Encyclopedia of Artifical Intelligence PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of Artifical Intelligence
Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence Juan Ramón Rabuñal Dopico University of A Coruña, Spain Julián Dorado de la Calle University of A Coruña, Spain Alejandro Pazos Sierra University of A Coruña, Spain InformatIon ScI Hershey • New York Director of Editorial Content: Kristin Klinger Managing Development Editor: Kristin Roth Development Editorial Assistant: Julia Mosemann, Rebecca Beistline Senior Managing Editor: Jennifer Neidig Managing Editor: Jamie Snavely Assistant Managing Editor: Carole Coulson Typesetter: Jennifer Neidig, Amanda Appicello, Cindy Consonery Cover Design: Lisa Tosheff Printed at: Yurchak Printing Inc. Published in the United States of America by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 701 E. Chocolate Avenue, Suite 200 Hershey PA 17033 Tel: 717-533-8845 Fax: 717-533-8661 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: http://www.igi-global.com/reference and in the United Kingdom by Information Science Reference (an imprint of IGI Global) 3 Henrietta Street Covent Garden London WC2E 8LU Tel: 44 20 7240 0856 Fax: 44 20 7379 0609 Web site: http://www.eurospanbookstore.com Copyright © 2009 by IGI Global. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher. Product or company names used in this set are for identification purposes only. Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of ownership by IGI Global of the trademark or registered trademark. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of artificial intelligence / Juan Ramon Rabunal Dopico, Julian Dorado de la Calle, and Alejandro Pazos Sierra, editors. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: "This book is a comprehensive and in-depth reference to the most recent developments in the field covering theoretical developments, tech- niques, technologies, among others"--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-59904-849-9 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-59904-850-5 (ebook) 1. Artificial intelligence--Encyclopedias. I. Rabunal, Juan Ramon, 1973- II. Dorado, Julian, 1970- III. Pazos Sierra, Alejandro. Q334.2.E63 2008 006.303--dc22 2008027245 British Cataloguing in Publication Data A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library. All work contributed to this encyclopedia set is new, previously-unpublished material. The views expressed in this encyclopedia set are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher. If a library purchased a print copy of this publication, please go to http://www.igi-global.com/agreement for information on activating the library's complimentary electronic access to this publication. Editorial Advisory Board Juan Ríos Carrión Peter Smith Polytechnical University of Madrid, Spain University of Sunderland, UK Anselmo del Moral Paul M. Chapman University of Deusto, Spain University of Hull, UK Daniel Manrique Gamo Ana Belén Porto Pazos Polytechnical University of Madrid, Spain University of A Coruña, Spain Juan Pazos Sierra Javier Pereira Polytechnical University of Madrid, Spain University of A Coruña, Spain Jose Crespo del Arco Stefano Cagnoni Polytechnical University of Madrid, Spain Università degli Studi de Parma, Italy Norberto Ezquerra Jose María Barreiro Sorrivas Georgia Institute of Technology, USA Polytechnical University of Madrid, Spain Lluís Jofre Polytechnical University of Catalunya, Spain List of Contributors Adorni, Giovanni / Università degli Studi di Genova, Italy ..................................................................840, 848 Akkaladevi, Somasheker / Virginia State University, USA .........................................................940, 945, 1330 Al-Ahmadi, Mohammad Saad / King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi Arabia .............................................................................................................................................1323 Aliaga, Ramón J. / Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain .................................................................1576 Alías, Francesc / Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain ..................................................................................541, 788 Alonso-Betanzos, Amparo / University of A Coruña, Spain ..........................................................................632 Alonso Hernández, Jesús Bernardino / University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain ...........1266, 1439 Alonso-Weber, Juan Manuel / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain ....................................................554 Alsina Pagès, Rosa Maria / Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain .........................................................................719 Alvarellos González, Alberto / University of A Coruña, Spain .....................................................................167 Amarger, Véronique / University of Paris, France .......................................................................................131 Amari, Shun-ichi / Brain Science Institute, Japan .........................................................................................318 Ambrósio, Paulo Eduardo / Santa Cruz State University, Brazil..................................................................157 Anagnostou, Miltiades / National Technical University of Athens, Greece .......................................1429, 1524 Andrade, Javier / University of A Coruña, Spain ..........................................................................................975 Andrade, José Manuel / University of A Coruña, Spain ...............................................................................581 Ang, Kai Keng / Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore .....................................................................1396 Ang Jr., Marcelo H. / National University of Singapore, Singapore .................................................1072, 1080 Angulo, Cecilio / Technical University of Catalonia, Spain ...............................................................1095, 1518 Anselma, Luca / Università di Torino, Italy ...................................................................................................396 Arcay, Bernardino / University of A Coruña, Spain ......................................................................................710 Ares, Juan / University of A Coruña, Spain ....................................................................................................982 Armstrong, Alice J. / The George Washington University, USA ......................................................................65 Arquero, Águeda / Technical University of Madrid, Spain............................................................................781 Aunet, Snorre / University of Oslo, Norway & Centers for Neural Inspired Nano Architectures, Norway ............................................................................................................................................1474, 1555 Azzini, Antonia / University of Milan, Italy ...................................................................................................575 Badidi, Elarbi / United Arab Emirates University, UAE ..................................................................................31 Bagchi, Kallol / University of Texas at El Paso, USA.......................................................................................51 Bajo, Javier / Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, Spain .........................................................................1327 Barajas, Sandra E. / Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica Óptica y Electrónica, Mexico ..................................867 Barron, Lucia / Instituto Tecnologico de Culiacan, Mexico ..........................................................................860 Barták, Roman / Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic ..................................................................404 Barton, Alan J. / National Research Council Canada, Canada .........................................................1205, 1589 Becerra, J. A. / University of A Coruña, Spain ...............................................................................................603 Bedia, Manuel G. / University of Zaraogoza, Spain ......................................................................................256 Beiu, Valeriu / United Arab Emirates University, UAE ..................................................................................471 Bel Enguix, Gemma / Rovira i Virgili University, Spain ..............................................................................1173 Belanche Muñoz, Lluís A. / Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Spain ...............................639, 1004, 1012 Berge, Hans Kristian Otnes / University of Oslo, Norway .........................................................................1485 Bernier, Joel / SAGEM REOSC, France .........................................................................................................131 Berrones, Arturo / Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Mexico ...........................................................1462 Bershtein, Leonid S. / Taganrog Technological Institute of Southern Federal University, Russia................704 Bessalah, Hamid / Center de Développement des Technologies Avancées (CDTA), Algérie .........................831 Beynon, Malcolm J. / Cardiff University, UK ........................................................................................443, 696 Bhatnagar, Vasudha / University of Delhi, India .....................................................................................76, 172 Blanco, Ángela / Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, Spain ......................................................................561 Blanco, Francisco J. / Juan Canalejo Hospital, Spain .................................................................................1583 Blasco, X. / Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain .................................................................................1296 Boonthum, Chutima / Hampton University, USA ........................................................................................1253 Bouridene, Ahmed. / Queens University of Belfast, Ireland ..........................................................................831 Boyer-Xambeu, Marie-Thérèse / Université de Paris VII – LED, France ..................................................996 Bozhenyuk, Alexander V. / Taganrog Technological Institute of Southern Federal University, Russia .......704 Brest, Janez / University of Maribor, Slovenia ...............................................................................................488 Bueno, Raúl Vicen / University of Alcalá, Spain ...................................................................................933, 956 Bueno García, Gloria / University of Castilla – La Mancha, Spain ......................................................367, 547 Buruncuk, Kadri / Near East University, Turkey ........................................................................................1596 Cadenas, José M. / Universidad de Murcia, Spain ........................................................................................480 Cagnoni, Stefano / Università degli Studi di Parma, Italy ...........................................................840, 848, 1303 Çakıcı, Ruket / ICCS School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, UK ..................................................449 Canto, Rosalba Cuapa / Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico ............................1370, 1426 Carballo, Rodrigo / University of Santiago de Conpatela, Spain ................................................................1603 Carbonero, M. / INSA – ETEA, Spain ..........................................................................................................1136 Cardot, Hubert / University François-Rabelais of Tours, France .................................................................520 Castillo, Luis F. / National University, Colombia ..........................................................................................256 Castro Ponte, Alberte / University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain..................................................144, 759 Castro, Alfonso / University of A Coruña, Spain ............................................................................................710 Castro-Bleda, María José / Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain .....................................................231 Cepero, M. / University of Granada, Spain ....................................................................................................910 Chapman, Paul M. / University of Hull, UK..................................................................................................536 Charrier, Christophe / University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France .........................................................520 Chen, Qiyang / Montclair State University, USA .........................................................................418, 963, 1036 Chen, Guanrong / City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China .................................................688, 734 Chen, Sherry Y. / Brunel University, UK .......................................................................................................437 Chikhi, Nassim / Center de Développement des Technologies Avancées (CDTA), Algérie ...........................831 Chiong, Raymond / Swinburne University of Technology, Sarawak Campus, Malaysia ............................1562 Chrysostomou, Kyriacos / Brunel University, UK ........................................................................................437 