Encyclopedia of American Disability History (Facts on File Library of American History) PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of American Disability History (Facts on File Library of American History)
Encyclopedia of American Disability History Edited by Susan Burch, Ph.D. Foreword by Paul K. Longmore, Ph.D. EncyclopEdia of amErican disability History Copyright © 2009 Facts On File All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 library of congress cataloging-in-publication data Encyclopedia of American disability history / edited by Susan Burch ; foreword by Paul K. Longmore. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8160-7030-5 (hardcover) ISBN 978-1-4381-2672-2 (ebook) 1. Disabilities—United States—Encyclopedias. 2. Disabilities—United States—History. I. Burch, Susan. HV1553.E523 2009 362.40973'03—dc22 2008030537 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Erika K. Arroyo Cover design by Takeshi Takahashi Illustrations by Dale Williams Printed in the United States of America VB Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper and contains 30 percent postconsumer recycled content. Contents ., List of Entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv List of Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x About the Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xii Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv Entries A–Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .995 Sources for Highlighted Quotes . . .1048 List of Entries ., Abbott, Jim American Coalition of Citizens with audio description ableism Disabilities audism abuse American Council of the Blind autism access and accessibility American Disabled for Attendant Autism Society of America Access Board Programs Today automobiles Accessible Pedestrian Signal American Federation of the Physically Avila, Homer Access Unlimited Handicapped AXIS Dance Company activism and advocacy American Foundation for the Blind Baby Doe cases actors American Indian Disability Technical backlash ACT UP Assistance Center Barden-LaFollette Act addiction American Printing House for the Blind Barnum, P. T. advertising American Revolution Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law affirmative action American School for the Deaf Beast with Five Fingers, The age and ageism American Sign Language Beecher, Catharine Age Discrimination Act Americans with Disabilities Act Beers, Clifford Agent Orange amniocentesis beggars and begging aging amputees and amputation Bell, Alexander Graham AIDS Andersson, Yerker Bell, Mabel Air Carrier Access Act Angels in America Bellevue Hospital airplanes ANSI Bell Laboratories Alexander Graham Bell Association antidepressants Belluso, John for the Deaf antipsychotic drugs Berkeley, California Allen, Frances and Mary Arbus, Diane Bernstein, Charles almshouses ARC, The Best Years of Our Lives, The Alzheimer’s disease Architectural Barriers Act Bethune, Thomas (“Blind Tom”) American Annals of the Deaf architecture Binet, Alfred American Association of the arthritis Bishop, Elizabeth Deaf-Blind Asperger’s syndrome black lung American Association of People with assistive technology and adaptive Black Panther Party Disabilities devices Black Stork, The American Association on asylums and institutions Blank, Wade Intellectual and Developmental attention-deficit/hyperactivity blind Disabilities disorder Blind Boys of Alabama iv List of Entries v Blinded Veterans Association chronic illness degeneration Board of Education v. Rowley circus deinstitutionalization Boggs, Elizabeth City Lights De Kroyft, Helen Bookshare Civil Service Reform Act Deliverance Boone, John William (“Blind Boone”) Civil War dementia Booth, Edmund Clarke School for the Deaf Department of Veterans Affairs Born on the Fourth of July Cleland, Max dependent and dependence Boswell, Connie Clerc, Laurent depression Bourne, Randolph Cloak of Competence, The Developmental Disabilities Assistance Bove, Linda Close, Chuck and Bill of Rights Act Bowe, Frank closed caption decoders developmental disability Bowen, Eli closed captioning diabetes Brace, Julia Cobbs school Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Bragdon v. Abbott cochlear implants Mental Disorders Bragg, Bernard