Encyclopedia of American Cars: 1940-1970

420 Pages·1980·101.249 MB·English

by  Richard M. Langworth

Encyclopeodfi a
AmericCaanr s
1940-1970
By M.
Richard Langworth
of
and The Editors
Consumer Guide®
Durintgh ey earfsr om1 940
throug1h9 70t,h eA mericaanu to
industprryo ducesdo me oft he
moste xcitiunngu,s uamle,m orable
carsi nh istoTrhye.s ea re the cars
soughtto day-btyh osweh og rew
upw ith thaenmdt hosteo oy oung
tor emembetrh emf ir-shtand.
Whethewre ownedo ne,o rm erely
dreameodf o wninogn e,t hec ars
fromt hiss ingifica3n0t- year
periobde camea n intimaptaer t
ofo urd aillyi veTso.d aya,m ong
enthusiaasntdsn on-enutshiasts
alik1e9,4 0-7c0a rcso mmandm ore
interetshta nt hoseb uilitn a ll
otheyre ars.
I nr ecognitoifot nh ipsh enom­
enonn,o teadu tomotihvies torian
RicharMd. Langwortahn dT he
EditoorfsC ONSUMER GUIDE®
magazinhea vec ompiletdh e
EncyclopeodfiA am ericaCna rs,
1940-197T0h.i so ne complete
volumeo fferas c learc,o ncise,
andf actuaaclc ounotf s ome3 6
majorn ameplatepsl,u sb rief
descriptioofno sv er2 00f ascin­
atinmgi norm akesN.e verh ass o
muchr esearbcehe nc ompiletdo
bringy ou the full osftt ohrey
engineersst,y lisatnsd, e xecu­
tivewsh o shapedt hesec ars.
You'llela rwnh y thcea rst urned
outl ikteh eyd ida,n dh ow they
dido nt hem arket.
The booki sd ivideidn tot wo
parts-"MaMjaokre sa"n d" Minor
Makes.E"a che ntriynt he" Major
Makes"s ectioinn cludveasl uable
referentcaeb lessh owinegv ery
serieesv,e ryb odys tylaen,d
evereyn ginoef fereadl,o nwgi th
weightpsr,i ceasn,d m odely ear
productifoing ureAs .y ear-by­
yearl isotft otamlo dely earp ro­
ductioann di ndustrrayn kinigss
alspor ovideTdh.i s matemruicahl ,
ofi tn ot easily eflosuenwdh ere,
makesf ora comprehnesive
refenrcee worki deaflo rt he
experiencceadr c ollectaonrd
hobbyist.
(contionnbu aecfdkl ap)
ByR ichaMr.dL angowrtahn d
TheE ditoorfsC onsumeGru ide®
.E ncyclopoefd ia
II
1940-1970
BEEKMAN HOUSE
NEW YORK
Contents
Acknowledgeme.n.t.s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . .3. Dodge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... .. . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . .1. 52
Introduct. i. .o.n. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . .4. Edsel. . . .. .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7. 4.
QualificaatnidoE nxsc eptio.n.s. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . .8 Excalib. .u.r.. . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .1. 76
Booksa ndP eriodic.a.l.s. . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1 Ford. . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7.8.
Allsta.t.e. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1. .2. FordM ustang. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. 9. .8.
AmericaBna ntam. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.4. FordT hunderbi. r. .d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.0.2.
AMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. 6. Fraze. r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2. .0.8. .
Av antIiI. . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . .2 2 Graham. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . .2. 11
Buick. . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4. HenrJy . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . .. . . . . . . . . .2.1 3
Cadill.a.c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . .... . .. . .4 4 Hudson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1.5. .
Checke.r. . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6. .4 Hupmobil.e. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. .2 5
Chevrole. .t. . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . ... . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .6. 6 Imperi.a. l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . .2.2 6
ChevrolCeotr vair 88 Kaiser 233
. . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ChevrolCeotr vet.t.e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.2. . LaSall. e. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. . . . . .. . . . . . .2 38
Chrysle. r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . .. .. . .1 00 Lincol.n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2. .4 0
Clipper 118 Mercury 252
. . . . . . . . . .... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Continental 119 Nash 268
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crosley 122 ColoSrh owcasIeI 273
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . .... . . . . .
DeSoto 125 NashM etropolitan 292
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ColoSrh owcasIe 129 Oldsmobile 294
. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Copyr©i 1g9h8tb0 yP ulbicatIineortnnsia otnLat.ld , Pubihlsedb y:
Alrglih trse seedr.v BeekmaHno use
Thibso omka yn obte r eprodourqc ueodt iend wohroi lpnea t r mbimy eo­ A Divoinos fCi rownP ubihlsersI,cn .
garpohr a noyt hpernrit emde anosrf oprr esenotnar taidooirtno e levisiOonneP arAkv neue
wihtouwtr itpteerinmsi sofnor m: NewY or,Nk .Y1.0 016
LoiuWse bePrr,e sident
PubilcatIitnoenrsn aatlLi,t.o d n
Libyro afCr onegsrCsa tlaoCga drN umbe8r0:-1 8134
384W1e sOta ktSotenre t
ISNB:0 -571-294648
SkokiIel,ol ii6sn0 076
Perimssoini s ngearvneetrdf ocro mmceirpaulr poses.
ChifCe onrtibuAtuitonhrgR: i hcarMd. gLwaonrth
ContriAbuutthi:oAn rlgsd Jeenew lRl.P, e rZrayv itz
EdoirtiAaslsa insttB:a rbFa.Lra a nogrwth
PhoCtor eidtAsp:p le&gA aptpel eCgoaltclete iAosnaE, .H all,
AldJeenw leR,lci haQrudi nn
ManucftaeudrI tnh Uen itSetda toefAs m erica CovePrho st:oD avGiodo l,Me eyWli ner
3 4 5 6 107 8 9 BooDkes ignFearrn:Ek .P eielr
2
Contents
Packar.d. ......................... ... ....3 12 EIM oroccoE,s helmaFne,r gusFe,r reFri,n aF,i tc.h .40.3
. . . . . . .
FletchFelri,n tridge-FDoarrd1r i09n1R,e plica,
Plymouth. ................................3 22
. . . . . . FormacaFrr,i cGka,d abouGta,s ligGhaty,l orGdl,a scar,
Glassi.c. .............. ....... . ..............4.0 4
. . .
Pontia. c. . ... .. ... ... .... .. . . . ... .... . .. .... ... . 3 42
GoffG,o rdonG,r ahamG,r eenM inBiu g,G regory, Griffith,
Henney. ....... . .... .. .. . ............... ....4.0 5
Ramble.r. . .......... .....................3 61 . . .
. . . . . . .
