Encyclopedia of Bioethics (all Volumes 1-5) (3rd Ed.) - Thomson-Gale-Macmillan

3145 Pages·2016·20.94 MB·English

by  Post S.G.

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R D E D I T I O N
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EDITORIAL BOARD
EDITOR IN CHIEF Kenneth F. Schaffner
Stephen G. Post George Washington University
Case Western Reserve University Bonnie Steinbock
State University of New York,
Albany
EDITORIAL BOARD
Leonard J. Weber
David Barnard University of Detroit Mercy
University of Pittsburgh
Stuart J. Youngner
Dena S. Davis Case Western Reserve University
Cleveland-Marshall College
of Law
FOUNDING EDITOR
Eric T. Juengst
Case Western Reserve University Warren T. Reich
Loretta M. Kopelman
Eastern Carolina University ASSOCIATE EDITOR
Maxwell J. Mehlman Mark P. Aulisio
Case Western Reserve University Case Western Reserve University
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R D E D I T I O N
EDITED BY
STEPHEN G. POST
VOLUME
1
A – C
Encyclopedia of Bioethics, 3rd edition
Stephen G. Post
Editor in Chief
©2004 by Macmillan Reference USA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED While every effort has been made to
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of bioethics / Stephen G. Post, editor in chief.— 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-02-865774-8 (set : hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN
0-02-865775-6 (vol. 1) — ISBN 0-02-865776-4 (vol. 2) — ISBN
0-02-865777-2 (vol. 3) — ISBN 0-02-865778-0 (vol. 4) — ISBN
0-02-865779-9 (vol. 5)
1. Bioethics—Encyclopedias. 2. Medical ethics—Encyclopedias. I.
Post, Stephen Garrard, 1951-
QH332.E52 2003
174’.957’03—dc22
2003015694
This title is also available as an e-book.
ISBN 0-02-865916-3 (set)
Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Front cover photos (from left to right): Custom Medical Stock;
Photo Researchers; Photodisc; Photodisc; AP/Worldwide Photos.
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CONTENTS
Preface ............................. vii
Introduction .......................... xi
List of Articles ....................... xvii
List of Contributors ................. xxxiii
Topical Outline ...................... liii
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIOETHICS . . . . . . . . 1
Appendices ........................ 2613
Codes, Oaths, and Directives
Related to Bioethics ................ 2615
Additional Resources in Bioethics ........ 2911
Key Legal Cases in Bioethics ............ 2921
Annotated Bibliography of
Literature and Medicine ............ 2927
Acknowledgments .................. 2945
Index ............................ 2947
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v
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EDITORIAL AND
PRODUCTION STAFF
Monica M. Hubbard Autobookcomp and GGS, Inc.
Project Editor Typesetters
Nicole Watkins
Mary Beth Trimper
Project Associate Editor
Manager, Composition
Mark Drouillard, Melissa Hill,
Evi Seoud
Diane Sawinski
Assistant Manager, Composition
Editorial Support
Elizabeth B. Inserra, Peter J. Rita Wimberly
Jaskowiak, Christine Kelley, Buyer
Eric Lowenkron, David E.
Salamie
Copyeditors
MACMILLAN REFERENCE USA
John Krol, Dorothy Bauhoff
Proofreaders Frank Menchaca
Vice President
Laurie Andriot
Indexer Hélène Potter
Kate Scheible Director, New Product
Art Director Development
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vi
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PREFACE
At the time of the first publication of the Encyclopedia of delivery system, and the emergence of important new voices
Bioethics in 1978, the then fledgling field of bioethics was in a rapidly expanding field. Although in certain respects the
neither well defined nor widely recognized. Warren Thomas modern bioethics movement began in the United States, it
Reich, then Senior Research Scholar in the Kennedy Institute took root in many countries around the world during the
of Ethics at Georgetown University, envisioned a major 1980s, requiring the inclusion of scholarship from other
reference work that would contribute significantly to the nations and cultures in order to properly reflect worldwide
establishment of bioethics as a field by integrating historical growth. Professor Reich impressed all those working on the
background, current issues, future implications, ethical theory, second edition with his remarkable grasp of the history of
and comparative cultural and religious perspectives. Professor medical ethics, of the modern bioethics movement, of
Reich became the editor in chief for the first edition, a four- European thinkers, of religious ethics and moral philosophy,
volume set that, as he foresaw, was immediately acknowledged and of salient clinical issues.
