Encyclopedia of AIDS PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of AIDS
Thomas J. Hope Douglas D. Richman Mario Stevenson Editors-in-Chief Encyclopedia of AIDS Encyclopedia of AIDS (cid:129) Thomas J. Hope Douglas D. Richman Mario Stevenson Editors-in-Chief Encyclopedia of AIDS With341Figuresand123Tables Editors-in-Chief ThomasJ.Hope DouglasD.Richman DepartmentofCellandMolecularBiology VASanDiegoHealthcareSystemand NorthwesternUniversity UniversityofCaliforniaSanDiego RobertH.LurieMedicalResearchCenter LaJolla,CA,USA Chicago,IL,USA MarioStevenson DepartmentofMedicine UniversityofMiamiLeonardM.Miller SchoolofMedicine Miami,FL,USA ISBN978-1-4939-7100-8 ISBN978-1-4939-7101-5(eBook) ISBN978-1-4939-7102-2(printandelectronicbundle) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7101-5 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017957594 #SpringerScience+BusinessMediaLLC2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway, andtransmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,or bysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernorthe authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwith regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringer TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY10013,U.S.A. Preface The HIV/AIDS epidemic has spanned the past three-and-a-half decades. During this time, theepidemichascaused sufferingonaglobal scale.Inthe fighttoendthisepidemic,researchers,healthcareagencies,andgovernments havemobilizedand,asaresultoftheseefforts,havefundamentallyalteredthe courseoftheepidemicandtransformedtheprognosisformillionsofindivid- ualslivingwithHIV/AIDS.Researchhasbeencentraltotheefforttocontrol theHIV/AIDSepidemic.Earlystudiesaimedatdefiningkeyprocessesinthe viralreplicationcyclehelpedpromotetheidentificationofantiviralagentsthat havedramaticallyalteredtheoutlookforinfectedindividuals.Thishascreated a status quo where HIV-1 infection is no longer a death sentence but a manageable,chronicinfection.NowthefrontierinthefightagainstHIV/AIDS hasshiftedtopreventinginfection,eitherthroughuseofantiviralsorthrough development of a vaccine. The field has also embarked on seeking ways to eliminatethevirusfrominfectedindividuals.Thehopeisthattheseendeavors willbringanendtothe“AgeofAIDS.” The human endeavor around three-and-a-half decades of research on HIV/AIDS has produced a large body of scientific information. There are many excellent treatises that have focused on condensing and highlighting differentareasoftheHIV/AIDSfield.Therefore,whyanAIDSEncyclopedia? Do we really need another work to summarize what we know about HIV/AIDS? TheAIDSEncyclopediarepresentsanAIDS“Wikipedia.”Itisadynamic, onlinereferenceworkthatcanbeupdatedbyresearchersandbyeditors that will be able to keep pace with developments in the field. The ability to continuously update the encyclopedia essentially means that it will retain its relevance as an easily accessible and important source of information for students, researchers, and clinicians whether they be working in academia, industry,orthehospitalsectors. Workontheencyclopediabeganin2010andhasseenfruition,thankstothe