Encyclopedia of Agrochemicals [Vol 1]

493 Pages·2003·4.83 MB·English

by  Jack R Plimmer

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
AGROCHEMICALS
VOLUME 1
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AGROCHEMICALS
Editor-in-Chief EditorialStaff
JackR.Plimmer Vice-President,STMBooks:JanetBailey
ExecutiveEditor:JacquelineI.Kroschwitz
Director,BookProductionandManufacturing:Camille
AssociateEditor
P.Carter
DerekW.Gammon
CaliforniaEPA ManagingEditor:ShirleyThomas
PublishingTechnologyAssociateManager,Books:
DavidBlount
AssociateEditor
IllustrationManager:DeanGonzalez
NancyR.Ragsdale
AgriculturalResearchService,USDA EditorialAssistant:AudreyRoker
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF
AGROCHEMICALS
VOLUME 1
Jack R. Plimmer
Derek W. Gammon
Nancy N. Ragsdale
TheEncyclopediaofAgrochemicalsisavailableOnlineat
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Encyclopediaofagrochemicals/JackR.Plimmer,editor-in-chief.
p.cm.
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1.Agriculturalchemicals—Encyclopedias.I.Plimmer,JackR.,1927-
S584.4.E532002
631.8(cid:1)03—dc21
2002027418
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
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PREFACE
The Encyclopedia of Agrochemicals covers chemical Council Committee on the Future Role of Pesticides in
technology relating to pesticides, fertilizers, and other USAgriculturewhichconcludedthat‘‘chemicalpesticides
chemicals germane to this topic. Because the scope will continue to play a role in pest management in the
of this field has broadened considerably with deeper foreseeable future, in part because the environmental
understanding of the environmental implications of compatibilityofproductsisincreasing—particularlywith
chemicaluseanditsecologicalconsequences,theseaspects genes that protect crops, chemicals with new modes of
have been included. Such knowledge has stimulated action, and non pesticide management techniques’’ (2).
greater regulatory activity and increased the need AlthoughthepesticidemarkethasleveledoffinN.America
for toxicological information, which we have included. andEurope,growthintheremainderoftheworldreflects
However, manufacturing technology has been excluded thecontinueddemand.China,inparticular,hasincreased
fromtheEncyclopedia.TheEncyclopediaisacompilation itsproductionofpesticidechemicalsandproductionofthe
of many specially commissioned original articles. It also active ingredients of pesticides grew from 395 thousand
includes definitions: The work is intended to serve metric tons in 1997 to 696 thousand metric tons in 2001
principally as a source of chemical information but (3).Thedegreeofsophisticationassociatedwithpesticide
toxicology, metabolism, biotechnology, regulatory and useinEuropeandN.Americamustbematchedinthelesser
environmentalaspectshavebeenincluded. developedcountriesbyincreasededucationandtrainingif
The widespread use of synthetic pesticides began thefullbenefitsofthistechnologyaretoberealized.
approximately50yearsagoandwehaveincludedarticles Thepreparationofthisworkreliedonthecooperation
on classes of compounds which, although no longer of experts world wide. We would like to thank our many
contributors who have devoted time to the preparation
in use, have provided experience of the environmental
of articles. This has been a particularly difficult time
implications of the use of xenobiotics. Moreover in many
for those who work in industrial research. During its
cases, especially for some organochlorine insecticides,
preparation there were many changes in industry that
their persistence combined with widespread use has led
resulted in consolidation of programs and redirection of
tositesofcontaminatedlandandwater,continuingtothe
research effort. Thanks are due to colleagues in industry
present. However, it should also be borne in mind that
who have prepared manuscripts as well as coping with
many of these insecticides have played a major role in
organizational changes and shifts in research emphasis.
restrictingdiseasessuchasmalaria,yellowfever,dengue
Our contributors in government and academia have also
fever, plague, Chargas’ disease, African river blindness,
felt the general pressures of reduced support for science.
typhus, sleeping sickness etc. Such success could not
We recognized that gaps in coverage were inevitable
have been achieved had these agents not been initially
because the exigencies of publication did not always
developedasagrochemicals.
harmonize with the schedules of the many experts who
TheyearsimmediatelyfollowingthecloseofWorldWar
wereconsultedduringthepreparationoftheEncyclopedia.
IIwitnessed almostexplosive growth inthe development
We acknowledge the help and advice of many
and application of synthetic organic chemicals to the
colleagues. Among them Dr. Terry Roberts of JSCN
control of insect pests, plant-disease causing organisms,
Internationalwasinvolvedintheconceptualandplanning
andweeds.Thesubsequentchallengestopestmanagement
stages, Dr. Steve Duke provided guidance and help with
systems that relied predominantly on chemical control
herbicideentries,Dr.IstvanUjvaryassistedinwritingor
arose both from environmental concerns and from the
commissioningarticles.
developmentofresistanceamongpestspecies.Alternative
Manydefinitionshavebeenincluded.Whereindicated
strategies were needed and these developments were in the text these have been published by IUPAC in