as a landmark reference work defining the field. The revised edition included various topic areas including:
professional–patient relationship; public health; ethical theory;
The 1978 edition received the American Library
religious ethics; bioethics and the social sciences; healthcare;
Association’s 1979 Dartmouth Medal for outstanding
fertility and human reproduction; biomedical and behavioral
reference work of the year, as well as widespread critical
research; history of medical ethics; mental health and
acclaim. The eminent bioethicist Daniel Callahan, writing
behavioral issues; sexuality and gender; death and dying;
for Psychology Today in March of 1979, entitled his stellar
genetics; population; organ and tissue transplantation and
review of the Encyclopedia “From Abortion to Rejuvenation:
artificial organs; welfare and treatment of animals;
A Summa of Medical Ethics.” Choice declared the work “an
environment; and codes, oaths, and other directives. All of
outstanding achievement.” Social Science described the work
these topics are retained and enhanced in the third edition.
as “magnificent,” and the Hastings Center Report acknowledged
it as both “an astonishing achievement” and “a major event.” The five-volume revised edition, which was carefully
planned at editorial meetings in the spring and fall of 1990,
Throughout the 1980s, as programs in bioethics and medical
was supported by both the National Endowment for the
humanities proliferated in professional schools, undergraduate
Humanities and the National Science Foundation, in addition
and graduate school curricula, “think tanks,” and academic
to several private foundations and individual donors. The
societies, the first edition of the Encyclopedia was considered
Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Foundation was a major funder of
the essential reference work in the field, and contributed
both the first and the revised editions. Published in 1995 by
significantly to intellectual vitality.
Macmillan Reference Division, it received the same high
While the 1978 first edition will always be essential and level of acclaim as the first edition.
fascinating reading for anyone interested in the history of
bioethics, it was, by the late 1980s, in need of a revision. A
Development of a Third Edition
reference work at the interface of biology, technology,
healthcare and ethics becomes dated due to the fast pace of Yet with the passing of the 1990s, the Encyclopedia again
biotechnological development, changes in the healthcare required a thorough revision and update. Warren Reich,
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vii
PREFACE
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professor emeritus at Georgetown and deeply engaged with a Eric T. Juengst, Loretta M. Kopelman, Maxwell J. Mehlman,
new project on the history of “care,” decided not to prepare Kenneth F. Schaffner, Bonnie Steinbock, Leonard J. Weber,
the third edition. He recommended Stephen Garrard Post— and Stuart J. Youngner. These editors were selected because
who had served as his associate editor in the preparation of their particular expertise—as philosophers, ethicists, healthcare
the second edition—for the position of editor in chief of the professionals, and teachers—was needed to revise and ex-
third edition. Subsequently, Macmillan Reference, after pand those topic areas from the revised edition where new
consulting with Georgetown University (which had spon- developments had been particularly rapid over the 1990s.
sored the first edition), offered the position of editor in The Editor in Chief and the Editorial Board were responsi-
chief to Post. ble for the intellectual planning of the third edition, includ-
ing all decisions about contents and authorship, as well as for
This invitation was accepted with the understanding
reviewing and approving all manuscripts. Mark Aulisio
that a third edition could only emerge from the already
served as associate editor for ethical theory and clinical ethics.
remarkable scope and framework of the revised edition, and
would be much indebted to all those responsible for that
extraordinary work, including the following area editors: CONSULTANTS. William Deal, Patricia Marshall, Carol C.
Dan E. Beauchamp, Arthur L. Caplan, Christine K. Cassel, Donley, Sana Loue, Robert H. Binstock, and Barbara J.
James F. Childress, Allen R. Dyer, John C. Fletcher, Stanley Daly made significant contributions to the quality of the
M. Hauerwas, Albert R. Jonsen, Patricia A. King, Loretta M. overall work as editorial consultants. Carrie Zoubol assisted
Kopelman, Ruth B. Purtillo, Holmes Rolston III, Robert M. with bibliographical updating.