effortsofmanyindividuals.TheeditorswouldliketothankMs.TinaShelton, Ms.RitaBeck,andMs.SunaliMullatSpringerformuchofthegroundworkin structuringtheprojectandmaintainingtimelines.Thankyouforyourpersis- tenceandcommitmenttobringingtheprojecttocompletion.Wewouldalso liketothankthesub-editorswhotookonresponsibilityforthe282individual chapters. We hope the research community will further help in keeping the AIDS Encyclopedia an important and current reference work for the v vi Preface HIV/AIDS field, and we welcome contributions in this regard. Finally, the editorswouldliketoacknowledgeindividualslivingwithHIV/AIDSwho,by participating in research studies, have been central in the effort to end this epidemic. Chicago,IL,USA ThomasJ.Hope LaJolla,CA,USA DouglasD.Richman Miami,FL,USA MarioStevenson August2017 List of Topics AnatomicCompartments BehavioralAspectsofHIVTreatmentas Prevention SectionEditor:BabafemiO.Taiwo CombinationApproachestoHIVPrevention AnatomicCompartmentsasaBarriertoHIVCure CommunityViralLoad AntiretroviralDrugPenetrationintoLymphoid DelayedSexualDebut Tissue FaithBasedInterventions AntiretroviralDrugPenetrationintotheCNS FamilyInterventions Compartment FemaleCondoms HIVCompartmentsandViralReboundDuring HIVPreventionEffortsWithinSubstanceUse TreatmentInterruption DisorderTreatmentSettings HIVCoreceptorTropisminDifferentReservoirs HIVPreventionandAfricanAmericans HIVReservoirsWithintheLungs HIVPreventionandAsiansandPacificIslanders HIVReservoirsinLymphNodesandSpleen HIVPreventionandHispanics HIVReservoirsintheCentralNervousSystem HIVPreventionandLaborMigration HIV-1PathogenesisintheGut HIVPreventionandWomen MucosalPathogenesisinSIVInfection HIVPreventionforMSM HIVPreventionforSerodiscordantCouples HIVPreventionforStimulantUsingMenWho BehavioralInterventions HaveSexwithMen HIVPreventioninPersons50andOlder SectionEditor:DanielJ.Feaster and HIVPreventioninTransgenderPersons AllanE.Rodriguez HIVPreventioninYouth BehavioralInterventionsforAdherence HIVPreventionintheCorrectionalSystem CaseManagementforLinkage HIVTestingandCounseling Nurse-DeliveredInterventionsforAdherence HIVandSexualViolence RetentioninCareInterventions HarmReductionforInjectionDrugUsers HousingasHIVPrevention MaleCondoms BehavioralPrevention MassMediaandHIVPrevention Microfinance/MicroenterpriseApproachesto SectionEditor:LisaR.Metsch HIVPrevention BehavioralAspectsofHIVMother-to-Child MultilevelInterventions/StructuralApproachesto Transmission HIVPrevention vii viii ListofTopics NetworkInterventions Clinical:OpportunisticMalignancies Peer-BasedInterventionApproaches SectionEditor:RobertYarchoan PositiveHealth,Dignity,andPrevention(PHDP) PreexposureProphylaxis(PrEP) AIDS-RelatedPrimaryCentralNervousSystem PreventionCounselingandOtherStrategiesinthe Lymphoma HIVCareSetting AnalCancer PreventionforPeopleLivingwithHIV BurkittandBurkitt-LikeLymphoma PreventionofAlcohol-RelatedHIVRisk CervicalCancerandHIV Behavior ConjunctivalCarcinoma SexWorkandHIVPrevention DiffuseLargeB-CellLymphoma TranslationalInterventions(Intervention EpidemicKaposiSarcoma,Pathogenesisand TechnologyTransfer) Presentation UseofTechnologyandSocialNetworkinginHIV EpidemiologyofAIDS-DefiningMalignancies Prevention EpidemiologyofNon-AIDS-Defining Malignancies Epstein-BarrVirus(EBV) CircumcisionandAIDS