Encyclopedia of American Jewish History (American Ethnic Experience)

828 Pages·2007·14.78 MB·English

by  Stephen H. Norwood

Encyclopedia of
AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORY

Encyclopedia of
AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORY

Stephen H. Norwood and
Eunice G. Pollack, Editors
Santa Barbara,California Denver,Colorado Oxford,United Kingdom
Copyright 2008 by ABC-CLIO,Inc.
All rights reserved.No part ofthis publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in
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Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia ofAmerican Jewish history / Stephen H.Norwood and Eunice G.Pollack,editors.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13:978-1-85109-638-1 (hard copy :alk.paper)
ISBN-13:978-1-85109-643-5 (ebook)
1. Jews—United States—History—Encyclopedias. 2. Jews—United States—History. I. Norwood,Stephen
H.(Stephen Harlan),1951– II. Pollack,Eunice G.
E184.35.E53 2008
973'.04924--dc22
2007013889
12 11 10 09 08 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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To all our BobbesandZaydes
The Tenenbaum family,ca.1917.Lower East Side.All but the son
were born in Polish Galicia.From left to right: Jennie,Mendel,
Sarah,Moshe.(Eunice G.Pollack)

Contents

Preface xiii
Maps xvii
1 3
Immigration and Settlement Judaism in America
Sephardic Jews in America,Aviva Ben-Ur 1 Orthodox Judaism,Jeffrey S.Gurock 67
American Jews in the Colonial Period, Reform Judaism,Lance J.Sussman 74
William Pencak 9
Conservative Judaism,Lawrence Grossman 82
American Jews in the Revolutionary and Early
Reconstructionist Judaism,Jacob J.Staub 89
National Periods,Frederic Cople Jaher 15
Hasidic Judaism,Allan Nadler 97
German Jews in America,Stanley Nadel 24
Women in the Development ofAmerican Judaism,
East European Jewish Immigration,Gerald Sorin 36
Karla Goldman 106
Jewish Immigration to Galveston,
Isaac Leeser (1806–1868),Lance J.Sussman 110
Elizabeth Hayes Turner 43
David Einhorn (1809–1879),Lance J.Sussman 112
Soviet Jewish Immigration,Annelise Orleck 47
Jewish Identity in America,Edward S.Shapiro 50
4
Jewish Communities
2
The Lower East Side,Gerald Sorin 115
Demographic and Economic
Brownsville,Gerald Sorin 122
Profiles of Twentieth-Century
American Jewry South Florida,Henry A.Green 127
Los Angeles,Gil Graffand Stephen J.Sass 132
The Demography ofJews in Twentieth-Century
America,Calvin Goldscheider 57 Chicago,Irving Cutler 134
The Economic Status ofAmerican Jews in the Philadelphia,Jonathan Rosenbaum 140
Twentieth Century,Barry R.Chiswick and
Jews in the South,Leonard Rogoff 145
Carmel U.Chiswick 62
Jews in the West,Ava F.Kahn 149
vii
(cid:2)
viii Contents
New Mexico,Ava F.Kahn 155 The Jewish War Veterans ofthe United States of
America,Stephen H.Norwood 238
Jews in Small Towns in America,Ewa Morawska 156
The American Jewish Committee,Jerome A.Chanes 240
Jewish Agricultural Colonies,Ellen Eisenberg 162
The Anti-Defamation League,Abraham H.Foxman 242
Jews in Suburbia,Etan Diamond 165
The American Jewish Congress,Jerome A.Chanes 248
The Jewish Labor Committee,Gail Malmgreen 251
5
The Simon Wiesenthal Center,Harold Brackman 256
Antisemitism in America
Antisemitism in American Literature before 1960,
Robert Michael 169
9
Leo Max Frank (1884–1915),Stephen J.Goldfarb 175 Jews and the Press
Henry Ford and the Jews,Neil Baldwin 180
The Early Yiddish Press in the United States,
Antisemitic Violence in Boston and New York during Tony Michels 261