HoneyB ee,Ho ppenstaHnudm,m ingbiHrydd,r amotive,
Shelb.y. ... ............................ ...3 70 Hydrom-pI,I mp,In manJ,e tmobiJloeh,n osnmobile,
. . . . . · .
JomarK,e enS teamlinKeerl,l e.r. ................4.06.
.
Studebak..e.r. ... .................... ...........3 73 KingM idgeKtn,u dsenK,r im-GhKirae,u ger,
Kurti.s.. .. ............. . . ...............4..0 .7
. . . . .
Willy.s. ...... .. ......................3.8.7
. . . . . . . . . LaherL,a rsoLna,S aettLaa,w leLro,s Cta useL,u pear,
MK III, Marketeer, MMaarrkkeetttMoeau,rr q,u iMsa,r sI I,
ModelY earP roducti1o9n4,0 -197.0. ..........3.9.1. . MartineMtatvee,r ic.k. . .......... . . ............4.08.
.
McDonoughM,e rcurSyp eciaMle,r rOyl dsM,e rry
MinoMra kes.. ............ .................3 94
. . . . . .
RunabouMti,d geMti,g htMyi teM,i nicaMro,b ilette,
Notetso t heR eaderA,e rocaAre,r moobilAei,r car, Mohs. . ... ......... . ..'. ..............,.. ...4 .0.9
. . . .
Airphibian, AAiirrswcaoAyom,ti ,t roAnp,a che,
MotaM,o toretMtuel,t iplMeuxn,t z, MurMeunsat,a ng,
Apoll.o.. .. . . ................................. .3.94.
Nash-HealNeayv,a jo. ... ..... ............ .......4 10
.
ArgonauAtr,n olt, Arrowbil.e..,. .As..ar.d.o .3.9.5 . . .
.
NorvelNlu-,K leOal,d s1 091Re plicOam,e ga,P anda,
AscotA,s tro-GnoAmueb,u rn, AurorCau,b ,AA uuttooe tte, PankotaPna,n thePra,x tonP,e coB uckaroo, Perrymobile,
BassonSst arB,a ymontB,e arcaBte,e chcrPalfati nsman, PioneePri,r hanPal,a yboPyo,w el.l.. ....... ........4 11
Bergermobi..l.e. .............................39.6 .
.
PowerC arP,u bliPxu,p ,Q uantumR,a mble1r 092
B.M.CB.o,b bi-KBaorl,i dBeo,s leByr,o ga.n. ... ......3 97 ReplicRai,k -MobiRloea,d ablReo,a dplane,
RoadR unnerR,o ckefelYlaenrk eeR,o cketR,o llsmobile,
BryanB,u ckaroo, BuckBbuogaertdt,Ba u,s hmaster,
RowanR, SL ..................................4 12
Californian, CChaandnwoinc,Ck h,a rleTso wn-About, . . .
Chicagno,aC oltC,o met( iC)o,m et( iiC)o,n vaircar, RugerR,u sseSla, vageS,a vianSoc,o oteCra r,
Cord. ...........................................3 98 ScootmobilSee,ag rave, SkoSrkpyiloin.n,.e .. .....4.1.3
CorteCzr,o ftoCnr,u e-CuCtu,b steCru,n ningha.m. ..3 99
SpookE lectrSitca,Dr u stS,t arliStteo,r mS,t orSyt,o ut
Curtis-Wright ACuisrh-mCaanrC,,u steDra,r riDna,v is, ProjeYc,tS tuarStt,u dilSltauct,z , SBteuatrzc aStu,p eKra r,
DaytonDae,b onnaiDreel,c aDre,lM ar,D evin.. ......4 00 SuperS tatiWoang on,S urreSyw,i fTta,s co. ......... 414
DiehlmobiDlieeV, a lkyrDioeu,g heyr,tD owE lectric, Taylor-DuTnhno,r ne,ThrTiofw-nTeS, h oppeTrr,i -Car,
Dual-Gh.i.a. ............................4.0.1. ...T.r.i plTeuxc,k e.r. . ...................... . ........4.1 5
Duesenebrg( i)Du,e senbe(rigi D)y,n amoJ r.E,dw ards, U.S.M arkI IV,a lkyrVieet,t a VentVuirkain,Vg o,l tra,
ElectKriincg E,l ectriEclaerc,t Srhiocp peErl,e ctMraos ter, WagonD e VillWea,r rioWri,l liaWmoso,d hiWlolr,t hington,
ElectrobEilleec,t ro.n.i.c. .................4.0.2. ...X.-.R ayS peciaYla,n kY,a nkeCel ippeYre,n ko. .......4 16
Acknowledgements Mequno,W isocnisnG;. GNe,o rgaanndot hNea tioMnoatolMr u seum,
BeaulHiamepus,eh ,iE rngalnd,
Editoarnsd P ubilctaionDsa:v iBrdwo nelMlih,cae lL amm,a ndt he
Iwto ubledi mopssitboll iiestn t h ist s sphaotcrhene u mermoeumsb eorfs edirtsooSpfe cial-InAtuetroemss ta gzainBee,n gntionn, VDeornmaRoln.dt ;
thaeu tomoitnuidsvytae rn tdh oel d-acvaorc awthioosknei ansds isatnadn ceP eterasnodtnh eed itoofCr asrC ol/emcatgozari nNeo,r crGoeosgrsi,a ;
reseaorvcethrh p ea s2t0y eacrosn triibnsuo tmeweda yt ot hmea terialG raihna Rmo bsaonntd h eed itoofAru tso caarn Tdh oroughbarneddC laSSIC
thbioso Wke.c aonf ftehrea mlo lny l gae naelbr,uv tey rs ienrc,te hanWkes . CarL,o nodnE,n gdl.a n
woubledr meishso,w eviewfre f ,a itlose igdnl oeu tth ose awshsoisset ancIedn ividRueaslre cahe:Pr este BHouodzns,;oA leBxu rHru,d son;
habse epna crtuillaiyrm portant: GeogreE .D omer, ABmaenrtiaacnmaKd na iser-JFirDmau znenBreU;,i ck
Colleicotnasn dL iabrri:eH senyA rustCilrna,kJ ra,n tdh Leo ng Islaanndd PontniA a.Cc o;n dAJemo,eh riMcoatnoS rasmF; o lCzo,rv etFtreeK;d.
