Encyclopedia of Body Image and Human Appearance

897 Pages·2012·31.48 MB·English

by  Thomas F. Cash

E
NCYCLOPEDIA OF

BODY IMAGE AND

HUMAN APPEARANCE

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
THOMAS CASH

Department of Psychology,

Old Dominion University,

Norfolk, Virginia, USA

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EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Thomas F. Cash, PhD, is professor emeritus of psychology at Old Dominion University in
Norfolk, Virginia. His research concerns the influences of physical appearance and body
image on human lives and psychosocial functioning, including topics such as body image
development, assessment, and treatment, obesity, eating disorders, cosmetic surgery, appear-
ance-altering conditions, and appearance stereotyping and discrimination. Dr. Cash has
authored or coedited 8 books and published over 200 journal articles and book chapters.
His most recent works are The Body Image Workbook: An Eight-Step Program for Learning to
Like Your Looks (New Harbinger Publications, 2008) and Body Image: A Handbook of Science,
Practice, and Prevention (with L. Smolak; Guilford Press, 2011). He developed an empirically
supported cognitive-behavioral program for body image improvement and developed
multiple validated assessments of specific facets of the body image construct. He is the
founder and Editor-in-Chief of the Elsevier quarterly journal Body Image: An International
Journal of Research. He is an elected Fellow of the Association for Psychological Science.
Dr. Cash’s professional website is at www.body-images.com, and he currently resides in
Naples, Florida.
v
ASSOCIATE EDITORS

Eileen Anderson-Fye, EdD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Anthropology at Case
Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, and an assistant research anthropologist in the
Department of Psychiatry at the University of California, Los Angeles. She completed interdisci­
plinary training in psychological and medical anthropology at Harvard University. Anderson-Fye
has been conducting research on adolescent girls’ development and well-being in Belize for
15 years, with a particular focus on body image. More recently, she has been investigating college
students’ psychiatric medication and mental health services usage in the United States and Canada.
Anderson-Fye has published in major anthropology, psychology, psychiatry, and education
journals.
Sarah Grogan, PhD, is the director of the Centre for Health Psychology at Staffordshire University,
Stoke-on-Trent, UK. She is the author of Body Image: Understanding Body Dissatisfaction in Men,
Women and Children, which is now in its second edition. Her research focuses on understanding
the impact of body image on health-related behaviors such as smoking and anabolic steroid use, and
the impact of aging on body image. Her recent work investigates the impact of exposure to age-
appearance morphing technology on men and women’s smoking and sun exposure. She is a
Chartered Psychologist and is registered to practice as a Health Psychologist and a Sport and
Exercise Psychologist. She is on the editorial boards of several journals, including Body Image:
An International Journal of Research.
Marita P. McCabe is a professor of psychology at Deakin University, a position she has held for
18 years. During this time she has also held positions as associate dean (Research), head of school of
psychology, and foundation director of the University Health and Wellbeing Research Priority Area.
Her research over the past 15 years has focused on the sociocultural determinants of body image and
obesity among males and females. She has conducted research in this area across the life span (from
preschoolers to old age), and has been particularly interested in how these relationships vary for
different cultural groups. This research has led to the development and publication of a scale to
evaluate sociocultural influences on eating and exercise that has been translated by researchers into
10 different languages. She has over 250 publications in refereed journals and has obtained research
funding to complete her research from the Australian Research Council, National Health and Medical
Research Council, as well as Wellcome Trust. She is currently a member of a Parliamentary Advisory
Committee to provide advice to the Victoria State Government on how to address body image
concerns and obesity among young people.
