Encyclopedia of Aquatic Ecotoxicology PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of Aquatic Ecotoxicology
Jean-François Férard Christian Blaise Editors Encyclopedia of Aquatic Ecotoxicology 1 3 Reference Encyclopedia of Aquatic Ecotoxicology Jean-Franc¸ois Fe´rard (cid:129) Christian Blaise Editors Encyclopedia of Aquatic Ecotoxicology With136Figuresand67Tables Editors Jean-Franc¸oisFe´rard LaboratoireInterdisciplinairedesEnvironnementsContinentaux(LIEC) Universite´deLorraine Metz,France ChristianBlaise AquaticEcosystemProtectionResearchDivision WaterScienceandTechnologyDirectorate,EnvironmentCanada Montre´al,QC,Canada ISBN978-94-007-5040-1 ISBN978-94-007-5704-2(eBook) ISBNBundle978-94-007-5041-8(printandelectronicbundle) DOI10.1007/978-94-007-5704-2 SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergNewYorkLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013937174 #SpringerScience+BusinessMediaDordrecht2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection withreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeingenteredand executedon a computersystem,for exclusive usebythe purchaserofthe work.Duplication ofthis publicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthePublisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.Violations areliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) We dedicate this book to all those who through their actions have, are and will in future contribute to the protection and conservation of aquatic ecosystems on our planet. The Editors Foreword PhilipS.Rainbow DepartmentofZoology,NaturalHistoryMuseum,London,UK Manhasbeencontaminatingtheaquaticenvironmentforeons.Fromearlyhistory metalshavebeenminedtoserveman’spurpose.TheverynamesBronzeAgeand IronAgehighlighttheimportancetoourancestorsoftheabilitytosmeltmetal-rich orestoreleasetheirmetalsforartefactproduction,firstlyusingthealloyofcopper andtinthatmakesbronze,andthenthelessbrittlemetaliron.Metalsaretoxicwhen presentaboveathresholdavailabilityintheenvironment.Thecontaminationofour aquaticsystemsstartedearly. Aspopulationsgrewandurbanizationfollowed,sodidthereleaseoflargeloads oforganicwasteintowaterways.Animalhusbandryaddedanotherorganicburden, promotingthepotentialconsequencesoftheeutrophicationandsubsequentdeoxy- genationoflocalaquaticsystems.Thehistoricallymorerecentuseofcoal,oil,and theirderivativesinourlivesproducednewsortsofcontaminantsinnowsignificant amounts. Associated industries emitted a bewildering variety of products that we couldnotlivewithout,notleasttheoutputsoftheplasticsandcosmeticsindustries, andthesematerialsandtheirby-productsduringmanufactureenteredourstreams, vii viii Foreword rivers and coastal waters. New words like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins entered our vocabularies. Fertilizers and phosphate-rich detergents added furthertoproblemsofeutrophicationinourwaters. ThankfullywehavecomealongwaysincethepublicationofRachelCarson’s crySilentSpringin1962inaddressingtheworstexamplesofthepollutionofour planet,atleastinthedevelopedworld,althoughaquaticcontaminationproblemsare reappearing where new economies are developing rapidly. We have otherwise moved into a new phase as we need to investigate, understand, and mitigate the now usually more subtle effects of contaminants affecting the biodiversity of our water systems, decreasing their ability to deliver the ecosystem services so well recognized in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, not least the provision of clean drinking water. And we continue to add new contaminants. Pharmaceutical productsaimedatourselvesandourlivestockareaffectingaquaticlife,forexample, thechanging ofthesexoffishandinvertebrates bysynthesizedhormonesflushed intoourrivers.Paradoxicallysomeoftheproductsofotherunrelatedindustriesare hormone mimics causing similarphysiologicaleffectsdisruptingthe reproduction and population biology ofaquatic organisms, organisms keytothe functioning of aquatic ecosystems. We know little of the potential toxic effects of many new manmade products, significant enough to deserve their own classification as newlyEmergingContaminants.Nanoparticlesarefloodingontothemarket,many ofthembearingtoxicmetals,indeedinmanycasesrelyingonthetoxicpropertiesof these constituent metals to serve their purpose. I look no further than the silver nanoparticlesandtheirbactericidalpropertiesintheverysocksthatIamwearingas I write. We need to