Encyclopedia of American Race Riots [Two Volumes]: Greenwood Milestones in African American History

997 Pages·2006·11.96 MB·English

by  Walter C. Rucker Jr.

Encyclopedia of American
Race Riots, Volumes 1 & 2
Edited by
Walter Rucker
James Nathaniel Upton
Greenwood Press
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
AMERICAN RACE RIOTS
Greenwood Milestones in African American History
EncyclopediaofAntislaveryandAbolition
EditedbyPeterHinksandJohnMcKivigan
EncyclopediaoftheGreatBlackMigration
EditedbyStevenA.Reich
EncyclopediaofSlaveResistanceandRebellion
EditedbyJuniusP.Rodriguez
EncyclopediaoftheReconstructionEra
EditedbyRichardZuczek
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
AMERICAN RACE RIOTS
Volume 1, A–M
Edited by
Walter Rucker and
James Nathaniel Upton
Foreword by
Dominic J. Capeci, Jr.
Greenwood Milestones in African American History
GREENWOOD PRESS
Westport, Connecticut (cid:2) London
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of American race riots : Greenwood milestones in African
American history / edited by Walter Rucker and James Nathaniel Upton ;
foreword by Dominic J. Capeci, Jr.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN0–313–33300–9(set:alk.paper)—ISBN0–313–33301–7(vol.1:alk.
paper)—ISBN0–313–33302–5(vol.2:alk.paper)1.UnitedStates—Race
relations—Encyclopedias.2.Riots—UnitedStates—History—Encyclopedias.3.
Ethnicconflict—UnitedStates—History—Encyclopedias.I.Rucker,WalterC.,1970–
II.Upton,JamesN.
E184.A1E573 2007
305.8000973003—dc22 2006026195
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available.
Copyright ' 2007 by Walter Rucker and James Nathaniel Upton
All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be
reproduced, by any process or technique, without the
express written consent of the publisher.
This book is included in the African American Experience database
from Greenwood Electronic Media. For more information,
visit www.africanamericanexperience.com.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2006026195
ISBN–10: 0–313–33300–9 (set) ISBN–13: 978–0–313–33300–2 (set)
0–313–33301–7 (vol. 1) 978–0–313–33301–9 (vol. 1)
0–313–33302–5 (vol. 2) 978–0–313–33302–6 (vol. 2)
First published in 2007
Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881
An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.
www.greenwood.com
Printed in the United States of America
The paper used in this book complies with the
Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National
Information Standards Organization (Z39.48–1984).
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
ListofEntries vii
ListofPrimaryDocuments xi
GuidetoRelatedTopics xiii
Foreword:AmericanRaceRiotinginHistoricalPerspective
byDominic J.Capeci,Jr. xix
Preface xliii
Introduction xlv
ChronologyofAmericanRaceRiotsandRacialViolence lv
EncyclopediaofAmericanRaceRiots 1
PrimaryDocuments 731
Appendix:ASelectHistoriographyofRaceRiots 863
Bibliography 869
Index 899
AbouttheEditorsandContributors 927

LIST OF ENTRIES
Accommodationism Boston (Massachusetts) Riots of CivilRightsOrganizationsand
An American Dilemma: The 1975 and 1976 TheirResponsestoRaceRiots
Negro Problem and Modern Brooklyn (New York) Riot of The Clansman (Dixon, 1905)
Democracy (Myrdal, 1944) 1964 Cleaver, Eldridge (1935–1998)
Anti-Lynching Bureau Brown, Benjamin (d. 1967) Cleveland (Ohio) Riot of 1966
Anti-Lynching League Brown, H. Rap (1943– ) COINTELPRO (Counter
Anti-Lynching Legislation Brownsville (Texas) Riot of Intelligence Program)
