Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences, Second Edition: V1-6

2874 Pages·2014·138.01 MB·English

by  Gerald R. North

E
NCYCLOPEDIA OF
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
SECOND EDITION
VOLUME 1
This page intentionally left blank
E
NCYCLOPEDIA OF
ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES
SECOND EDITION
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
GERALD R NORTH
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
EDITORS
JOHN PYLE
Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
FUQING ZHANG
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
VOLUME 1
Amsterdam(cid:129)Boston(cid:129)Heidelberg(cid:129)London(cid:129)NewYork(cid:129)Oxford
Paris(cid:129)SanDiego(cid:129)SanFrancisco(cid:129)Singapore(cid:129)Sydney(cid:129)Tokyo
AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier
AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier
32JamestownRoad,LondonNW17BY,UK
225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA
525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,USA
Copyright(cid:1)2015ElsevierLtd.unlessotherwisestated.Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeanselectronic,
mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher
PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRightsDepartmentinOxford,UK:phone[phone];
fax[phone];email:[e-mail]tyourrequestonlinebyvisitingtheElsevierweb
siteathttp://elsevier.com/locate/permissions,andselectingObtainingpermissiontouseElseviermaterial
Notice
Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,
negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerialherein,
Becauseofrapidadvancesinthemedicalsciences,inparticular,independentverificationofdiagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbemade
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCatalogNumber:
AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
ISBN(print):978-0-12-382225-3
ForinformationonallElsevierpublications
visitourwebsiteatstore.elsevier.com
PrintedandboundintheUnitedKingdom
15 16 17 18 19 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
AcquisitionsEditor:SimonHolt
ProjectManager:MichaelNicholls
AssociateProjectManager:MariseWillis
Designer:MatthewLimbert
DEDICATION
ThissecondeditionoftheEncyclopediaofAtmosphericSciencesisdedicatedtothememoryofJamesHoltonwho
waseditor-in-chiefofthefirstedition.Hewasagreatresearcherandcolleagueinspiringanentiregenerationof
atmospheric scientists.
This page intentionally left blank
CONTENTS
List ofContributors xxvii
Preface to the First Edition xxxix
Preface to the Second Edition xli
Editor Biographies xliii
Guide to Using theEncyclopedia xlv
VOLUME 1
BASIC ATMOSPHERICSTRUCTURE AND CONCEPTS 1
Beaufort Wind Scale 1
L Hasse
Wind Chill 7
M Bluestein
StandardAtmosphere 12
WW Vaughan
AEROSOLS 17
AerosoleCloud Interactions and Their Radiative Forcing 17
U Lohmann
AerosolPhysics and Chemistry 23
M Kalberer
Climatology ofStratospheric Aerosols 32
L WThomasonand J-P Vernier
Climatology ofTroposphericAerosols 40
NBellouin andJ Haywood
Dust 48
I NSokolik
Observations and Measurements 53
P HMcMurry
Role in RadiativeTransfer 66
G ABan-Weiss,and WD Collins
vii
viii Contents
Role in Climate Change 76
NBellouin
Soot 86
P Chylek, S G Jennings, andRPinnick
Agricultural Meteorology and Climatology 92
E S Takle
ARCTIC ANDANTARCTIC 98
AntarcticClimate 98
J Turner
Arctic Climate 107
M CSerreze
Arctic Haze 116
L MRusselland G E Shaw
AIR SEA INTERACTIONS
FreshwaterFlux 122
J Schulz
Momentum, Heat, andVaporFluxes 129
P K Taylor
Sea Surface Temperature 136
WJ Emery
Surface Waves 144
A Benilov
AVIATIONMETEOROLOGY 153
Aircraft Emissions 153
RRFriedl
Aircraft Icing 160
M KPolitovich
Aviation WeatherHazards 166
A JBedard, Jr
ClearAir Turbulence 177
G P Ellrod (Retired),J A Knox, P FLester,and L JEhernberger (Retired)
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES 187
Sulfur Cycle 187
P Brimblecombe
Bromine 194
Rvon Glasow and CHughes
Heavy Metals 201
T D Jickells and A RBaker
Contents ix
Iodine 205
L JCarpenter
BOUNDARY LAYER (ATMOSPHERIC) AND AIR POLLUTION 220
Overview 220
P J Mason and DJ Thomson
Air Pollution Meteorology 227
X-M Hu
CoherentStructures 237
F T MNieuwstadtand JCR Hunt
ComplexTerrain 242
J JFinnigan
Convective Boundary Layer 250
M ALeMone
Microclimate 258
M WRotach andP Calanca
Modeling and Parameterization 265
A A MHoltslag
Observational Techniques In Situ 274
E F Bradley
Observational Techniques: Remote 284
WM Angevineand CJ Senff
Ocean MixedLayer 290
L Kantha andC AClayson
StablyStratified Boundary Layer 299
L Mahrt
Surface Layer 305
G LGeernaert
Urban HeatIslands 310
J CLuvall, D AQuattrochi, D L Rickman, and M GEstes, Jr
DiurnalCycle 319
A Betts
CHEMISTRYOF THE ATMOSPHERE 324
Chemical Kinetics 324
RP Wayne
Ion Chemistry 333
J LFox
Isotopes, Stable 348
CA MBrenninkmeijer
Laboratory Kinetics 356
D J Donaldson andS NWren