Coelho, Tony disability art and artistic expression Braidwood, John cognitive and intellectual disability disability culture Braille, Louis Cogswell, Alice disability history archives Braille code Cogswell, Mason Fitch Disability History Association Braille music comic books Disability History Museum Breslin, Mary Lou Coming Home Disability History Week Bridgman, Laura communication debates Disability Rights and Education Bristo, Marca community Defense Fund Brown, Mordecai (“Three Finger”) Cone, Kitty disability rights movement Buck, Carrie conjoined twins disability studies Buck, Pearl Council for Exceptional Children Disability Studies Quarterly Buck v. Bell Crippled Children’s Services Disabled American Veterans Bunker, Chang and Eng Crosby, Fanny Disabled in Action Burke, Chris crutches Disabled Peoples Liberation Front Callahan, John Cued Speech DisAbled Women’s Network Canada Cameron, Thomas Amis cultural deprivation theory disasters and disaster recovery camps curb cuts disease cancer cures disfigurement Cannon, Annie Jump cyborg Dix, Dorothea caregiving cystic fibrosis Dole, Bob Carlin, John daily life Doonesbury carpal tunnel syndrome dance dopamine Center for Research on Women with Dark Victory Down syndrome Disabilities Dart, Justin, Jr. drama Center on Human Policy Davenport, Charles Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to cerebral palsy deaf (Deaf) Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb Cerebral Palsy Journal Deaf Abused Women’s Network dwarfs and dwarfism Chamberlin, Judi deaf and dumb Dybwad, Gunnar Chaney, Lon deaf-blind Easter Seals charity Deaflympics Eastwood, Clint Charles, Ray Deaf Mosaic Ederle, Gertrude children Deaf Mute’s Journal education Children of a Lesser God Deaf President Now! Eigner, Larry children of deaf adults (codas) Deaf studies electroconvulsive therapy Children’s Bureau Deaf Women United Elkin, Stanley Christmas in Purgatory defective employment and labor Chronic Fatigue Syndrome deformity empowerment vi Encyclopedia of American Disability History endocrinology Gallaudet University Holmes, Walter George epilepsy Galloway, Gertrude Scott hospice Epilepsy Foundation Galton, Francis hospitals ER Gannon, Jack Hotchkiss, John Burton ethnicity Garretson, Mervin House Ear Institute eugenics Garrett v. University of Alabama Howard, Jay Cooke euthanasia Gattaca Howard, Petra Fandrem Evans, Dale gender Howe, Samuel Gridley exhibitions genetics Hoy, William “Dummy” exploitation Gifford, Peleg Hudson, Rock facilitated communication Gilbreth, Frank Bunker and Lillian Human Genome Project faculty psychology Moller humor family Gilman, Charlotte Perkins Hunchback of Notre Dame, The Farrelly brothers Glass Menagerie, The Huntington’s disease fat globalization Hurricane Katrina Faulkner, William Goddard, Henry hysteria Fay, Edward Allen Goffman, Erving identity Fay, Frederick Goodwill Industries idiocy feebleminded Grandin, Temple illness feminist disability studies Graybill, Patrick immigration policy fetal alcohol syndrome Grealy, Lucy impairment/impaired fetishism Griffin, John Howard imposters fibromyalgia group homes inclusion education Fiduccia, Barbara Waxman guide dogs Independent Living Movement Figueroa, Patricio Gulf War syndrome Individuals with Disabilities films Haiselden, Harry Education Act fingerspelling Hamilton, Marilyn industrialization Fischer, Angeline Fuller handicap injustice Fitter Families contests Handicapped Homemaker Project insanity Fjeld, Julianna Hanger, James Edward institutionalization Flournoy, John Hanson, Agatha Tiegel intelligence tests Flowers for Algernon Hanson, Olof International Convention on the Ford, Henry hard of hearing Rights of Persons with Disabilities Ford Motor Company Hasenstab, Philip J. International Symbol of Access Forrest Gump Hauerwas, Stanley International Year of Disabled Persons Foster, Andrew Hawking, Stephen Internet foster care H-Disability intersex/intersexuality Foucault, Michel Head Start invalid and invalidism Fox, Michael J. health care involuntary sterilization Frampton, Merle Health Insurance Portability and Iraq War Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial Accountability Act iron lung freakery hearing aids isolation therapy Freaks hearing impaired