AutomoMtuisveeu m, SouNtehwaY mopr;Jkt aomneJ,s. B radalnetdyh e Fo,xS tubdaekeJre;f fIrG.eo ysd haGlrla,h aKma,i sFearrz-eHru,p mloeb:i
NatioAnuatlo moHtiisvteCo orlytl ieocDne,t rMociihti,;g J aonhCno nde, WatleGro sedn,d liCcla;aH arolHda geKna,i sFerra-zAesraH; a lSlt,u­ de
RandyM asoann,d DGo.n aAldda mosft hHee nryF orMdu esuma nd bakaenrAd v anItGIie;o rgLe,H amlPianca,kr dW:i llBi.Ha amml iTnu,c ker:
GreeinefVlidl lDaegaberor,n M,i cihg;aM nichMaoeolra en tdh Lei broafry MauircDe. H enrdyC,a dilalnadLc io nlcRni;c Kko peSch,e lby;M c­Paul
Hararhs'A uotmobCiollel ne,Rcet inNooe,v ada; SB.C ruinngnggihsa amn d LaughlFionrM,du tsan;D gavNiedw leC,lhe vroCloertv JaaiPnr. ;N orbye,
JohnB ugresosft hBer igCgusn nghianAmu tomoMtuisveeuC mo,sM teas a, BuiacnkPd o ntJiamaecs;P etrFiokrT,dh uenrdrbdiR;ci haCr.dR yan, Ford
CailfioraBn;r ooSktse veannstd h Ber ooSktse v'Aeunotmso tiveM useum,T hnuderdb;Ric irhT aylor,c as;rWp s.oW ritlslT iiealmndW ,i llys.
3
Introduction
bou1t0 y earasg oa,f aisrmlayl mli noroifat uyt o­ Whyt heanl tlh ef usasb outth eslea tcearr sT?h e
motiwvrei treerasl itzheatdth feo cuosfi nteriens tc ausoeft hisso cioloqguiicriaksul n commonalpyp ar­
A
olcda rhsa ds hiftewda-osrs hifting-draTmoat iceanltnl:oy s.t alTghieam .i lliwohnosg rewu pw itthh ese
editocroilalle agrueeasr eidna diffeargeent,th ey carasr neo wa tt hepiera eka rnilnegv el-whmiecahn s
preachtehdat th ee mphasoifcs o verasgheo umlodv e discretiionncaormAye p .e rswoint fho nmde morioefas
awayf rotmh aen tiqaunedsC lassoifct sh ep re-WIWI 194L0a Salal1 e9,5 K0a isoerra ,1 96S0t udebawkielrl
yearasn,dt owatrhdem orei ntereosftt ihnepg o stwarf inidti nfinmiotreelf ya scinatindge-sainrdaa bsal e
carGse.n erallyp,l etafhseeo lsnlde e aefa rtsh:"e p ost­collecittoerm'-st haa 1n9 3P0i erce-Aorrar 1o9w2 0
warf anatiwcesrd"ei smisassea d g aggloefd irty-fiPne­erless.
gernaiulpesdt awrittsh otuats otreu nderstanding. Calilta temporfaardiy fy oul ikBeu.tt heriese vi­
Nol onger. dencteos uggetshtii ssn ott hep assicnrga zaen tique
Takea nyr andosma mploefc are nthusitaosdtasy ,c arwse rien t he' 30asn d' 40osr,C lasswiecrsie n t he
anda skt hemt op ictkh efiarv or3i0t-ey epaerr iiond '40asn de ar'l5y0 Tsh.e a dveonftg overnmreengtu la­
automothiivset oTrhye.v asmta jorwiitlypl r obablyt ionasn dt hei ncreasaiuntgo motsiavmee netshsa t
seleac stp abno undreodu ghbly1y 9 4a0n d1 970T.o ­ resulmteeadnr elatifveewcl ayr osf t h1e9 70wsi lble
dayt,h earreme o rcea rfsr o1m9 40-b7e0i npgr eservewdo rtrhe memberinsga-voirn g-tihnef uturOef.
andr esto(raendmd o rec lubdse votteodt hemt)h an coursteh,e rwee rei nteresctairnseg,v egnr eacta rs,
froaml plr eviyoeuasr psu tt ogethPeurb.l icatthiaotn sb uidlutr itnhga dte cadSeo.m ea res tialrlo untdo day,
haughtdiilsym ispsoesdt -1m9o4d0e lassu nwort1h0y ando thewrisln lod oubatp peairnt hef utuBruett. he
yearasg oa reno ws truggtloir negg ariena delrosst to broasdp ectroufim n tertehsasttu rroutnhdecs a rosf
othepru blicatthiaortne ss ponded anfades atrelrti oe r 1940-i7sm0 i ssiOnnge.i ndicaitsti oodna y's younger
thseu rgiinngt erienps ots twar cartsh.pe r Teowdaary­,e nthusiwahsota sr,el ookienvge fna rtbhaecrik n time
orienctaerbd o oiks t heex ceptiinosnt,eo aftd h reu le. thatnh efiart hefrosra u tomoteixvcei temYeonutn.g
Ther easfoontr h per omineonftc he1e 9 40-e7r0ha a s peopnloety ebto rwnh ent hel as't5 C7h evryo lloefdf
litttodl oew itthh pee riotde'csh nolosgiigcnailf icantchele. i naer ef inditnhgep iars siionan f uel-inBjeelc ted
Thea utomobaiswl eek nowi tt odawya sd evelopedA irc oupef,o re xamplTeh.eM ilestCoanreS ociety,
largdeulryi tnhge notth 'e4 0osr' 50(sT.h cel os­ devotteodr ecognitzhienf gi naeurt omoboiflt ehse
1930s,
escto ntempoerqauriyv atloea n 't3 0s-srteyvloel utipoons t-1p9e4r5i ohda,sc uto fift cso nsideroafct airosn
inc adre sisgtna ritnte hdle a t1e9 70asst, h Ue. Si.n dus­buialftte 1r9 67-tlhaesy te abre fofreed erreaglu lations
trbye gaanm assimvoev et owahridg h-effiecnigein­ctyo ohko ld.
neeriwnigt thh ee mphasoinsb ettsepra cuet ilizatiWorni titnhgib so ohka sb eegnr atiffyoitrnh go soefu s
andf ueelc onomtyh rousgmha llseirzl ei,g hwteeirg ht,w how erpea rotf t hastm all, mvioncoarlti etnyy e ars
andg reataetrt enttiovo enh icaleer odynamOinces .)b ackW.e belietvheawdth awte rteh ecna ll"esdp ecial­
automotwirviethe arsc haractetrhi1ez9 e4d0 -p7e0r iod interceasrtsd "e servae pdl acienh istoTrhyi.bs o ok
asP arItIi Ina t hree-dpraarmtIa n.P arIt( 190t0h roughp rovisduecsah p lacYee.tw ,h ilietp su blicaftuilofni lls
WorlWda rI )w,e e xperimewnitteahdl m la nneorfa p­ thagto atlh,i bso oiks a lssoo methwienw ge lcoomuet
proachteosp ersontarla nsportuastiineognn g,i neso fn ecessAistw yr.i taenrdsr esearcahnedra sse, n thu­
runnionneg l ectraincdsi tteyaa msw elalsg asoliInne .s iashtasv,i anlgtl h esfea cattsh anidn o nev olumwei ll
ParItI( roughtlhye", b etween-thpee-wrairowsde") , perhabpest hegr eatreeswta orfda ll.
