How to go to your page This eBook contains two volumes. Each volume has its own page numbering scheme, consisting of a volume number and a page number, separated by a hyphen. For example, to go to page 5 of Volume 1, type v1-5 in the “page #” box at the top of the screen and click “Go.” To go to page 5 of Volume 2, type v2-5 in the "page #" box… and so forth. Encyclopedia of Blacks in European History and Culture Advisory Board Marianne Bechhaus-Gerst, University of Cologne Allison Blakely, Boston University Robert A. Cordery, Pitney-Bowes, Inc. Gretchen Holbrook Gerzina, Dartmouth College Sue Peabody, Washington State University at Vancouver Tyler Edward Stovall, University of California at Berkeley Encyclopedia of Blacks in European History and Culture Volume 1: A–J Edited by Eric Martone GREENWOOD PRESS Westport, Connecticut • London Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of Blacks in European history and culture / edited by Eric Martone. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–34448–0 (set : alk. paper) — ISBN 978–0–313–34450–3 (v. 1 : alk. paper) — ISBN 978–0–313–34452–7 (v. 2 : alk. paper) 1. Blacks—Europe—History—Encyclopedias. I. Martone, Eric. D212.2.B53E53 2009 940'.0496—dc22 2008030542 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available. Copyright © 2009 by Eric Martone All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, by any process or technique, without the express written consent of the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2008030542 ISBN: 978–0–313–34448–0 (set) 978–0–313–34450–3 (Vol. 1) 978–0–313–34452–7 (Vol. 2) First published in 2009 Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881 An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.greenwood.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents VOLUME 1 Preface vii Acknowledgments ix Introduction xi Chronology xvii A lphabetical List of Entries xxxi T opical List of Entries xxxvii T HE ENCYCLOPEDIA, A–J 1 VOLUME 2 Chronology vii A lphabetical List of Entries xxi T opical List of Entries xxvii T HE ENCYCLOPEDIA, K–Z 305 Resource Guide 573 Index 583 A bout the Editor and Contributors 605 This page intentionally left blank Preface T he idea for this encyclopedia evolved from my experiences as a high school teacher in an urban district in Connecticut. With the increasing cultural diversity in modern American classrooms, teachers and professors in the humanities and social sciences must incorporate material that reflects the diversity of their students to meet their stu- dents’ educational needs. In my school district, we were encouraged to incorporate mi- nority studies into the curriculum, especially during Black History Month. Numerous encyclopedias and reference works address African Americans’ contributions in history and literature, and some even connect African American culture to African culture. As a teacher of European and world history, I always found myself at a loss for similar materials on blacks in Europe. In fact, although the field of black European studies is gaining popularity in academia, the very idea of blacks in European history and culture is still a foreign concept to many secondary school teachers, students, and the general public. Therefore this encyclopedia is the first of its kind to introduce this topic to general audiences and schools. This encyclopedia focuses on the depictions and contributions of blacks in Euro- pean history, literature, and popular culture. A work this ambitious cannot be all things to all people or cover all conceivable topics relevant to the purpose and scope of this encyclopedia. At the very least, however, this encyclopedia will open the doors to the subject of blacks in Europe, emphasizing the scope and massiveness of their contribu- tions and role in European history and culture, for educators, students, and the general public. This encyclopedia, therefore, fills an important gap in multicultural education. Furthermore, it develops increased awareness that the black presence in Europe is not merely a contemporary phenomenon, for blacks have played a significant part in Euro- pean history and culture during ancient, medieval, and modern times. In addition to informing general readers, this encyclopedia hopes to be of use for a variety of high school and undergraduate courses. It serves as a starting point for viii Preface educators to incorporate black studies in their curricula beyond American history and literature. For secondary and undergraduate institutions, this encyclopedia is meant primarily for use with foreign language, literature, and social sciences courses (includ- ing European history, world history, and global cultures courses). In addition to the alphabetical list of entries in the front matter, there is also a topical list of entries meant to assist educators and students, as well as interested readers. The entries are grouped by country or subregion (as in the case of Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Scan- dinavia) to assist departments of history and foreign languages and cultures and their students, as well as interested readers. Most of the other categories are subjects, such as literature, art, music, and sports. F or the purposes of this encyclopedia, “black” refers to individuals from Africa, the Diaspora (Caribbean, continental North America, South America, Oceania, Europe), and of mixed parentage. There are 360 entries covering a variety of topics. The cover- age attempts to touch on a wide geographical and sequential scope, focusing on key in- dividuals, terms, concepts, organizations, incidents, institutions, laws, influential works, theories, movements, and cases associated with blacks in European history and culture. Entries in the encyclopedia are arranged in alphabetical order. Cross-references are in bold and additional related entries are at the end of each entry. Each entry explains the term, provides an overview, and describes its significance to the topic of the encyclo- pedia. For those seeking additional information, there is a chronology of key events in the front matter. Each entry has “further reading,” and there is a Resource Guide with suggested reading, Web sites, and films in the back matter. The encyclopedia focuses on the countries of Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands, and Russia (although there are entries on Central Europe, Scandinavia, and Eastern Europe). For the countries or subregional areas of focus, there are several anchor entries, including individual historical overviews of the country’s or subregion’s presence and contributions of blacks, its role in the African slave trade and abolition, its colonies in Africa and the Caribbean, its literature, and the role/contributions of blacks in contemporary European society. There are individual entries for significant European political, literary, and cultural figures of black descent from ancient times to the present; major historical interactions between Europe and Africa that resulted in the settling of blacks in Europe; white European individuals and organizations that contributed to the development of black political and social rights in Europe; significant legislation or codes concerning blacks in Europe; significant literary works by black authors and major literary works that had a substantial impact on European perceptions of blacks; representations of blacks in European art and cul- tural symbols; black holidays and festivals in Europe; European intellectual and scien- tific theories on blacks; fields in Europe in which blacks played a prominent role; the struggle for civil equality for blacks in Europe; issues concerning black immigration to Europe; black European identity; and entries pertaining to the role and influence of blacks in contemporary European popular culture. There are also some entries on African Americans who either spent long periods of time in Europe or made an impact on European society.
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