Antiwar Protests 1906 Congress of Racial Equality
Asbury Park (New Jersey) Riot Buffalo (New York) Riot of (CORE)
of 1970 1967 Connor, T. Eugene ‘‘Bull’’
Atlanta Civic League Byrd, James, Jr. (1949–1998), (1897–1973)
Atlanta (Georgia) Riot of 1906 Murder of (1998) Conyers, John, Jr. (1929– )
Atlanta (Georgia) Riot of 1967 The Cotton States and
Augusta (Georgia) Riot of Carmichael, Stokely (1941– International Exposition
1970 1998) (Atlanta, 1895)
Castration The Crisis
Beaumont (Texas) Riot of 1943 Charles, Robert (d. 1900)
Bensonhurst (New York) Charleston (South Carolina) Dallas(Texas)Disturbanceof1973
Incident (1989) Riot of 1919 Dayton (Ohio) Riot of 1966
Biloxi Beach (Mississippi) Riot Chattanooga (Tennessee) Riot Deacons for Defense and
of 1960 of 1906 Justice
The Birth ofa Nation (1915) Chester and Philadelphia Democratic National
Black Church Arsons (Pennsylvania) Riots of Convention of 1968,
Black Codes 1918 Violence at
Black Manifesto Chicago Commission on Race Desegregation
Black Nadir Relations Detroit(Michigan)Riotof1943
Black Nationalism Chicago Defender Detroit(Michigan)Riotof1967
Black Panther Party (BPP) Chicago (Illinois) Riot of 1919 Diallo, Amadou (1975–1999)
Black Power Cincinnati (Ohio) Riots of 1967 Disenfranchisement
Black Self-Defense and 1968 Do the Right Thing (1989)
Black Soldiers and Lynching Cincinnati (Ohio) Riot of Double V Campaign
Black Women and Lynching 2001 Du Bois, W.E.B. (1868–1963)
Bloody Sunday (1965) Civil Rights Act of 1957 Dyer,LeonidasC.(1871–1952)
‘‘Bombingham’’ Civil Rights Act of 1964
Boston (Massachusetts) Riot of Civil Rights Act of 1968 East St. Louis (Illinois) Riot of
1967 Civil Rights Movement 1917
viii LISTOF ENTRIES
Economic Opportunity Act of ‘‘If We Must Die’’ (McKay, 1919) Marshall, Thurgood (1908–
1964 Imperium in Imperio (Griggs, 1993)
Elaine (Arkansas) Riot of 1919 1899) McKay, Claude (1890–1948)
Election Riots of the 1880s and Integration Memphis (Tennessee) Riot of
1890s International Responses to 1866
Equal Rights League Race Riots Meredith, James (1933– )
Evers, Medgar, Assassination of Miami (Florida) Riot of 1980
(1963) Jackson, Jesse (1941– ) Miami (Florida) Riot of 1982
Exodusters Jackson,JimmieLee(1938– Mitchell, Arthur Wergs (1883–
1965) 1968)
Farrakhan, Louis Haleem Abdul Jackson State University Mobile(Alabama)Riotof1943
(1933– ) Incident (1970) Moore v. Dempsey (1923)
Federal Bureau of Investigation Jersey City (New Jersey) Riot Moynihan, Daniel Patrick
(FBI) of 1964 (1927–2003)
FederalRecordsonRaceRiots Jim Crow Muhammad,Elijah(1897–1975)
Fifteenth Amendment (1870) Johnson, James Weldon (1871– Myrdal,GunnarKarl(1898–1987)
The Fire Next Time (Baldwin, 1938)
1963) Johnson–Jeffries Fight of 1910, Nation of Islam
Forman, James (1928–2005) Riots Following National Association for the
Fortune, T. Thomas (1856– JourneyofReconciliation(1947) Advancement of Colored
1928)
People (NAACP)
FourteenthAmendment(1868) Kennedy, John F. (1917–1963)
National Association of Colored
Freedom Rides Kennedy, Robert F. (1925–
Women (NACW)
Freedom Summer (Mississippi) 1968)
National Urban League
of 1964 KernerCommissionReport
The Negro Family: The Case
Frontier Justice (1968)
for National Action
Kerner, Otto (1908–1976)
(Moynihan, 1965)
Garvey, Marcus (1887–1940) King, Martin Luther, Jr. (1929–
Gentrification Negroes with Guns (Williams,
1968)
1962)
Ghettos
King, Martin Luther, Jr.,
Newark (New Jersey) Riot of
Government Responses to U.S.