settloentd h ei nternal-coemnbguisntaein,od tn h en
proceetdoep de rfietca tn dt hceo mponeanrtosu nd iGte.n esiosf a nE ra
InP arItI( I1 940-1w9e7d 0i)d,nc 'rte aatney thfiunngd a­ Ironictahlselt yy,l ainndge ngineedreivnegl opments
mentanlelwya ta ll-onbleyt taenrdb ettveerr sioofn s of1 940-w7e0r ea lmoswth oltlhye r esuolftl essons
basicco ncepltasid do wni nt h'e3 0s. learndeudr itnhgge r eateecsotn omdiics asitnme ord -
4
Intorduction
erhni tsorTyh.eD epsrseimoanyh avem eantth e feonrd meldi nPa kcaradn Sdtu dekbearO.n eb yo net,ho et her
manya uotmobliep orducerbsui,tf t or cetdh seu vrivorsi dnependse vnantihse,dt ohuhg Studbeakerc-krPada
tot ihnpkl,na ,a ndiv nenItns. o d ointgh,ye a lteedt rhe lsateldo ngtehram no s.Ot nlAyM Ci ss tlihlan gionng,
shapeo ft he Acmane aruitomiolabeml ostc omptelley. ands emesd etsniedt os urvivaesa p orduceorf" spe­
During1 39t0hste,h ien dturpsyar tecdo mpanwyi th cailtmyo"d elnso otf febryet dh "eB igT here".
culmys,u nsynchorneidzm anulat rsamnissio;nc som­
plitcesadel evea-lvveeng iensa;n ciweonotd -abnrdi-fca The
19405
boide;sm echacnaiblar ke;sa nds olifdr oanxltse .I n
threp ilcaec amsey cnhromegsehra ss,em i-auttoimca Alotuhhg clsasci forus-qaure isntgwy als lragely
anfdlu yla utomticat rnasimssiosnis-d,ve alavneod v er­abanddoa nfetWeorr lWda rI Iso,m ei sotf fi sntee xpers­
head-avleve ngiensa,l- tlseeblod eisc ompoesdo ff ewers ioanpsp aereidn 1 4904-2:t hsee inoPrac kradst,h e
andl ragepran elwsel eddt ogtehehry,rd aluci barke,s HupSpk ylaanrdGk ra hma Holwloyo,da ntdh lesa tp or­
andid nependenftr osnustp esnio. nArso aidsmp orve,d ductiLoanS laelO.t hecrar sl,ie tkhsel eekF ordasn d
bueyrsd emnadedm oer spee,d shoi hge-rrvveing Mercruyosf 1 490o,f fenreerad- pfeericotinn l ie nand
engniesw eer neede.dT his letdo n ew fonudyr and from. yCshlre1r49'9s purctosdb,o xayn du prigshytm,­
engnie-ibdluintgce hqnuiset htag uartaenehdi -gprhm bolzeidt htac orpotriaocno'nsec rnfo arm plietn reior
rleaibliitCya.r sc oludt hebne g earehdi egrht ot rvael spcaew itihnc ompcate xtieordrmi ensions.
fsateTrh.e a dvenotfa uotmtaischi tflsest rnasmissions Them odeVr8ne ngienw asp erahptsh meo tss igin­if
madei ltse si moprnttat og eraa nd" cma"a c ars ot he cante ngnieerindgev elpomenotf t hed ecade.O f
lzayd irvceoru dlp ulalw ayf roamc rwal twhiocuhta ng­coruseV,8 sh ad beeanor unfdo yre a-rastC adicl la
inogu otf" HigAhs. "wl ee arhnoewid n edpendenfotrn t snic1e 19,5a ndat F orsdi n1c39e2 B.u tth seew errele ­a
suspesnioannsdr bubeerng ienm ountcsou dl helapb ­ tivehlevyay ,l onsgto-rkel,wo -ocmpersison gnieens,
sorrboa ds hocwkesw ,e raeb lteod esigsnitf fecrh sa­ knowfno srm otohnsser tahetrhn a peorrfmnaceI.n
siwsh,i hc madeo velrc aolnsttriuotcnih gtearn dm ore 1499,C adicla lnadO ldsmoieblp ioenereda n ewg en­er
soldi.C ompraetdo i t1s39 0f orebeaurp-ratinb g ohx aitoonfV 8st,h feo errunnerosft hpeo welrnapts nfdo u
ona trlielywr heelwsh ezeinagl oonngf uoro rs isxma ll inm osltra gUeS c arst odaAym.e rilcait'ge,shf cfiniet,
cyilnedsr-the oamuobtiolfe1 490w as sal eekt orpedoa npdo welrV f8su oobne acmef aomuwso rldfwoird ei ts
on ostltsetdel we heelwsi,tm ho rreo oimsn idael ,o ngerp eorrfmnacea ndr eilbaiilty.
wheeblas e, anda vbir tai-ofnrereub, be r-mnoetud The'0 4sa los offerterddat iiollnyda esingede ngneis
engnie-andi t waga oso 2d0 mfpahs rt.e fotrh osweh op erfreerdte hm.P ackar'dsm aginficent
Int hepr oceosfts ih nnionugti ndtuyr srnakst,h e 356c ubicn-cihs trgahieti tga hndC adicl'l3sa4 6V 8
Derpesisoyne arlrsag edleyt eirenmdt hneat rueo ft he weer L-hde uansi ktnownf oqru itensesa nds mooth
majoprr oudcerass w ek nwo thetmo ady-ands eelctedo peraotnBi.o tahr hei gyhp rlzied tboaydy 'sc olcltreos
thsoei dnepensd esntortnge nuoght os uvrivEev.e r ande nthaustssi.
sinictefs o nudinbygW .C .D uranitn1 098G,e neral Moste ngnieosf t1h49e0 sh,ow evewre,er p liansd ie­
Motorhsad bene stirvnigf omra nageriaandl c erativev alivlenie snxiesa nde ihgttsh tam ay nohta ve been
decenitztraiaoltnho rugiht dsvi isni sortucet.uW rhiel revltouiornyba,u wte rdee epndabalnede coonmic.a l
HernyF orrdu lheids sto rngyl centizreadcl ompanyT h2e3 0a-n1d 07-icdsxi esso ldby P lmyoutahn Sdut d­e
amlosstni glenhdaedlyd,i vtihsceio cnoenp ptu Gt M bakerre,s pteicvesleyr,vt ehdie mr akesrw elrli tgo hn
aheda inp roudctidounr itnhgeea r1l29y0 sO.n laytf er thorught h'e05 sa,n dw erwee ll-nkowfno trh rniefstsi.