HIVCancersinResource-LimitedRegions HIV-AssociatedCancers CircumcisionandAIDS HepatocellularCarcinomainHIV-Positive Patients HodgkinLymphomainPatientswithHIVInfection Clinical:OpportunisticInfections HumanPapillomavirus(HPV) KaposiSarcoma-AssociatedHerpesvirus SectionEditor:HansjakobFurrer (KSHV)orHumanHerpesvirus8(HHV-8) BacterialRespiratoryandInvasivePneumococcal LungCancer InfectionsandHIV MalignanciesinChildrenwithHIVInfection ChagasDiseaseandHIV ManagementofAIDS-RelatedKaposi’sSarcoma CryptococcosisandHIV MerkelCellCarcinomaandOtherHIV- Cryptosporidiosis AssociatedSkinCancers Cystoisosporiasis MerkelCellPolyomavirus(MCV) CytomegalovirusInfectionandHIV MulticentricCastlemanDisease HepatitisCVirusInfectionandHIV OtherHPV-AssociatedCancers(Oropharyngeal LeishmaniasisandHIV andPenile) M.aviumComplexandOtherNontuberculous PlasmablasticLymphoma MycobacteriaandHIV PresentationandPathogenesisofB-Cell Microsporidiosis LymphoidCancersAssociatedwithHIV ProgressiveMultifocalLeukoencephalopathy Infection andHIV PrimaryEffusionLymphoma SalmonellosisandOtherBacterialEnteric StemCellTransplantation InfectionsandHIV cARTandSupportiveCareforHIV-Associated Talaromyces(Penicillium)marneffei Malignancies andHIV ToxoplasmosisinHIV-InfectedPatients TreatmentofHistoplasmosis, Epidemiology:GlobalEpidemiology Coccidioidomycosis,and SectionEditor:StenH.Vermund ParacoccidioidomycosisinPatientswithHIV Infection AntiretroviralMedications,AdultCare,and TuberculosisandHIV Treatment ListofTopics ix BehavioralScienceHighlightsofEvidenceand HIV-2InfectioninEurope,Epidemiologyof Research HIV-2Infection:TheRoleofImmuneActivation BloodandBloodProductDonorsandRecipients inPathogenesis inChina,EpidemiologyofHIV/AIDS HIV-2NeurologicalManifestations Children,CareandTreatment HIV-2Transmission Children,EpidemiologyofHIV/AIDS HIV-2,PhylogeographicInsightsintotheOrigins ClinicalEthicsinHIV/AIDSPrevention,Care, andEpidemicHistory andResearch HIV-2:LessonsfromtheDakarCohort EasternEuropeandCentralAsia,Specific ImmunogeneticsofHIV-2Infection CharacteristicsofHIV/AIDSEpidemic InteractionsBetweenHIV-2andHostRestriction Elderly:EpidemiologyofHIV/AIDS Factors Female,MaleandTransgenderSexWorkers, MolecularBiologyofHIV-2 EpidemiologyofHIV/AIDS NaturalHistoryandClinicalFeaturesofHIV-2 GaymenandotherMenwhohavesexwithmen Infection (MSM),EpidemiologyofHIV/AIDS NaturalKillerCellsFunctionandInnate Introduction ImmunityinHIV-2Infection HIVCounselingandTesting,PreventionofHIV RecombinantFormsofHIV-2 HealthCareWorkers,EpidemiologyofHIV/ RoleofDendriticCellsinHIV-2Pathogenesis AIDS TRIM5AlphaandHIV-2Infection HealthcareWorkers,ShortageandTaskShiftingof UpdateonHIV-1andHIV-2DualInfection JailandPrisonPopulations:Epidemiologyof HIV/AIDS LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean:Specific MolecularVirology:CellularCofactors& CharacteristicsoftheHIV/AIDSEpidemic CellularRestrictions Non-injectingDrugUsers,EpidemiologyofHIV/ SectionEditor:ZegerDebyser AIDS PregnantWomen:CareandTreatment Acetylation PreventingMother-to-ChildTransmission Actin (PMTCT):PreventionofHIV Arp2/3 PreventionClinicalTrials:HighlightsofEvidence BAF(BANF1) andResearch CRM1 South,Southeast,andEastAsia-Specific CXCR4,Coreceptors