Assassination of (1968)
1967
Race Riots
Knights of Labor
New Bedford (Massachusetts)
The Great Migration
Knoxville (Tennessee) Riot of
Greensburg(Indiana)Riotof1906 Riot of 1970
1919
GreenwoodCommunity(Tulsa, New Orleans (Louisiana) Riot
Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
Oklahoma) of 1866
Griffith, D.W. (1875–1948) Labor Violence New Orleans (Louisiana) Riot
Griggs, Sutton (1872–1933) Locke,AlainLeRoy(1886–1954) of 1900
Long Hot Summer Riots, 1965– Newton,HueyP.(1942–1989)
Harlem (New York) Riot of 1967 New York City Draft Riot of
1935 Longview(Texas)Riotof1919 1863
Harlem Youth Opportunities Los Angeles (California) Riot of New York City Riot of 1900
Unlimited (HARYOU) 1965 New York City Riot of 1943
Harlins, Latasha (1976–1991) Los Angeles (California) Riots New York City Riot of 1964
Hawkins, Yusef (1973–1989) of 1992 New York City Silent March of
Holiday, Billie (1915–1959) Louima, Abner (c. 1964– ) 1917
Hoover, J. Edgar (1895–1972) Lowndes County Freedom Niagara Movement
Hose, Sam (c. 1877–1899), Organization (LCFO) Nonviolence
Lynching of Lynching
Houston (Texas) Mutiny of Omaha (Nebraska) Riot of
1917 Malcolm X (1925–1965) 1919
Howard Beach (New York) The Marrow of Tradition Orangeburg (South Carolina)
Incident (1986) (Chesnutt, 1901) Massacre of 1968
LISTOF ENTRIES ix
Palestine (Texas) Riot of 1910 Rope and Faggot: A Biography Tulsa (Oklahoma) Riot of
Parker, Mack Charles (1936– of Judge Lynch (White, 1921
1959), Lynching of 1929) Tulsa Race Riot Commission
The Passing of the Great Race Rosewood (1997) Turner, Henry McNeal (1834–
(Grant, 1916) Rosewood(Florida)Riotof1923 1915)
Peekskill (New York) Riots of Rumors Turner, Mary (d. 1918),
1949 Lynching of
Pensacola (Florida)Riot of1976 Sainte Genevieve (Missouri)
Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) Riot of 1930 Urbanization
Riot of 1964 San Francisco (California) Riot
Police Brutality of 1966 Vietnam War and Race Riots
Poverty Scottsboro Case (1931) Vigilante Organizations
Powell v. Alabama (1932) Segregation Vigilantism
Press Coverage of Racial Sellers, Cleveland (1944– ) Villard, Oswald Garrison
Violence Sharecropping (1872–1949)
Press Instigation of Racial Sharpton, Al (1954– ) Virden, Pana, and Carterville
Violence Shotgun Policy (Illinois) Mine Riots (1898–
Progressive Era (1890–1930) Simmons,WilliamJ.(1882–1945) 1899)
Southern Christian Leadership
Racial Consciousness Conference (SCLC) War on Poverty
Racial Etiquette Southwest Missouri Riots Washington, Booker T. (1856–
Racial Stereotypes (1894–1906) 1915)
Racism Springfield(Illinois) Riot of1908 Washington (D.C.) Riot of
Racist Organizations Springfield (Massachusetts) Riot 1919
Radio Free Dixie of 1965 Washington (D.C.) Riots of
Randolph, A. Philip (1889– Springfield (Ohio) Riot of 1904 1968
1979) Strange Fruit (Allan, c. 1937) Washington, Jesse (d. 1916),
Randolph, Benjamin Franklin Student Nonviolent Lynching of
(c. 1820–1868) Coordinating Committee Wells-Barnett, Ida B. (1862–
Rape, as Provocation for (SNCC) 1931)
Lynching Sweet, Ossian H. (1894–1960) White Capping
Reconstruction (1865–1877) White Citizens’ Council
Redlining Tampa (Florida) Riots of 1987 White Flight
Red Scare and Race Riots Terrell, Mary Church (1863– White League
Red Summer Race Riots of 1954) White Mobs
1919 Texas Southern University Riot White Supremacy
Reparations of 1967 White, Walter (1893–1955)
ReturningSoldiers(WorldWar I) Thirty Years of Lynching in Whiteness
Revolutionary Action the United States: 1889– Wilkins, Roy (1901–1981)
Movement (RAM) 1918 (Gruening and Williams, Robert F. (1925–
Richardson, George (dates Boardman, 1919) 1996)
unknown) Till, Emmett (1941–1955), Wilmington (North Carolina)
Rochester (New York) Riot of Lynching of Riot of 1898
1964 Triggs, Clarence (1942–1966)
Roosevelt, Eleanor (1884– Trotter, William Monroe (1872– York (Pennsylvania) Riots of
1962) 1934) 1969