vii
viii Associate Editors
Nichola J. K. Rumsey is Vocational Training Charitable Trust (VTCT) professor of appearance
research at UWE and co-director of the Centre for Appearance Research (CAR). She is also a
consultant to the Department of Health. Following the completion of her PhD ‘Psychological
Problems Associated with Facial Disfigurement’ in 1983, she has built an international reputation
for her research and has published extensively in the field. She was awarded a personal chair by
UWE in 2002. She was elected president of the Craniofacial Society of Great Britain and Ireland in
2003–2004 (the first psychologist to be elected to this position), and chair of the British
Psychological Society’s Division of Health Psychology from 2005 to 2006. She was a member of
the Royal College of Surgeons Expert Group on Face Transplantation from 2005 to 2008. She was
awarded honorary membership of the British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons in 2009.
David B. Sarwer, PhD, is an associate professor of psychology in psychiatry and surgery at the
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine as well as the director of Clinical Services at the
Center for Weight and Eating Disorders. His research interests focus on the assessment and
treatment of obesity. He is the principal or coprincipal investigator of various NIH-funded studies
investigating the psychological aspects of bariatric surgery. He is also involved in studies of the
treatment of obesity in primary care settings. He is a consultant to the Edwin and Fannie Gray
Hall Center for Human Appearance at the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, where he
conducts research on the psychological aspects of cosmetic and reconstructive surgery. He has
numerous publications in both areas of research. Clinically, Dr. Sarwer is the director of the
Stunkard Weight Management Program and is actively involved in the Bariatric Surgery Program
at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. He conducts behavioral/psychological
evaluations of patients prior to surgery, and he treats individuals with eating or other psychological
concerns after bariatric surgery.
Linda Smolak, PhD (Temple University, 1980), is the professor emerita of psychology at Kenyon
College. Her research focuses on the development of body image and disordered eating, particu­
larly as it relates to gendered life experiences. She has published numerous articles and several
books on body image and eating disorders in children and adolescents. Most recently, she
co-edited (with J. K. Thompson) Body Image, Eating Disorders, and Obesity in Youth: Assessment,
Prevention, and Treatment, 2nd edition (American Psychological Association, 2009) and (with
Thomas F. Cash) Body Image, Second Edition: A Handbook of Science, Practice, and Prevention
(Guilford, 2011). She is an associate editor for Body Image: An International Journal of Research and
on the editorial board of Eating Disorders: The Journal of Treatment and Prevention.
Viren Swami is a reader at the Department of Psychology, University of Westminster, UK. His main
research interests are on the psychology of interpersonal attraction, particularly from a crosscultural
perspective. Other research interests include issues relating to body image, including the impact
of body art on interpersonal perceptions, weight-based prejudice, and predictors of interest in
cosmetic surgery. He is the author of The Missing Arms of Vénus de Milo and (with Adrian Furnham)
The Psychology of Physical Attraction, and the editor of Evolutionary Psychology: A Critical Introduction.
Associate Editors ix
J. Kevin Thompson, PhD, is a professor of psychology in the department of psychology at the
University of South Florida. He has authored, coauthored, edited, or coedited nine books pertinent
to body image, including Exacting Beauty: Theory, Assessment, and Treatment of Body Image Disturbance
(American Psychological Association, 1999) and The Muscular Ideal: Psychological, Social, and
Medical Perspectives (American Psychological Association, 2007). He has authored more than
150 journal articles and 30 chapters in the areas of body image, eating disorders, and obesity.
He is an associate editor of Body Image: An International Journal of Research. Dr. Thompson’s research
interests include risk factors, measurement issues, and intervention studies related to body image.
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