CharacteristicsofHIV/AIDSEpidemic CellularCofactorsforHIV-1Transcription SurveillanceCaseDefinition CellularCofactorsofHIVasDrugTargets Women,EpidemiologyofHIV/AIDS Cofilin,Trafficking CyclophilinAandHIV-1Replication DDX3,Cofactors,andRNAExport Epidemiology:HIV-2 HIV-1AssemblyCofactors IdentificationandValidationofHIVCofactors SectionEditor:SarahL.Rowland-Jones IntegrinAlpha4beta7 AntibodyResponsetoHIV-2 NuclearImport:HIV-1GoesNUPs AntiretroviralTherapyandDrugResistancein PIMT/TGS1 HIV-2Infection RoleofHistoneDeacetylases1andYinYang1 CellularImmuneResponsetoHIV-2Infection ProteininProviralLatency EpidemiologyofHIV-2InfectioninWestAfrica RoleofLEDGF/p75inCellBiologyandDisease HIV-2DiagnosisandViralLoadMeasurements Pathogenesis HIV-2Envelope:Structure,Diversity,and RoleofTransportin-SR2(Transportin-3,TRN- Evolution SR2,TNPO3)inHIVReplication x ListofTopics MolecularVirology:CellularRestriction NaturalHistory&Pathogenesis:Immune Factors Pathogenesis SectionEditor:MonsefBenkiraneand SectionEditor:MathiasLichterfeld NadineLaguette CardiovascularComplications APOBEC3F/GandVif:ActionandCounteractions Cell-IntrinsicImmunity AutophagyandHIVInfection CellularandSolubleImmuneActivation CounteractionofSAMHD1byVpx MarkersinHIV-InfectedSubjects HIV“Auxiliary”Proteins CentralMemoryCD4TCells InflammasomeandHIV ChronicImmuneActivationinHIV MX2andHIV-1Restriction CollagenDepositionandFibrosisinthe Nef/Env/Vpu/Tetherin LymphaticTissuesofHIV-1Infected OvercomingtheTranscriptionalBlock:The Individuals HIV-1TatAuxiliaryProtein GammaDeltaTCells PKRandHIVReplication HIVAntigenProcessingandPresentation PyroptosisinHIVInfection:HIVOffenseMeetsa HIVInfection,Immune-BasedInterventionsfor FieryHostDefense HIVandSIV,B-CellResponsesto SLX4ComplexandHIVReplication HIVandSIV,CD4T-CellResponsesto TRIMProteinFamilyandViralRestriction HIVandSIV,CD8TCellResponsesto TRIM5alpha HIV-1MutationalEscapefromHost ViralFitnessinHosts Immunity Virus-HostEvolutionandPositiveSelection HIV-AssociatedImmuneExhaustion ImmuneActivationandHIVTransmission MolecularVirology:LifeCycle ImmunologicalResponsestoAntiretroviral Therapy SectionEditor:FrankKirchhoff ImmunologyofLatentHIVInfection Attachment/Binding ImmunopathogenesisofHIV Budding Coinfections Fusion InflammatoryCytokines HIVLifeCycle:Overview Long-TermNonprogressorsandElite HIV-1Maturation Controllers HIV-1RevExpressionandFunctions LymphocyteApoptosis HIV-1VirionStructure MacrophagesinHIVImmunopathogenesis Integration MicrobialTranslocation Macrophage-SpecificAspectsofHIV-1Infection MucosalImmunitytoHIV-1 ReverseTranscriptase-CatalyzedHIV-1DNA NKTCells:BridgingInnateandAdaptive Synthesis Immunity TatExpressionandFunction Neuro-AIDS,Immunopathogenesisof Transcription(Initiation,Regulation,Elongation) NonpathogenicSIVInfectionofSooty UncoatingandNuclearEntry Mangabeys VirusAssembly Overview:Immunopathogenesis PD-1 NaturalHistory&Pathogenesis:HostGenetics Post-treatmentControllers RoleofRegulatoryTCellsDuringHIV SectionEditor:AmalioTelenti Infection HostGeneticsandGenomics SIVInfectioninMandrills KIRLocusVariation SIVInfectionofAfricanGreenMonkeys MHCLocusVariation SIVmacInfectionofMacaques, SystemsBiology Immunopathogenesisof
The list of books you might like