understand the deleterious effects of these particles when released into the aquatic environment. Their small size means that they behave neitherassolutesnorphysicalparticlesalreadyfamiliartous,andweneedtolearn fromourmistakesofthepastaswenowinvestigatetheirtoxicpropertiesandeffects intherealworld. So what are we doing? We are indeed studying the mechanisms and effects of toxic contaminants in aquatic habitats across the world, providing a scientific basis to our understanding of their effects in the field, supplying our regulators andlegislatorswiththesoundscientificallyvalidinformationneededtomitigate significantenvironmental degradation. We are practising in the world of aquatic ecotoxicology. Ecotoxicology integrates the ecological and toxicological effects of chemical pollutants on populations, communities, and ecosystems with the fate (transport, transformation, and breakdown) of such pollutants in the envi- ronment. Aquatic ecotoxicology in particular has come of age over the last two decades. Asanintegrativescience,aquaticecotoxicologyinevitablyandrightlycallson a wide range of interdisciplinary concepts and techniques, involving expertise difficulttofindinanindividualscientist,norindeedasyetveryofteninthetraining offuturepractitionersinthefield.Sothetimeisrightforacompendiumofourstate Foreword ix of knowledge across these diverse fields to be available to the aquatic ecotoxicologists of today and tomorrow, and to those regulators and others who needtocallonandunderstandtheoutputoftheseforward-lookingscientists.Lookno further than the Encyclopedia of Aquatic Ecotoxicology. The editors Jean-Franc¸ois Fe´rardandChristianBlaisehavecalledonawealthofexperiencetoassembleavery impressiveinternationalarrayofauthorstoprovideacomprehensiveandintegrated basisofthescienceofaquaticecotoxicology. A total of 104 entries represents a panoply of knowledge impressive by any criteria:fromtheoldtothenew–fromthehistoryofecotoxicologytotheemerging contaminantsoftoday;chemistry–fromthechemicalspeciationofcontaminantsin ourdifferentwatersandassociatedsedimentstothecomplexitiesofthetechniques neededfortheiranalysisinthelaboratory,theinteractionofchemistryandbiology, suchasthephysicochemistrythataffectscontaminantuptakeintoanorganism,that vital first step thatunderlies allsubsequent toxicity; mechanisms andmodelling – the Biotic Ligand Model for metals and Quantitative Structure Activity Relation- ships for organic molecules, offering us hope to understand any general rules of contaminantuptakethatwillallowustomoveourscienceforwardfromdescription to prediction; biomonitors and biomarkers – the former are organisms in which bioaccumulatedconcentrationsofcontaminantsprovideanintegratedrecordofthe exposureoftheorganismtothebioavailableformsofthecontaminantsthatcanbe taken up,and are therefore ofpotential ecotoxicity,particularly where and when? Biomarkers,ontheotherhand,addressthe“sowhat”question:theyarebiological responsesthatmightbemeasuredatdifferentlevelsofbiologicalorganization,for example, a biochemical, cellular, physiological change in tissue or body fluids within an organism or a behavioural change at the level of the whole organism. Biomarkers therefore ask whether the contaminant exposure has been enough to elicitabiologicalresponse.Toreallyask“Sowhat?”beforeitistooobviousandtoo late,westrivetolinkbiomarkersatdifferentlevelsofbiologicalorganizationfrom afirstmeasurableresponseatthebiochemicallevelthathasnosignificantcost,to a response at individual organism, population, or community level (loss of aspecies?)fromwhichthereisnocomeback. As befits any understanding of ecotoxicology, the organisms are here – from blue-green bacteria to belugas, from protistans to plants to polychaetes, fish and frogs,hydrasandhumans.Biologicalapproachesatalllevels–molecularbiology and the “omics,” histopathology and immunotoxicity, cellular toxicity and terato- genesis, endocrinology and pharmacology, population biology and community analysis. Allverywell,butweneed toapplythisbodyofinformation,andtheEncyclo- pedia of Aquatic Ecotoxicology delivers again. How do we design and apply ecologicalriskassessmentsinaquatichabitats?Whatarewaterandsedimentquality guidelines? How should we statistically analyze ecotoxicity data? What are the relevant science policies and regulatory and legislative procedures (REACH?) in differentcountriesoftheworld?
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