Jacobs, Leo M. freak shows Hearing Loss Association of America Jefferson, “Blind” Lemon Frelich, Phyllis Hearne, Paul G. Jernigan, Kenneth B. Freud, Sigmund Heart Is a Lonely Hunter, The Jewell, Geri Gage, Phineas Heckman, Helen Johnny Belinda Gallagher, Hugh Gregory hemophilia Johnson, Harriet McBryde Gallaudet, Edward Miner Hershey, Laura Jordan, Barbara Gallaudet, Sophia Fowler Heumann, Judy Jordan, I. King Gallaudet, Thomas HIV Jukes study Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins Hockenberry, John Kafka, Robert List of Entries vii Kallikak family Marcus, Neil National Association of Psychiatric Kanner, Leo Martha’s Vineyard Survivors Keller, Helen Mask National Association of the Deaf Kemp, Evan J. Matilda Ziegler Magazine for the Blind National Association of the Deaf Kendall, Amos Matlin, Marlee sign language film preservation Kennedy, John F. May, Elizabeth Eckhardt campaign Kennedy, Rosemary Maytum, Thadine Hedges National Association of the Physically Kenny, Elizabeth McCullers, Carson Handicapped Keplinger, Dan McDaniel, Durward National Black Deaf Advocates Kesey, Ken McMurtrie, Douglas Crawford National Committee for Mental Kevorkian, Jack McTell, William “Blind Willie” Hygiene King Gimp Medicaid National Council on Independent Kirk, Rahsaan Roland medical model of disability Living Kirkbride, Thomas Medicare National Disability Sports Alliance Klumpke, Anna Elizabeth Mehta, Ved National Employ the Physically Korean War melancholy Handicapped Week Kowalski, Sharon memoir National Exhibit by Blind Artists, Inc. Kurzweil, Ray Men, The National Federation of the Blind labeling theory Mental Health America National Foundation for Infantile labor bureaus for the deaf mental hygiene movement Paralysis labor unions mental illness National Fraternal Society of the language and terminology mental retardation Deaf Laurie, Gini Mental Retardation Facilities and National Institute on Disability and law and policy Community Mental Health Centers Rehabilitation Research League of the Physically Handicapped Construction Act National Library Service for the Blind learning disability Midget Cities and Physically Handicapped Lemon, George Milledgeville Asylum National Organization on Disability leprosy Miller, Vassar National Paraplegia Foundation Lewis, Jerry Million Dollar Baby National Spinal Cord Injury LGBT Mills v. Board of Education Association Life Goes On Miracle Worker, The National Technical Institute for the Lincoln, Mary Todd Miss Deaf America Deaf literature Mitchell, S. Weir National Theatre of the Deaf Little Locksmith, The mobility neurasthenia little paper family Molokai Leper Colony New Deal Little People mongoloid Newsline for the Blind Little People of America moral treatment nondisabled lobotomy moron normal and normalcy long canes Morquio syndrome normalization and social role Long Day’s Journey into Night Morrison, Toni valorization Longmore, Paul K. Mr. Magoo Not Dead Yet long-term care Ms. Wheelchair America Nugent, Timothy J. Low, Juliette Gordon Mullins, Aimee Nuremberg Principles lupus multiple chemical sensitivity O’Brien, Mark Lusher, Ruth multiple sclerosis obsessive compulsive disorder Mace, Ronald L. Murderball occupational therapy Macy, Anne Sullivan muscular dystrophy O’Connor, Flannery mad people and madness Muscular Dystrophy Association Of Mice and Men mainstreaming music Olin, Tom Mann, Horace National Alliance on Mental Illness One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest Manning, Lynn National Association of Multicultural Opal, The March of Dimes Rehabilitation Concerns optical character recognition viii Encyclopedia of American Disability History oralism prosthetics Séguin, Edouard organizations protest self-advocates and self-advocacy orthopedic hospitals Prozac Self Advocates Becoming Empowered Ostroff, Elaine psychiatric drugs senility Other Side of the Mountain, The psychiatric survivor September 11, 2001 Other Voices Project psychiatry service animals O’Toole, Corbett public history sexuality Outlook for the Blind public welfare Shannon, Bill “CrutchMaster” overcome and overcoming quarantine sheltered workshops Pach, Alexander queer disability studies Showers, Reggie Packard, Elizabeth Quinlan, Karen Ann Shriver, Eunice Kennedy