Henyr ForIdtI o ookv ehri gsar ndfathterrbo'ludse f rim Stduebakpeorw'respa lnwtas tard atiiolwn ianenri nt he
in1 495d iFdo rbde ignto d ecnetrizae-landt or beuidl. Mobligsa EcnoomRyu n.
WaltPe.Cr hr ylsewras a no lGdM m an,a nds aw the Raciwnags note mphszaiedb yt heid nutsrays a
litgv heyre arolnyA. l otuhgChh yrslCeorrp otriaons wawholdeu ritnhg'e 4 0bsu,mt a nyi ndivlisrd eucraodde
fonudde int h'e2 0isct,am eo fa ged uritnh'ge03 sF.ol ­ peorrfmnacetsh tai ncdatietdh ceo meptitpiooetnn tial
lwoinag d viiisosnrt utcuer notu nle iGkM'sC,h yrslero fc ernt apiroudctimoond elTsh.e s upecrhraged
butit lhsee ocndlr agetc sarc ompnayi n ntathieod nu­ r Grahaomf1 490-4w1as a montgh fea stcearsspt o wered
intgh dee caadne,idr te amnieds ou nltt iheea r1l59y0 s. bya conevntiosdniea-lv aslivxTeh. e H udosnS uper
By1 490o,n lafy e iwd neepndenmta nfucauterrwse er Sixt,h eG raha'msp ostwcaoru ntre,trc polaudr each
lfe.tA ftetrh wea rt hee wreer jsut uf,rao lwlti hh igh speetdhstaf aerx ceewdhetdaw asn omralelxpye cted
hopeNsa:s hH,u dosnP,ac kradS,tu debakTeoreg.t ehr frosmi cxy ilnedrsO.ld smboliea ndC adillca achiveed
witnhe wcmoerK asieFrr-zaearn dlt aejron ied byC ros­ earcloymp etiinot succeswsit h etiohrv rehaedv-alve
lyea ndW illytsh,ie n edpendeennotjyse d maushca sa V8sC.ad icls lcaoraendu nebilveealbe1 t0ha-nd1 t1h ­
1-5percmearnkttes hairnet h leta e' 40asn de ar'l5y0 s.p lcaen sfihi atg urteihlne2g 4h ouso rfL eM ansi n1 590.
Buitdt i dlnsa'ttN. as h'spe rsidGeenotr gMeas onw as Oldsmoblief'ass ltgi,ht wgeiht8 8d omintaesdt okc-cr a
thoen lhyih g-nrkaign exeuctiavmeon gt hied neepn­ rcaign fro1m49 9t horugh1 591.
denwthsoc ouelndv isiboenne ftoihfmte es r gHeerh .ad Antoheerxe tmreliym optranetng nieernigh igihglohft
managde taod dH udosnt oh iesm pei irn1 594,t hus th'e04 sw as thiec nerasinugse oft hmeo deraunt o­
forimnAgm erinc Maotorbsu,dt ei db eofreh ec olud matitcrn asimssoinB.e fotrhere,eh ad beeonn lsye mi-
5
Inrtoudction
autaotmicOsld.s molbeoi ffereodn ei n1 397,t hen wet rideidls,ie dk,a ndd icsadre.dN otiwtthnasditnhge
dorpepdi itn 1 398f oHryd ar-aMtci-thmeo sts ucecss­ emphsaiosn rcohem-ldaeng immicyk,r 1th590esa los
fluc omlpteleysh itf-efetr rsamnissioonfa llt mieC.h yrs­ broguhsto mien vnatoiev newb odsyyt lses ucahst he
leern htusstiiallcyam arketeisdt FulidDr iv(ewi hch twoa-ndf orud-ooprli lralsesh ardpt,oa ndt hael slt-ele
elimtiemndo asts hitfm otiownesl)lt oti hn1e59 0sF.o rd sttaiowna gotnht ab ecam(eft ohrfe ri stti em ini thsi­ s
wasc onesrvtaiev,a nsdt ayweidtt hhm ea nulag easrhti f tormyo)r leie kcaa rt haant u rck.
(obtwhi ht andw ihtouotv erridvferoa) l1l49 0-4F9or ds Itfh eey seaarrsre me emberfeodsr o moef tihnueds­
andM errcyu.sI otf fetrheGedM -biutlH ydarM-atifcro tyr'wsor sstt iynlegx cestsheesay,lo sw eerm arekdb y
th1e49 9L incol,bn udti ndot m anufatcuera na utotmiac somoef t hfeni esta utotmLovdees igonfsa l lt imteh:e
ofi ts uontwlin1 591.N asha ndK asieFrr-zaesrt ayedS tudeba"kL eorewcyo pues ,t"h Ceo nint entMaa lr Ik I,
withs tcikshitfsu nlt1 i590t,h egnav ei na ndp urhcased the rDiasntry-dl Keasiertsh,te w o-steT ahunderbdisr.
Hydr-aMtaitco,o H.u dosn oa blosugthhtGe Mt rans­Finl-ayalndt himsay come aa ssur psrei-American
missiobnu,nt o utn lt1 i591. carso ft hdiesc daea rceo nsriedde mbanyy e xptestr o
Twoi dnependtehntdat issd rt ieok uwti tahuo tmtaics haveb enes afetrh acnar sh ade vebre neb efro.eM aybe
oft hreo iwnw erPea cakradn dS tudebakPaecrak.r' ds thes etabelptasd,d eddas hesa,n dd sihde steienrg
Ulrtmaatiwcas t hoen lsyu cuhnt di evelpoede nrteilbyy wheelwse r'etn mesraellgeyism m icaktfse arll .
ani dnepednenwti thaonuyht e lfpr oam t arnsimssion Theer'sso mteihnegle sa botuehts aeu tmooblietsh ta
firmw.as Isatm oo-tsihhtfnigg erabo,bx untot a men­ evetnh re aidmirerosf tefnal it om ent,i poenrhsa p
ablteo tehxet proaw edrei leverdb yl taePra cakrd beacues its'oso bviouTsh.ee s carsh avea ni tnrnisic
enignesS.tu debatkeemare d wuiph t DetirtGo eatro chracat-ears peiclaa ppeawlh-ihtc hien udsyts rome­
cerataef itnrhee e-spaeuoetmdta ibcu,t d iidtan rr'�tv e howl soti nt hleta e' 6.0T shyew erdefi efre-nvtasltdyf i­
unt1i59l0. feern-tfrotmh cea rso ft oady.T hisw as probatbhley
GM raellyh ad thaeu taoitmcm arkettoi teslifnt he lsatd ecdaew heanm anauctfruedrar esde lsl omteihng
1490sC.ad ilcla beagn eorfifHnygd arM-atiicn 1 498; celarulnyqi ue,l ie tkh"eS tepo-wnd"H udsont,h tei ny
Bucikd eubteidt Dsy anlfwo Drivteh e syaemae r.N ashM etrolptinoa,o rt hfei blesarsg WooWdilifdlrile.