Colomo, Ricardo / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain ......................................................................1064 Corchado, Juan M. / University of Salamanca, Spain .........................................................................256, 1316 Coupland, Sarah / Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK .......................................................................390 Crespo, Jose / Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain ...........................................................................1102 Cruz-Corona, Carlos / Universidad de Granada, Spain ...............................................................................480 Cuéllar, M. P. / Universidad de Granada, Spain ..........................................................................................1152 Culhane, Aedín C. / Harvard School of Public Health, USA ...........................................................................65 Curra, Alberto / University of A Coruña, Spain ............................................................................................110 Damato, Bertil / Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK ...........................................................................390 Danciu, Daniela / University of Craiova, Romania ......................................................................................1212 Danielson, Mats / Stockholm University, Sweden & Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden .........................431 Das, Sanjoy / Kansas State University, USA .......................................................................................1145, 1191 Davis, Darryl N. / University of Hull, UK ......................................................................................................536 de la Mata Moya, David / University of Alcalá, Spain ..................................................................................933 de la Rosa Turbides, Tomás / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain ....................................................1024 Deleplace, Ghislain / Université de Paris VIII – LED, France ......................................................................996 Delgado, M. / Universidad de Granada, Spain .............................................................................................1152 Delgado, Soledad / Technical University of Madrid, Spain ............................................................................781 Del-Moral-Hernandez, Emilio / University of São Paulo, Brazil .................................................................275 Deng, Pi-Sheng / California State University at Stanislaus, USA ........................................................748, 1504 Déniz Suárez, Oscar / University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain ....................................................367 Dhurandher, Sanjay Kumar / University of Delhi, India ...................................................................589, 1530 di Pierro, Francesco / University of Exeter, UK ...........................................................................................1042 Díaz Martín, José Fernando / University of Deusto, Spain ..........................................................................344 Díaz Pernas, F. J. / University of Valladolid, Spain ..........................................................................1490, 1497 Díez Higuera, J. F. / University of Valladolid, Spain ........................................................................1490, 1497 Diuk, Carlos / Rutgers University, USA .........................................................................................................825 Djebbari, Amira / National Research Council Canada, Canada ....................................................................65 Dorado de la Calle, Julián / University of A Coruña, Spain ...............................................................377, 1273 Dornaika, Fadi / Institut Géographique National, France ............................................................................625 Douglas, Angela / Liverpool Women’s Hospital, UK ......................................................................................390 Duro, R. J. / University of A Coruña, Spain ...................................................................................................603 Edelkamp, Stefan / University of Dortmund, Germany .......................................................................501, 1549 Ein-Dor, Phillip / Tel-Aviv University, Israel ..........................................................................................327, 334 Ekenberg, Love / Stockholm University, Sweden & Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden .........................431 Eleuteri, Antonio / Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK .......................................................................390 Encheva, Sylvia / Haugesund University College, Norway .........................................................................1610 Erdogmus, Deniz / Northeastern University, USA .........................................................................................902 Esmahi, Larbi / Athabasca University, Canada ...............................................................................................31 España-Boquera, Salvador / Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain ...................................................231 Ezquerra, Norberto / Georgia Institute of Technology, USA .......................................................................1290 Fan, Liwei / National University of Singapore, Singapore .............................................................................879 Farah, Ahcene / Ajman University, UAE ........................................................................................................831 Faundez-Zanuy, Marcos / Escola Universitària Politècnica de Mataró, Spain ...........................................262 Fernández, J. Álvaro / University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain ........................................................45, 218 Fernandez-Blanco, Enrique / University of A Coruña, Spain .....................................................377, 744, 1583 Ferrer, Miguel A. / University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain ...............................................270, 1232 Figueiredo, Karla / UERJ, Brazil ...........................................................................................................808, 817 Flauzino, Rogerio A. / University of São Paulo, Brazil ...............................................................................1121 Flores, Dionicio Zacarías / Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Mexico ........................1370, 1426 Flores, Fernando Zacarías / Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México ......................1370, 