World War II,Stephen H.Norwood 187
Abraham Cahan (1860–1951),Gerald Sorin 268
Antisemitism and Right-Wing Extremist Groups
The American Jewish Press,Donald Altschiller 271
after 1960,John George 189
African American Antisemitism in the 1990s,
Eunice G.Pollack 195 10
The Crown Heights Riot,Edward S.Shapiro 200 American Jews in Political
and Social Movements
American Jews in Politics in the Twentieth Century,
6
Benjamin Ginsberg 277
Zionism in America
American Jewish Involvement in Public Affairs,
American Zionism to the Founding ofthe
Jerome A.Chanes 281
State ofIsrael,Melvin I.Urofsky 203
American Jews in the Socialist and Communist
Revisionist Zionism in America,Rafael Medoff 208
Movements,Gerald Sorin 283
Golda Meir (1898–1978),Michael Alexander 212
The Rosenberg Case,Henry D.Fetter 290
Marie Syrkin (1899–1989),Ranen Omer-Sherman 214
Jewish Anarchism in America,Ori Kritz 297
Commentary and the Origins ofNeoconservatism,
7 Henry D.Fetter 300
The Holocaust and America Jewish Women in the American Feminist
Movement,June Sochen 307
America’s Response to Nazism and the Holocaust,
David S.Wyman and Rafael Medoff 217 Emma Goldman (1869–1940),Candace Falk 310
Holocaust Survivors and Their Children in Meyer London (1871–1926),Gerald Sorin 313
America,Eva Fogelman 224
Henry Kissinger (b.1923),Michael Alexander 316
The Making ofthe United States Holocaust
Memorial Museum,Edward T.Linenthal 228
11
Meyer Levin (1905–1981),Ralph Melnick 231
Jews in Wars
and the Military
8
Jews and the Civil War,Larry M.Logue 321
Jewish Organizations
American Jews and World War I,
The Workmen’s Circle,Jack Jacobs 235
Christopher M.Sterba 326
(cid:2)
Contents ix
American Jews in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), 14
Fraser M.Ottanelli 327 American Jews and Labor
American Jewish Soldiers in World War II, Jews and the International Ladies’Garment
Deborah Dash Moore 329 Workers’Union,Gus Tyler 359
Jews and the International Fur Workers’Union,
Sandra Spingarn 362
12
David Dubinsky (1892–1982),Robert D.Parmet 365
American Jews and the Law
Samuel Gompers (1850–1924),Grace Palladino 367
The Jewish Justices ofthe Supreme Court,
Sidney Hillman (1887–1946),Gerd Korman 370
Henry D.Fetter 335
Pauline M.Newman (1890–1986),Annelise Orleck 374
Selig Perlman (1888–1959),Mark Perlman 378
13
Rose Pesotta (1896–1965),Elaine Leeder 381
American Jews and Crime
Rose Schneiderman (1882–1972),Annelise Orleck 383
American Jewish Gangsters,Robert A.Rockaway 349
Toni Sender (1888–1964),Stephen H.Norwood 388
Albert Shanker (1928–1997),Richard D.Kahlenberg 390

15 Jews and Black Rights (1900–1950),
American Jews in Business Stephen H.Norwood 424
and Philanthropy
Black–Jewish Relations since 1950,Murray Friedman 428
Jewish Department Store Magnates,Kenneth Libo 395 Jews and Affirmative Action/Preferences,
Southern Jewish Retailers (1840–2000), Jerome A.Chanes 432
Sarah S.Malino 400 Jewish–Christian Relations in the United States in the
American Jews and the Diamond Business, Twentieth Century,George R.Wilkes 435
Renée Rose Shield 404 Joseph Dov Soloveitchik (1903–1993),
Julius Rosenwald (1862–1932),Peter M.Ascoli 406 George R.Wilkes 438
Jacob H.Schiff(1847–1920),Naomi W.Cohen 407 Leon Kronish (1917–1996),Henry A.Green 440
Jewish–Muslim Relations,Yehudit Barsky 442
16
Intergroup Relations 17
American Jews in Entertainment
Jews and the Slave Trade,Seymour Drescher 411
and Popular Culture
Black–Jewish Relations in the Nineteenth Century,
Harold Brackman 417 Yiddish Theater in America,Edna Nahshon 449
Jews and Broadway,Stephen J.Whitfield 455