Thoguhs mooth opientr iaoDny,an folww asn oti nt he Carso f t'h05esw erael os butid liffeerntlityne:r iors
sampee rmfaonrcleae gue Haysdr -aMtaic. werte rmimedi nc omfotrablmeoh ari org eniuen
The' 40wse ryee aorfast t riatnifdoan sle s tafrottrsh e letah;eb roidewser em adeo fh evay-auggest eelT.h eri
smallearu tomakAemresr.i cBaannt amH,u mpoblie, makerssh uendnt hinlgies kp lsatci,c ardobar,da nd
andG rahaam lclea sepdr oudctiownel lb efroeW orld decalWsh.ie l thaev reagfema iylc aorf 1 590-9 5prob­
WarI- Iand dindo rtte unr afrtwea.rW dilysl-Ovaenrdl, ablhyan dleads s lolpyaps ie vernyeso aiiddt i diwt,a s
whiocffhe rceodne nvtiopnasasleg necrar st horugthh e alos buitlw itmho rpeu eri netgryit thnai tmso rnei mlbe
1492m odeyle acram,e b acka tfetrh wea wri hta ni tner­successorEsv.e rpyic eeo ft mr imete veortyh peeirc e
estinlgie nofJ ee-plei vkeihcsl.Te hesei nceldut dhe percieslwyh eer itnednedE.a cdho ortu,rn ikdla,n d
uniquJeee ptsetrh taa peparefdo1 r49 8-htel satt rue hodoc olsedw ithar esnoduicnlgu snwkni,g isnhguo tn
toruincga ri nt heA mericianundst yr.T hed ecade's vauiletk h-nliges.C ollcetorsistl ld icsoverrut s-efer
besktn-wonf aliuewr ast hTeu cekr-bai rlnltci oanecpt exmaplsew iths i-xgfiuer mialgee,a ndi netriopransit,,
thtna evtehreeslssa wn om orteh na fae w dozen coapnidme ecsh.a nailcc omponse innta pporximtaeltyh e
Fory eartsha,es smuptiwoanst htta hTeu cekrh adb een samseha pea sw hetnh cear l fett hfea ctaoq ruya rter
kiedl-lpretmuar-eblyy Generla Motorasn d itcse nrtyau go.A ndt hidse,sie ptt hien udstyr'rse upttaion
cohotrsY.e etv ent ohugiht asdm iralbed egsinc aused fohrap hzaarda sesmbqlyul iayti nth leta tyeera orfts he
thbei mga nfucateurrasb iotfc onecr,ni wta sn oatc ut­ decdae.
alla yse rioturhse attot he.mW hethtehrce a rc olud
The
haveb eerne iatslillcyap orduceda tt hper ei Pcreston 19605
Tuckcelirma edw iplrlo blaynb evbeerk nown. The' 60dso tnr oelasyle etmh tal onagg oa,n hde ad­
liesnf rotmht ta rublunete raar setl filr eisnmh a nym em­
The
19505
orieIstn.'o sat t daiflfilc tuorl etem mber ctarh:ste h e
A lootfp eoplteh itnhkce ar so ft h'e05 sa rree snp­o 1-8ofolt-onlgu xyu hrardotpst,h eb uctk-esesaptrot y
sibflrote h seor yrs taotfe tahueto mostcinevete o ady. compactst,h epe rosnlac ars, ptonhycear sa,n dt he
Crititcelusl s t hyew erheea v,yu ngialnyd,u m-blooking mucslcear so f1 690-.6A 9ni cnerdilbea ssrotmeonft
beastwsit hn o-ora tb esfte w-reeemdinvgri tuYees,t. typsetsr eaomueotdft hfea ctgoatreyis n tey heoasrs.
thyew erneo wehrnee aarsu niofrmblayd assk etpics Theerw as caa fro erv etrsayt aen db udeg-tantyhing
liet koi snits.I nfc ats,e vreailm optranatdv ancese wefrrotmh e$ 1700M etrooilptna to t$h1e80 ,0C5 rown
madeb ewtee1n5 90a nd1 690. Imperilailom usine.
Conseirfd,roe xmapltero,s iboansr us pesniosnh,ot ­r Governmednetm antdhtsat hien udstrcyel anu pe x­
stroVk8ese ,f fnitca iuetaotmitcrn asmsiisonasn,du nti hautes missioannsdm akcear ss afweerr geo oided a,s
construocnt-wihicwhet rdi aendlk ie-dand aris u­s eveintf h lee igstliaotnht af loolwewd aso tfecno not­r
pensiotnal,if ,ia nnsdp uhsbutttornsa mnissio-nwshich veras.lBi utt hmea ndtaetsh tat ooekf fectth leit ane
6
Inrtoudciton
'60asl sgoua ratneeadne ndt ot huen ibniehtdie xepri­compafnleyal p aTrht'e.o rigilSn haleybG T-530w asl ti­
menttiaotnht a chracatezreidt hee arlyye arosft he tle emt ohnra rae -geineenreMdu tsandge sniegdb ya
decade. formrearc ewrh ob eilveedt hee rwas at i-nbyut
Ina way,t hep ubilch ad asm uchto d ow itht he voacl-amrktf ero allo-utp eorrfmanCchee.c kesrtl il
declei onfi nnotviaoanst he vegromnenWth.at i ncen­sells60 0c0ar sa y eatrop rcatilfc loakl ooiknfgo trxa i­
tivweas tehref or autotmoda keveelrossp o mteihng cab tougnhessa nds imlipictByro.o kSst veenfsuo nd
raelly wn oerd iffenrtew hebnu eyrsse emeidne tersted thtoa thesrhaser dh idser amo fd irvian" gmo decrnls a­
mailnyi np eorrfmanscteiy,nl ga,nd " pziazzz?C"o n­ sci,a"n dw oudl buy acna blEuixr.