1426 Flores-Badillo, Marina / CINVESTAV Unidad Guadalajara, Mexico .........................................................1615 Flórez-Revuelta, Francisco / University of Alicante, Spain ........................................................................1363 Fontenla-Romero, Oscar / University of A Coruña, Spain ............................................................................667 Formiga, Lluís / Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain ...........................................................................................788 Fornarelli, Girolamo / Politecnico di Bari, Italy ...................................................................................206, 211 Fuster-Garcia, E. / Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain ....................................................................1296 Gadea, Rafael / Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain .......................................................................1576 Garanina, Natalia / Russian Academy of Science, Institute of Informatics Systems, Russia .......................1089 García, Ángel / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain ...........................................................................1064 García, Rafael / University of A Coruña, Spain .............................................................................................982 García González, Antonio / University of Alcalá, Spain ...............................................................................956 García-Chamizo, Juan Manuel / University of Alicante, Spain .................................................................1363 García-Córdova, Francisco / Polytechnic University of Cartagena (UPCT), Spain ..................................1197 Garcia-Raffi, L. M. / Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain .................................................................1296 García-Rodríguez, José / University of Alicante, Spain ..............................................................................1363 Garrido, Mª Carmen / Universidad de Murcia, Spain ..................................................................................480 Garro, Alfredo / University of Calabria, Italy .............................................................................................1018 Gaubert, Patrice / Université de Paris 12 – ERUDITE, France ...................................................................996 Gavrilova, M. L. / University of Calgary, Canada .............................................................................................9 Geem, Zong Woo / Johns Hopkins University, USA ......................................................................................803 Gelbard, Roy / Bar-Ilan University, Israel .....................................................................................................796 George, E. Olusegun / University of Memphis, USA .............................................................................304, 312 Gerek, Ömer Nezih / Anadolu University Eskisehir, Turkey ........................................................................1433 Gestal, Marcos / University of A Coruña, Spain ....................................................................................581, 647 Giaquinto, Antonio / Politecnico di Bari, Italy ......................................................................................206, 211 Gil Pita, Roberto / University of Alcalá, Spain ......................................................................................933, 956 Gillard, Lucien / CNRS – LED, France .........................................................................................................996 Giret, Jean-Francois / CEREQ, France .......................................................................................................1029 Gómez, Gabriel / University of Zurich, Switzerland ......................................................................................464 Gómez, Juan M. / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain .......................................................................1064 Gómez-Carracedo, Mari Paz / University of A Coruña, Spain .....................................................................647 González-Fonteboa, Belén / University of A Coruña, Spain .........................................................................526 González, Evelio J. / University of La Laguna, Spain ....................................................................................917 González, Roberto / University of Castilla – La Mancha, Spain ...................................................................547 Gonzalez-Abril, Luis / Technical University of Catalonia, Spain ...............................................................1518 González Bedia-Fonteboa, Manuel / University of Zaragoza, Spain ...........................................................256 González-Castolo, Juan Carlos / CINVESTAV Unidad Guadalajara, Mexico .............................................677 González de la Rosa, Juan J. / Universities of Cádiz-Córdoba, Spain ......................................................1226 González Ortega, D. / University of Valladolid, Spain ......................................................................1490, 1497 Gonzalo, Consuelo / Technical University of Madrid, Spain .........................................................................781 Graesser, Art / The University of Memphis, USA .........................................................................................1179 Grošek, Otokar / Slovak University of Technology, Slovakia ................................................................179, 186 Guerin-Dugue, Anne / GIPSA-lab, France ..................................................................................................1244 Guerrero-González, Antonio / Polytechnic University of Cartagena (UPCT), Spain ................................1197 Guijarro-Berdiñas, Bertha / University of A Coruña, Spain ........................................................................667 Guillen, A. / University of Granada, Spain .....................................................................................................910 Gupta, Anamika / University of Delhi, India ...................................................................................................76 Gutiérrez, P.A. / University of Córdoba, Spain ............................................................................................1136 Gutiérrez Sánchez, Germán / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain .....................................................554 Halang, Wolfgang A. / Fernuniversitaet in Hagen, Germany ......................................................................1049 Hammer, Barbara / Technical University of Clausthal, Germany ..............................................................1337 Hee, Lee Gim / DSO National Laboratories, Singapore ....................................................................1072, 1080 Herrador, Manuel F. / University of A Coruña, Spain ...................................................................................118 Herrera, Carlos / Intelligent Systems Research Centre, University of Ulster, North Ireland ............................1376 Herrera, L. J. / University of Granada, Spain................................................................................................910 Herrero, J. M. / Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain .........................................................................1296 Hervás, C. / University of Córdoba, Spain ...................................................................................................1136 Hocaoğlu, Fatih Onur / Anadolu University Eskisehir, Turkey ...................................................................1433 Hong, Wei-Chiang / Oriental Institute of Technology, Taiwan ......................................................................410 Hopgood, Adrian A. / De Montfort University, UK .......................................................................................989 Ho-Phuoc, Tien / GIPSA-lab, France ...........................................................................................................1244 Huang, Xiaoyu / University of Shanghai for Science & Technology, China ....................................................51 Huber, Franz / California Institute of Technology, USA ..............................................................................1351 Ibáñez, Óscar / University of A Coruña, Spain ......................................................................................383, 759 Ibrahim, Walid / United Arab Emirates University, UAE ..............................................................................471 Iftekharuddin, Khan M. / University of Memphis, USA .......................................................................304, 312 Ingber, Lester / Lester Ingber Research, USA ..................................................................................................58 Iglesias, Gergorio / University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain ..............................................................1603 Ionescu, Laurenţiu / University of Pitesti, Romania ......................................................................................609 Ip, Horace H. S. / City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ..........................................................................1 Iriondo, Ignasi / Universitat Ramon Llull, Spain ...........................................................................................541 Islam, Atiq / University of Memphis, USA ..............................................................................................304, 312 Izeboudjen, Nouma / Center de Développement des Technologies Avancées (CDTA), Algérie ....................831 Jabbar, Shahid / University of Dortmund, Germany .....................................................................................501 Jabr, Samir / Near East University, Turkey ..................................................................................................1596 Janković-Romano, Mario / University of Belgrade, Serbia ..........................................................................950 Jarabo Amores, María Pilar / University of Alcalá, Spain ...........................................................................933 Jaspe, Alberto / University of A Coruña, Spain ..............................................................................................873 Jiang, Jun / City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong ....................................................................................1 Jiménez Celorrio, Sergio / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain .........................................................1024 Jiménez López, M. Dolores / Rovira i Virgili University, Spain ..................................................................1173 Joo, Young Hoon / Kunsan National University, Korea .........................................................................688, 734 Kaburlasos, Vassilis G. / Technological Educational Institution of Kavala, Greece ...................................1238 Kačič, Zdravko / University of Maribor, Slovenia .......................................................................................1467 Kärnä, Tuomas / Helsinki University of Technology, Finland .......................................................................661 Katangur, Ajay K. / Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi, USA ...........................................................1330 Khashman, Adnan / Near East University, Turkey ......................................................................................1596 Khu, Soon-Thiam / University of Exeter, UK ..............................................................................................1042 Kleinschmidt, João H. / State University of Campinas, Brazil ......................................................................755 Klimanek, David / Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic ..................................................567 Kochhar, Sarabjeet / University of Delhi, India ............................................................................................172 Kovács, Szilveszter / University of Miskolc, Hungary ...................................................................................728 Kovács, László / University of Miskolc, Hungary ................................................................................654, 1130 Krčadinac, Uroš / University of Belgrade, Serbia .........................................................................................950 Kroc, Jiří / Section Computational Science, The University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.......................353 Kumar, Naveen / University of Delhi, India .....................................................................................................76 Kurban, Mehmet / Anadolu University Eskisehir, Turkey ...........................................................................1433 Lama, Manuel / University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain ...........................................................138, 1278 Law, Ngai-Fong / The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong ........................................................289 Lazarova-Molnar, Sanja / United Arab Emirates University, UAE ..............................................................471 Lebrun, Gilles / University of Caen Basse-Normandie, France ....................................................................520 Ledezma Espino, Agapito / Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Spain .........................................................554
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