L Alfano CM Bulik
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel
NY, USA Hill, NC, USA
M Pathy Allen NL Burke
Photographer, New York, NY, USA University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
EP Anderson-Fye ML Butryn
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
V Aspen L Byrne
Stanford University School of Medicine, Sunnyvale, CA, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
USA
K Callahan
R Ata University of Indiana, Bloomington, IN,
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA USA
JH Baker RM Calogero
The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Virginia Wesleyan College, Norfolk, VA, USA
Hill, NC, USA
TF Cash
RL Bassett Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
S Chait
DG Bazzini VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven,
Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA CT, USA
CB Becker A Clarke
Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, USA Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
JM Behel MC Coletta
Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
IL, USA
CE Crerand
SY Berkson The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA,

Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical USA;

Center, Bronx, NY, USA Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania,

Philadelphia, PA, USA

JN Biesen
University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA JH Crowther
Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
WO Bockting
University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, L Curtin
MN, USA Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA
I Bojorquez EA Daniels
El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, Tijuana, Mexico University of Oregon, Bend, OR, USA
MS Boroughs C Davis
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
xi
xii List of Contributors
TE Davison K Gruys
Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
SS Delinsky BD Hale
McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA Penn State University Berks College, Reading, PA, USA
JA DePierre E Halliwell
Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
PC Diedrichs D Harcourt
University of the West of England, Bristol, UK University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
RJ Dilks J Harriger
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, USA
Philadelphia, PA, USA
AS Harris
MM Dionne University of Westminster, London, UK
Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
T Hildebrandt
H Dittmar Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York,
University of Sussex, Brighton, UK NY, USA
BP Don AJ Hill
Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA School of Medicine, University of Leeds,
Leeds, UK
A Edmonds
University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands AHo
Kenyon College, Gambier, OH, USA
D Einon
University College London, London, UK E Hollander
Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical
ML Elliot
Center, Bronx, NY, USA
University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
CA, USA N Hunt
University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK;
MR Fales
University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
L Hurd Clarke
HJ Fawkner
The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC,
Leeds Metropolitan University, Leeds, UK
Canada
DA Frederick
AM Jafary
University of Hawai’i at Manoa, Honolulu,
University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
HI, USA
JL Jarry
A Furnham
University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
University College London, London, UK
AL Jensen
JR Garcia
Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
D Carlson Jones
RM Gardner
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO, USA
TM Karr
AN Gonzalez
Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo,
Kenyon College, Gambier, OH, USA
ND, USA
C Greenleaf
S Katterman
University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
S Grogan
KY Kawamura
Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
Private Practice, Mission Viejo, CA, USA
SR Grover
MC Kelly
Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC,
Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Australia
List of Contributors xiii
SG Kerrigan MP McCabe
Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
S Kleinman SM McClure
The Renfrew Center Foundation, Coconut Creek, FL, USA Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
T Knight DR McCreary
Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada;
Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada;
R Krawczyk
York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
JM McCutcheon
T LaFlesh
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
S McHale
SW Langdon
Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
Bates College, Lewiston, ME, USA
KE McPherson
JD Latner
Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
JE Menzel
MC Lawlor
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
CA, USA S Moeed
Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
JW Lawrence
College of Staten Island, The City University of New York, TG Morrison
Staten Island, NY, USA University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
SJ Lennon SK Murnen
University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA Kenyon College, Gambier, OH, USA
RJ Lester AD Murray
Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA The University at Albany, State University of New York,
Albany, NY, USA
MP Levine
Kenyon College, Gambier, OH, USA JA O’Dea
The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
I López
Kenyon College, Gambier, OH, USA S Oliphant
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA,
JL Lowder
USA
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA,
USA DR Osborn
Bellarmine University, Louisville, KY, USA
MR Lowe
Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA B Pawłowski
University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
LS Lowry
University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA SJ Paxton
La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
DE Mack
Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada JL Peterson
Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
N Mafrici
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada TA Petrie
University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
L Magee
The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, KA Phillips
USA Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
KA Martin Ginis N Piran
McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
DM Martz M Poole
Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA Emery University, Atlanta, GA, USA
xiv List of Contributors
RM Puhl HP Shroff
Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA School of Health Systems Studies, Tata Institute of Social
Sciences, Mumbai, India
JL Rennels
University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA H Simonich
Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Fargo, ND, USA
A Ressler
The Renfrew Center Foundation, Coconut Creek, J Siragusa
FL, USA Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical
Center, Bronx, NY, USA
TA Reynolds
University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA H Skouteris
Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
LA Ricciardelli
Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia D Smith
Manchester Metropolitan University, Cheshire, UK
D Ridolfi
Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA L Smolak
Kenyon College, Gambier, OH, USA
HR Riggio
California State University, Los Angeles, CA,USA JC Spitzer
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine,
RE Riggio
Philadelphia, PA, USA
Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA, USA
SA St. Germain
S Ritter
McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine,
Philadelphia, PA, USA V Swami
University of Westminster, London, UK
R Rodgers
Toulouse University, Toulouse, France; CB Taylor
Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA Stanford University School of Medicine, Sunnyvale, CA,
USA
M Roehrig
Northshore University Health System, Evanston, IL, USA AR Thompson
University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
NJK Rumsey
University of the West of England, Bristol, UK JK Thompson
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
R Russell
Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA M Tiggemann
Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
BD Rybarczyk
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, MJ Tovée
VA, USA Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
CM Sabiston AG Tsai
McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO,
USA
DB Sarwer
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, TL Tylka
Philadelphia, PA, USA Ohio State University, Marion, OH, USA
LM Schaefer C Unikel
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA Ramon de la Fuente National Institute of Psychiatry,
Mexico City, Mexico
D Schooler
University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA P van den Berg
The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX,
R Seabrook
USA
Kenyon College, Gambier, OH, USA
LR Vartanian
RM Sentilles
The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW,
Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland,
Australia
OH, USA