sidtehrre e co.Ar fdrtg eenetrianhgi gihnt iilia tneers,t Buyerdsi d anlowytas r eaecntht ussiitaclaytl oi m­
thes ophtiistceadC ovraiwras soofnro ogtteonn-gl porteangnnitee rniga dvanicnteh s1e 69 0s,b utth edyi d
befoRrael Npahd ecram ea lo.nB gueyrysa wenda tt he becommeo rdeis criinmatingi nth iejrdu gmentosfg i­m
frisPto tnica Tempes,nt ots uer whtat om akeo fi ts micyk oru seelssfa etruesA.st hdee cdaeb egan,t he
all-ienpdendesnutpse snino andr ea-rmonuted publailcm soti mmeditalesyat trerde jiencsgtu cthih ngs
traxnlseaT.h eT empetss oldw ell,bu ti tm igthh ave ast alifipnuss,h tboutntr nasimssionresrt,ca tabhlared ­
doneev ebne trtw eiht ma oroedr ianrdy irevtrna.Ii n tops, charnodme en-crtuesds uper-icesrrusR.ap ildy,
1696, Oldsmboliei tnordcuedi trsda cials,u eprblyn ew modelasp paerefdr otmh lei esko fP ontialci,n ­
engieenredo n-ftwrhederlie-v Toraodn-owhicwhas colDnod,g ,ea ndC hevroelt-acrtsh tai lstlrtuaetdh ta
contseitnsloyu otsldby t hec onvieonlntlayd esinged gooddes igmne anmso rteh na.a f ivoeu-nphdoo do ran­
BuiRcviki reaP.o tnica'osv reheda-cm asioxf1 696,a n mentT.h ee arcloymp actsp orvetdh ta theid nutsyr
enignteh tao ffearseg do oad b aalncbee twne eecon­ coluds tliblu di plrcatilcc aar-sandt ahtt hyec oulbde
omya npde orrfmanacse aennyg ionne tmharek ewtas, desginde tos ell-atfera genertaioonf o ffienrg
amloscto mpleitgoenerldy maoss ctu tsomeirnsst iesd imparcticoanle sT.h es potryc ompactsb oruhgt
onb ibgl-oVc8ks . homaep ointE tuohrpee ahnadsl onagc ceepd:tt hbee st
Salerseoc rdassi ed,t heirses omeitnhsggi nfiicnat cari sn otn ecessiyal trheb igsg.teH edaingt oti hne
aboutth etc ehnolcoagtlio rusd ef roceo f t'h06es : 1790si,wt a s celatrh taA mecrai'asu tomovtaiulvees
nearalloylft hecmam ef roGmen erMaolt orTsh.ee ar er weer slwolyb egningi ntoc hangAes.e ventwse re
manyr esaonfsro t hiTsh.ed eclei notfh iedn ependenttosp ro,vt ehceh aensgc oludnh'avteb eemno rtemi ely.
atfeWro rlWda rI (It hmee rgearnsdd e mieso fN asha nd
HudsonP,a kcaradn dS tudeabkeprl,ut shd esi apepa­r Todaya ndT omorrow
ancoefK asiearn dW illyrsd)aci allya letretdh neat uer
oft hien udstrSyo.no ,t hhei -govhulmem anufatcruers Fewi nt hAem erni acuatomieol ibndtursayer pre­
dsicoveedtr heew rerneo jtu tos neo rt wok idnso fb uy­ paretdop reitdcw heer weg of rohme re.t hOoenn e
ersb,us ti oxre gihtT.h er eslwuta s raa offtn ews zies hantdh,e rteh teirh se aotff oerginc omeptitcihoine,f ly
andc onecptdse sniedg frod itsitns cemgentosft he froJmap a.nA ti twso rsitt c oulldev aet heU neidt
marke-tandn ew cateogrsil eiec kompcats,p otry-com­Statientsh e spaosmiet aisoG nre aBtri tna:die pendent
pacti,ne trmdietaes,t adnard,l uxyu,ar ndp ernsalo-spe­oni moptrsa,n dw ithao nuatti vienu dsyt arblteor e­
cailtYye.tio rncialallytl,h ivsar tiyge ardulayl blruerd sponqdui cyke lnoguht oc hnaggi cnonditiOonnt sh.e
thdei tnsictiionpn r iocrse t taubse twemeakne sW.h at othhearn tdh,e irtseh peo sbsiiiyltt htta heeve ntosft he
hadh appenewdas t htta hmea rkehtad s ubdidvedia tfer '07s-fueslho trageisfn,lt ai,ot nhneea r-dtehoasfA MC
abou1t59 5b,u hta dnt'r aellexyp and.eT dhisn bcea andC hyrsel-rmayh avet uaghAtm ecranisa lseson.
seent hipenor ductiofgniu ersC.h evrloeftro,e xmaple,A leradiyit s e viedntth tag overmnenrte ugltaioinna ll
wasn'atc taultluyir gnno uatn myo erc arsi n1 790t hnai t phaseosfl eie fnojyfsa lrse sp ublsiupcp ortn itdthi ad
did 16i90nb, u itwt a sb uidlinagf agrer atvearr tiyoe f 10y eaargso . tTa hpalpist eo tcharesw ed ireva sm uch
models. asa nyitnhegle s.T eny eafrrso nmo ww,e m ayw elfli nd
GenaelMr otorwsas b esatb lea datpott ot hniews s i­t ourslevebslz ainang e wt rlao ifp leyn,it ntseaodfr aom­
uati.oF norhdad itssu ccsee-ssthMeu tsnagt,h Ceo n­ inagor udn on trhieomf d siatseTri.m aen td hdee rgee
tnietnaMla rkI IaIn,dt hTeo ri-nboutt hye werter i­ofc ommons esnew ec hoosteoa plpyw iblelt hdee ic­
umphosf ckpaaginogrm artkienngot,t e hcnolgoyB.u t sievf acrtso.
