NIH Bethesda(MD, United States) and Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Laboratory of Viral
Oncology of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Institute in New York. In 2006, Dr. Pierotti was
appointed Scientific Director of the Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori in Milan,
where,since1970,hehadalreadyheldvariouspositions,includingDirectoroftheDepartment
ofExperimentalOncology.
Since1988,hehasbeenProfessorofMolecularGeneticsofCanceratthePostgraduateSchoolof
Oncology,UniversityofMilanMedicalSchoolandco-directoroftheLaboratoryofMolecularDiag-
nosisattheINT.InSeptember2014heresignedfromhispositionatINTtotakethepositionof
PresidentandCEOofNervianoMedicalSciences(NMS)srl,oneofthebiggestoncologicalpharma
companiesinEurope.InApril2015heleftthecompanyandtookthepositionofScientificCoor-
dinatoroftheInstituteofPediatricResearches(IRP)inPadua,Italy,devotedtostudymolecular
aspectsofthemainpediatricdiseaseswithparticularfocusonpediatriconco-hematology.TheInsti-
tutewascreatedbyaprivateCharity,TheCityofHopeFoundationofMonteMalo(Vi).
Since2000heisSeniorGroupleaderoftheMolecularGeneticsofCancergroupattheInstitute
FIRCofMolecularOncology(IFOM,Milan).PastPresident(2006–08)oftheItalianCancerSociety,Dr.PierottiisamemberoftheAmerican
AssociationforCancerResearchandofitsAdvisoryBoardandtheLaboratoryResearchAwardsSelectionCommittee.HehasalsobeenPres-
ident(2006–08)oftheEuropeanAssociationforCancerResearch(EACR)andinthisrolewasamongthefoundersoftheEuropeanCanCer
Organisation(ECCO)wherehewasappointedasmemberofthePolicyCommittee.
Inrecentyears,hewastheItalianRepresentativeattheScientificCommitteeoftheInternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer(IARC),
Lyon.From2006to2014hewasScientificSecretaryofAlleanzaControilCancro(ACC),promotedbytheItalianMinistryofHealth.In
2008hewasMemberof theEvaluation oftheResearchProgramFunctionalandStructural Genomicsfor DKFZ.He wasanexpertfor
theOncologyResearchProjectsoftheEuropeanCommunityandwasaconsultantinoncologyresearchfortheMinistriesofResearchof
differentCountries.From2006to2014hewasChairoftheregionalProject,TheRegionLombardyOncologicalNetwork(ROL),selected
in2014bytheECasoneofthebestexamplesofoncologicalnetwork.HisappointmentsintheOrganisationofEuropeanCancerInstitutes
(OECI)startedin2007whenhetookthepositionofVice-President.From2008hewasthePresident-electandthenthePresidentofthe
Organization.Finally,in2014hewasappointedOECIExecutiveSecretary.
Overtheyears,Dr.PierottihasbeenPrincipalInvestigatororHeadofseveralnationalandinternationalresearchgrants,fundedbyboth
privateandpublicbodies.Hisauthorshipincludesover470publicationsthatdealwithvariousaspectofexperimentaloncologyincluding
studiesonimmunology,biochemistry,andmolecularbiologyusingbothexperimentalandhumantumors.
In addition, since its fifth edition he is the first author of the chapter on “Oncogenes” in the most reputed textbook Cancer Medicine
(Holland-Frei). The metrics of his scientific activity is summarized by an H index of 96 and total citations of 37.256 (Google scholar
June2018).
Section Editors xi
ProfessorThomasTursz,borninKraków,Poland,in1946,diedinParis,France,onApril272018.
HewasProfessorofOncologyattheFacultyofMedicineParis-Sudsince1986andGeneralDirector
oftheInstitutGustaveRoussy(1994–2010).HewastheleaderoftheFrenchDoctoralSchoolof
Oncologywhichhefoundedin1999,andPresidentoftheFrenchFederationofComprehensive
AnticancerCentres(FNCLCC)from2004to2010.HewashighlyinvolvedintheEuropeanOrga-
nizationfortheResearchandTreatmentofCancer(EORTC)asbothChairmanoftheScientific
AdvisoryCommittee(2003–06)andVicePresidentoftheBoard(2006–09).HisexperienceasPres-
identoftheFNCLCCwascrucialfortheOrganizationofEuropeanCancerInstitutes(OECI)when
heactedasPresidentfrom2002to2005.
His scientific interests included the biology of virus-induced tumors, as well as immunological
responsesincludingtheroleofthioredoxininlymphocytesinfectedbyEpstein–Barrvirus.Inthe
clinical research area, he conducted a number of important clinical trials in breast cancer, lung
cancer,and soft-tissuesarcoma.He hadaparticularinterestin cytokines andgenetherapy,and
his clinical researchactivities were further disseminated to theEuropean level whenhe was the
ChairmanoftheSarcomaGroupoftheEORTC(1993–96).