Veatch, and Donald P. Warwick. The Appendix, found in volume five of the Encyclope-
There are more than 110 new article titles in the third dia, consists largely of an exhaustive collection of historical
edition, and approximately the same number of new articles and contemporary codes and oaths across all the healthcare
appearing under old titles. Thus, half of the third edition is professions, as well as research ethics guidelines and regula-
entirely new, while half consists of deeply revised and tions. The remarkable collection of primary documents in
updated articles from the earlier edition. There isn’t a single the revised edition was thoroughly updated by Kayhan Parsi
article that was not thoroughly updated, even if only at the of the Neiswanger Institute for Bioethics and Health Policy
level of bibliographies. The least revision was needed in the at the Stritch School of Medicine of Loyola University. This
topic areas of environmental ethics, population ethics, and was a major task because there have been so many revisions
the history of medical ethics. For all necessary revisions, we of contemporary documents since the early 1990s, as well as
went back to the articles’ original authors, whenever possi- the introduction of many new policy and ethical statements
ble, and many accepted to undertake the revision work. In from a wide array of professional organizations. Carol C.
those cases where the original authors were not available, Donley contributed an annotated bibliography on literature
new authors were asked to complete the work. Both original and medicine from the Center for Literature, Medicine, and
and new authors are acknowledged and their contributions the Healthcare Professions at Hiram College. Emily Peterson
clearly identified in the bylines. A small but exceptional set added an annotated bibliography on law and medicine.
of articles from the revised edition were designated by the Doris M. Goldstein, Director of Library and Information
editorial board as classics, and are retained in the third Services at the Kennedy Institute of Ethics, Georgetown
edition unchanged. These articles were selected because they University, thoroughly updated the section on “Additional
were written by a distinguished contributor to the field and Resources in Bioethics,” which she had prepared for the
were still deemed definitive. For example, Daniel Callahan’s revised edition. Volume five is the fruit of much labor and
article on “Bioethics” was retained as a classic, as was Reich’s will be a definitive resource for the field over the next decade.
“Care: I: History of the Notion.” Also included without
revision are those articles under the title “Medical Ethics,
Acknowledgments
History of,” which do not pertain to the contemporary
period. But all articles dealing with the contemporary period The day-to-day work of preparing the third edition entailed
were significantly revised in order to be current with the close collaboration with the publisher’s team in New York
many developments in bioethics over the past decade in and Michigan. None of this work would have been possible
countries and regions across the world. without a publisher able to efficiently implement the intel-
lectual plan. The Macmillan team commissioned all the
EDITORIAL BOARD. The development of this third edition articles, maintained contact with all authors, coordinated
of the Encyclopedia was facilitated by a new editorial board reviews, copy edited all manuscripts, checked revised manu-
consisting of area editors David Barnard, Dena S. Davis, scripts and bibliographies, and prepared all materials for
viii ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIOETHICS 3rd Edition
PREFACE
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production. In particular, Hélène G. Potter, Editor in Chief We wish to acknowledge support for both the revised
of Macmillan Reference USA, provided vision and manage- and third editions from The Alton F. and Carrie S. Davis
rial insight for the development of the third edition—as well Fund of the Cleveland Foundation. In addition, the John
as many thoughtful perspectives. Similarly, Monica M. Templeton Foundation provided Stephen Post with a gen-
Hubbard, Senior Editor with Macmillan Reference USA,
erous grant in 2002 in support of a research institute on
provided excellent leadership in implementing all the opera-
altruism and compassion, “The Institute for Research on
tional aspects of the project. Before the revision project
Unlimited Love—Altruism, Compassion, Service,” which
began in earnest, Elly Dickason, prior to her retirement from
allowed him to devote additional editorial time to related
Macmillan Reference USA, provided her usual thoughtful
themes in the third edition, especially as these pertain to the
guidance.
ongoing dialogue between science and religion.
The Department of Bioethics, School of Medicine,
Case Western Reserve University, provided a collegial envi-
ronment for a number of those involved as editors, consult-
ants, authors and reviewers. The School of Medicine has a STEPHEN G. POST
long tradition of humanism in medicine that creates a EDITOR IN CHIEF
welcome atmosphere for the Encyclopedia. SEPTEMBER 2, 2003
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIOETHICS 3rd Edition ix