GMh adg orwns ol ragbey t hmeid -6'0tsh tia cto ludjs ut Thibso omka kesn o epdirtcioanb outthf etu uer.I t
ase asiy plorduce iteheurnu suatlec,ih cnlayil tneerst­ doe,hs oweve,rs uccitnlcdyes crbiew hree we'ev been
ignd egsinlsie t khCeo vrario rT oorndaoo rb orinyo grl­ anwd htaw e'edv on-ethmei stak,te hsseu cscseest,h e
dirnyac arslk iet hCeh veyI oIr I mpala. goodc arst,h geer atc arst,h aew fluc arsI.cf e taridne ci­
Desitpet hed omniatioonft hem arkebty GM ansdi ohnsad beedni frfeenwto,ul dt heo utcomehsav e
Forda, f ews peiclayt manfuactuorpeertrsea dp orif­t beeanle tre?d Themyi gthh aveb eenb,u htni dsiti gsh
abldyu ring' 6t0bhsyae p paeilntgos mablulst ig nifi­ cheapa ndf atro eoa sliyi ndeud.lI gnt hciosne txti,it s
cantg orusp obfu eyrso verolkoedb yt hei nudsyt r perahpwse ltlor eacltlh aedm oninto ifGo eorgSea n­ta
ginatsT.h eA vantIihI as c ontuiendt oo ccpuyi sto wn yan-athatt ohsew hoi ngoer thmei tsakoefst hpea st
marektn cihuep t ot hper eesndtay ,l onagtf eirtp sar ent arbeo untdor leviet he.m
7
Qualifications
andE xceptions
vetnh bee ssty stoeftm re mnioglyoa ndc alssif­icalte.L"ki eiwes, tFohredM utsanagn dT hnuderrdba ip­
tiohnas i tesx cteipoFnosrt .h mea jomra kesse ­c peasre patrleayf rmo"F or.d"B uttih sl etdo m oreex ­
E
ti,ot nhietn enwtas t oi ncdleeu veyv rolummaenu afc­ cetpinost:h e seKraD iarriinsn otl tiessde patrleayfr om
tuerrt htad ibdu nseissi nA meribceat we1e49n0 andK aseirf,o erx maplAen.o threerao snf otrr teianCgo r­
1790T.h uGsr,a hama ndH upmobilfeoe,rx maplaer,e vari,C ovret,tM eutsnaga,n dT hnudebridr invdiidually
lstieedv etnh oguhb otwhe raec itevo nlbyr ieifn1l 49y0 , itsh tta hmea iCnhe vrltoea nFdo redn tsrw ieeraerl eady
anpdr oudcdej sutah andfoufl r csSa.mi irllatyh,ee i ras enoorums.
lsitnigf oArM C,a citvtaeads a s eprataen ameptleai n TheN ashM etrooilptainno vvledt wom oreex cep­
1695t,h ougdhi dtibn te' comAem eriMcoatno rosn'l y tioBnesac.u eso fi tisn divlci hadarucatrem,a nayu t­hor
makeu ntli1 790. itsic eondseiirdt i tnsicftr oomt hNears h dmeolYse.,ti t
Severmaalk euss uallyc ondseeird" mniorb"yt hien ­ wasl baelde Naas hu ntli1 598,w hetnh tna amepltaed i­s
dutsrayr et her sfetix ceptiAovanntsiI. I C,h ceker, apepareadn dM etrooilptabne camame akei ni tosw n
Exciaublra,n dS helyb araell t erateadsm ajomra kes,r ighFtor. c onevnniceea,ll' t heM etrolptioanasr e
evetnoh ugthh rep iorductiwoasn mae er frcaitoonf gorupedi n opnlceae a sa s eocndc haptrae tfeNras h.
totianuldst yrv oluem.T her esoaninwgas p atrlsyub jec­Ont hoet hheanr dt,h ee wrasn o endet od ot hsea me
tiev,a ndt epmerde byp reesnct onditAivaonntsIi.I ,t hiwnitgh H udson'cso mpcatJ eto,rt hVea alni(to ffi­
Checkera,n dE xciabluarr es tlili nb usissnt eoady. cilyal,a s epatrema akien 1 690a,n daP lmyoutmho del
Thuoghteh ivrol uem isnl'ietlkt yoi cnerasaen,ym ake fro1m69 1)T.h oguhs malletrh na threr ieatlivients h e
stliiln p roudcti1o0on r m oer yearssie n 1c790w ar­ Hudsoann dP lmyouht liesn,t hJeet a ndV alinatw eer
rantmeodert hna mae rneo ttaioanm ontgh "em inso,r" noti,no u vri we, ub"ssntatidailfflerye" netnu oghe,i ther
ino ure wv.A isf oSrhe lyb,t htam akee xpriedi n1 790, tcehnicailncl hya raocrtt oew ra,ra rnstu cthr temaent.
buitns omyee airstsv oulmew asq uietc ondseirafbolre Ino thcearse s,i dnutsrtye rimonlgoyi sf loolwe.dT he
at icnoym pnay-notto m entithoienmp actt hocefar s 1596C lpieprf,oe rxa mplheas,i tosw ne ntraysa m ake
theemvlse.s beacuesS utdbeak-ePrcakard isrteegrietd as such, and
Candaina-bitulc arsa rneo ti cnuldedh erbeu,at ga in ceratseedp atreCa lpiepfrr nacheists htya eaTrh.e1 596
thee irsa ne xcteip:ot nh1e69 5-6 6Sutdbeakewrh,ih c Clippewra sn earildye nltt iotc ha1e59 5 veresxicote np
wasn ominaalC laynd ainap orducitnt h oey searTshi.s thtai tw ass,rt icstplekyai nngot, Paac kar.dS o,a ll
deicsiwoansm adoen t hgeor undtshtS a tudbeakheard non9-516C lpiperasrfe uo ndu ndePra cakr.d
beetno mou cahp arotft he Amesrciecniaenpn r veious Connteinltw aasa los dai tnsictm akei n1 596-,6a 0nd
yeatrosl evaeo uitt lssa tc arsT.h epo rblme,o fc ousre, aganiw ithr eleoafst eh Mea rkI IiIn1 698.A lthoiutgsh
ist htai Cfa nadina Sutdebakerls tieas,drt eh eCnan a­ moder-ndyas ttasui vsa guet,eh rwea sn op orblm esep­
dina Pylmoutfhoser,x m aplseh,o ludb ei nceld,ut do.o artainagpp orpartiem odeflrso Lmi onlcinn ptehrei od
Ana rugmentt,h oupgehr halpmase ,c anb em adef or cover.e d
th1e6 95-6S6td ueabkerbsea,cu es inclutdhienemgf ­ WitAhM C (htem aken,ot t hceo rptoiroatnh)se,a me
fceteilvcyap sa s otrylm;u pinignC andainaP lmyouthsp ircnipalpelpe isA.m erincM aotorusse dt hneam epltae
wouldo nlhyav ee xceetdhebeda ssicco poeft hbiosko . "Rmablera"l mostl uiesvxefclryo1 m59 7t horugh1 695;
A difrfeent lpermao rbeissi nd ecidihnogwt ot rte a th1e 695A mbasdsoaran dM arilnb otbho rReam bler
majmoord elos fc etraimna kesa-rcssub sntatlliyad i­f scprtai nedm bleImn1s 69.6 -,6h 7owevteehrs,me o dles
freenitnt c ehonloogryc haarctferro tmh ceo mpany'hsad new" AMC"i denttiif.oI innc1 a698t, heR eebl,
usualp roudctFsor.i mporvecdal ryia tndco vegreta,h e AMX,a nJdav elailnos appaereadsA MC proucdtasn d
unqiuere aern-gneidC ovraria ntdh seni gurlC aovretten oats R ambelrsI.n1 790t,h eR amblenram ed siap­
spotrsc ahrav et hreo iwnc haptearpsatf rro"mC heov-r peareendrt eiliynf vaoro fA MCT.h utsh,re ae dewri ll
8