Prof.Turszreceivedseveralprestigiousawards,suchasthePrixdeCancérologiefromtheFrench
NationalLeagueAgainstCancer(1979),theBernardHalpernImmunologyAward(1983),theRosenOncologyAward(1989),theGrand
PrixinOncologyfromtheAcademyofMedicine(1992),theHamiltonFairleyAwardforclinicalresearch(1998),andthePrixdeRayonne-
mentFrançais(2001).Hewastheauthorof350internationalscientificpublications.HewasalsoanesteemedmemberoftheEditorial
BoardofMolecularOncologyeversinceitscreationin2007.
ModifiedfromUlrikRingborgandJulioE.Celis.ThomasTursz(1946–2018)in:MolecularOncology(2018).PublishedbyFEBSPressand
JohnWiley&SonsLtd.https://doi.org/10.1002/1878-0261.12361
CONTRIBUTORS TO ALL VOLUMES
Rachel Abbotts Christina Bamia
University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, NationalandKapodistrianUniversityofAthens,Athens,
MD, United States Greece
Ludmil B Alexandrov Thomas D Bannister
University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, TheScrippsResearchInstitute,Jupiter,FL,UnitedStates
United States
Michael Baumann
Geneviève Almouzni
German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg,
Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Equipe
Germany; and Technical University of Dresden,
Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Paris, France; and
Dresden, Germany
Sorbonne University, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS,
Paris, France Daniel Baumhoer
University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Fatima Ameer
University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Aditya Bele
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
Volker M Arlt
MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s
Richard L Bennett
College London, London, United Kingdom; and NIHR
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of
Environmental Hazards at King’s College London in Anton Berns
partnership with Public Health England, London, Oncode Institute, Division of Molecular Genetics,
United Kingdom The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam,
The Netherlands
Elena Arrigoni
University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Venkaiah Betapudi
US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical
Sylvia L Asa
Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
University Health Network and University of Toronto,
Toronto, ON, Canada Joydeep Bhadury
Caroline Aspord The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Immunobiology and
Justin A Bishop
Immunotherapy in Chronic Diseases Team, Inserm U
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center,
1209, CNRS UMR 5309, University Grenoble Alpes,
Dallas, TX, United States
Grenoble, France
Stefania Boccia
Livia S A Augustin
Institute of Public Health, Catholic University of the
National Cancer Institute IRCCS G. Pascale Sacred Heart, Fondazione Policlinico “Agostino
Foundation, Naples, Italy; and Clinical Nutrition and Gemelli”, Rome, Italy
Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael’s Hospital,
Toronto, On, Canada Stefan K Bohlander
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Rameshwar N K Bamezai
National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Lubor Borsig
Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, University of Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative
India Human Physiology, Zurich, Switzerland
xiii
xiv Contributors toAll Volumes
Fred T Bosman Dhyan Chandra
Institute of Pathology, University of Lausanne Medical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park
Center (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United
States
Ekaterina Bourova-Flin
University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France Laurence Chaperot
Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Immunobiology and
Mariana Brandão
Immunotherapy in Chronic Diseases Team, Inserm U
University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; and Institute Jules
1209, CNRS UMR 5309, University Grenoble Alpes,
Bordet, Brussels, Belgium
Grenoble, France
Kristen D Brantley
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Adrian K Charles
MA, United States Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
Thomas Brenn Harvey Checkoway
University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; and UniversityofCaliforniaSanDiego,LaJolla,CA,United
Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada States
Jan Buckner Sai-Juan Chen
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai
InstituteofHematology,RuiJinHospital,ShanghaiJiao
Januario B Cabral-Neto
Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
Zhu Chen
Jean Cadet State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai
University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada InstituteofHematology,RuiJinHospital,ShanghaiJiao
Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Laia Caja
Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Nai-Kong V Cheung
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York,
Ilaria Calabrese
NY, United States
University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
Jennifer Choe
Elías Campo
Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC,
University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
United States
Kaixiang Cao
Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States Edward Chow
Odette Cancer Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences
Fátima Carneiro
Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; and University of
São João Hospital, Porto, Portugal; and University of
Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
Ying-Hsia Chu
Francesca Carozzi
The University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and
ISPO, Cancer Prevention and Research Institute,
Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
Florence, Italy
Fabio Ciccarone
France Carrier
University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
Maria Rosa Ciriolo
Carla Carrilho
University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
HospitalCentralofMaputo,Maputo,Mozambique;and
University Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique Graham A Colditz
Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center and Institute for Public
Nathalie Cassoux
Health, Washington University School of Medicine,
Institut Curie, Paris, France
St. Louis, MO, United States
JoAnn C Castelli
Laura C Collopy
University of California San Francisco, San Francisco,
University College London, London, United Kingdom
CA, United States