pain race sickle-cell disease painters Ragged Edge sign language interpreters and Paralympic Games railroad spine interpreting Paralyzed Veterans of America Rain Man Silent Worker, The paraplegics and paraplegia Randolph-Sheppard Act Simon Birch PARC v. Commonwealth of Redden, Laura Catherine Singer, Peter Pennsylvania Redmond, Granville Seymour sit-in protest at the Department of parent advocacy groups Reeve, Christopher Health, Education and Welfare Parkinson’s disease Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf slavery Passing of the Great Race, The Rehabilitation International Smith-Fess Act Passion Fish Reich, Alan Snake Pit, The Paterson, David religion Snedden, David patient rights representation social competence peddlers and peddling reproductive rights social construction of disability Peet, Elizabeth residential schools social control performance artists rest cure Social Darwinism Perkins, Thomas Handasyd Roberts, Barbara and Mike Sanders Social Security Act Perkins School for the Blind Roberts, Ed social work Perry, Newell Rolling Quads Society for Disability Studies Persian Gulf War Romero, Emerson Sound and the Fury, The PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin Roosevelt, Franklin D. Southeastern Community College v. photography Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Davis physician-assisted suicide Rehabilitation South Park Piano, The Rousso, Harilyn special playwrights rubella special education poetry Rush, Benjamin Special Olympics Poisonwood Bible, The Rusk, Howard speech disorders polio Russell, Harold spina bifida popular culture Sacks, Oliver spinal cord injury Porgy and Bess sanitariums Spofford, Harriet Prescott poster child Sarason, Seymour B. sports poverty scars Stafford, May Martin Prescott, William Hickling Scent of a Woman staring President’s Committee for People with Schiavo, Terri Starkloff, Max Intellectual Disabilities schizophrenia Star Trek President’s Committee on Schowe, Benjamin Marshall, Sr. Star Wars Employment of People with Schreiber, Frederick C. Steinbeck, John Disabilities science and technology St. Elizabeths Hospital print media sculpture and installation art stereotypes prison Section 504 stigma Problem, The Seeing Eye, The Stokoe, William C., Jr. List of Entries ix Strachan, Paul A. traumatic brain injury Washburn, Cadwallader Stratton, Charles Sherwood TTY Waterdance, The Stratton-Porter, Gene tuberculosis Waterstreet, Edmund, Jr. stuttering Tuskegee syphilis study Weitbrecht, Robert H. Suddenly, Last Summer Twitch and Shout Welner, Sandra L. Supplemental Security Income ugly laws West Wing, The Swan, Anna Haining Unbreakable Wharton, Edith Swearingen, John Eldred United Cerebral Palsy Association “What Is It?” Switzer, Mary Elizabeth United Mine Workers of America What’s Eating Gilbert Grape Syle, Henry Winter Welfare and Retirement Fund wheelchairs Szasz, Thomas S. United States Census Wheelchair Sports, USA talking books universal design Wheels of Justice TASH USA Deaf Sports Federation White, Ryan Tatum, Art Valli, Clayton Whitestone, Heather Taussig, Helen Brooke Veditz, George W. Wilbur, Hervey Backus Taylor, Luther “Dummy” venereal disease Wilke, Harold H. Telecommunications Act veterans Williams, Boyce R. telethons Vetter, David Wilson, Junius television Vietnam War Wit Television Decoder Circuitry Act Vineland Training School Wolf, Emma temporarily able-bodied violence Wonder, Stevie tenBroek, Jacobus Virginia Colony for Epileptics and Woodhull, Victoria Tennessee v. Lane Feebleminded worker’s arm Terman, Lewis vocational rehabilitation workers’ compensation Terry, Alice Taylor Vocational Rehabilitation Act World Institute on Disability Terry, Howard vocational training World War I thalidomide voice recognition software World War II theater voting Wright, Patrisha A. Theater Breaking Through Barriers VSA Arts Wright, Sophie Bell Thorazine Wade, Cheryl Marie X-Men Tilden, Douglas Wait Until Dark Yale, Caroline Ardelia Tillinghast family Walker, Sylvia L. “Yellow Wallpaper, The” To Kill a Mockingbird Walloch, Greg Youngberg v. Romeo Tourette syndrome war Zola, Irving Kenneth trachoma War of the Dots Zukas, Hale J. transportation Warren, Lavinia
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