accompaniedbytheestablishmentofregulatoryagencies
the IUPAC Report on Pesticides (36), Glossary of Terms
whose major goal was to mitigate the harmful effects
relating to Pesticides, Pure and Appl. Chem. 68:N06, pp.
of pesticide use, whether real or perceived. Industry
1167–1193(1996).
responded to this evolutionary process by seeking to
(1) A.L.Aspelinand A.H. Grube,Pesticides Industry
developmoleculesthatmetcriteriaofimprovedhumanand
SalesandUsage:1996and1997MarketEstimates,
environmental safety. In recent years biotechnology has
Biological and Economic Analysis Division, Office
providedsolutionsbymodifyingcropssothattheywould
of Pesticide Programs, Office of Prevention, Pes-
expressinsecticidaltoxinsorresisttheactionofherbicides
ticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental
thathadmettheapprovalofregulatoryauthorities.
ProtectionAgency,Washington,DC20460,Novem-
Thesechangeshavebeenreflectedinthemarketplace.
ber1999,733-R-99-001.
The acreage treated with pesticides remains high but
amountsappliedhavedecreasedaschemicalsbecomemore (2) Committee on the Future Role of Pesticides in
efficacious and application becomes more efficient. The US Agriculture, ‘‘The Future Role of Pesticides in
USAgriculture’’,NationalResearchCouncil,Board
pesticide market continues to flourish and in the United
on Agriculture and Natural Resources, National
States where over 1.2 billion pounds of active ingredient
AcademyPress,Washington,D.C.p.2(2000).
were used in 1997, pesticides account for about 4.5%
of total farm production costs (1). The situation in the (3) ChemicalandEngineeringNews,80,82(2002).
US was the subject of a report by a National Research JackR.Plimmer
v
CONTRIBUTORS
Basil Acock, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USDA-ARS Pesticide Heinrich Dittmar, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen, Germany,
PropertiesDatabase PlantNutrition
ThomasAddiscott,RothamstedExperimentalStation,Harpenden,Herts, KelleyJ.Donham,,AgriculturalHygiene
UnitedKingdom,NitrateinGroundwater ManfredDrach,BASFAktiengesellschaft,Limburgerhof,Germany,Plant
David B. Alexander, University of Portland, Portland, Oregon, Soil Nutrition
Bacteria
Stephen O. Duke, USDA, ARS, Natural Products Utilization Res.
RezaAsiaie,RocheMolecularSystems,Somerville,NewJersey,Capillary Unit, University, Mississippi, Herbicides, Biotechnology for Control
Electrophoresis
of Weeds; Herbicides, Carotenoid Biosynthesis Inhibitors; Herbicides,
MichaelL.Avery,NationalWildlifeResearchCenter,Gainesville,Florida, Cinmethylin;Herbicides,ProtoporphyrinogenOxidaseInhibitors
AvianRepellents
Estrella Duque, Estacio´n Experimental del Zaid´ın, Granada, Spain,
Joseph E. Bailey, Arlington, Virginia, Food Quality Protection Act of
BiodegradationofXenobioticsbyEngineeredMicrobes
1996
CliveEdwards,TheOhioStateUniversity,Columbus,Ohio,Microcosms
DavidL.Balkwill,FloridaStateUniversity,Tallahassee,Florida,Sub-
Janice W. Edwards, MonsantoCompany, St.Louis,Missouri,Genetic
surfaceMicrobialCommunities:DiversityofCulturableMicroorganisms
Engineering,Plants
Jerry J. Baron, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, North
Brunswick,NewJersey,MinorUsePesticides,Registration Thomas Egli, Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and
Technology,Du¨bendorf,Switzerland,MetabolismofMixturesofOrganic
Anton Baudoin, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Pollutants
Blacksburg,Virginia,ChemotherapyofPlantDiseases
Donald H. Beermann, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, MonicaElliott,MontanaStateUniversity,Bozeman,Montana,PCR
GrowthRegulators,Animals Manuel Espinosa-Urbel, Estacio´n Experimental del Zaid´ın, Granada,
G. Knauf-Beiter, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Basel, Switzerland, Spain,BiodegradationofXenobioticsbyEngineeredMicrobes
Fungicides,Phenylpyrroles Abraham Esteve-Nu´n˜ez,Estacio´nExperimental del Zaid´ın, Granada,
RaviG.Bhat,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,California,Tillage Spain,BiodegradationofXenobioticsbyEngineeredMicrobes
EulaBingham, RegulationsandGuidelinesintheWorkplace MorifusaEto,Fukuoka,Japan,OrganophosphorusInsecticides
Robert S. Boethling, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics, U.S. AllanFelsot,WashingtonStateUniversityTri-Cities,Richland,Washing-
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, District of Columbia, ton,LD50
ChemicalPropertiesEstimation Esther Forga´cs, Hungarian Academy of Sciences,Budapest, Hungary,
Douglas Boyette, USDA, ARS, Southern Weed Science Res. Unit, Chromatography,HPLC;Chromatography,TLC
Stoneville,Mississippi,Herbicides,BiotechnologyforControlofWeeds
Peter Frenzel, Max-Planck-Institut fu¨r Terrestrische Mikrobiologie,
Walter Bra¨ndlein, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen, Germany, Marburg,Germany,FloodedSoils
PlantNutrition
L. J. Shane Friesen, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada,
KeithJ.Brent,Bristol,England,Fungicides,AnOverview
Herbicides,PlantHormoneMimics—Auxins
Richard Bromilow, Rothamsted, Harpenden, Herts, United Kingdom,
DerekW.Gammon,CaliforniaEPA,Sacramento,California,Herbicides:
SoilPersistence
InhibitorsofGlutamineSynthetase;Insecticides,Organochlorines
Matthew W. Brooks, AG-CHEM Consulting, LLC, Clifton, Virginia,
B. Clifford Gerwick, Dow Agrosciences,Indianapolis, Indiana, Herbi-
StandardEvaluationProcedures
cides,IdentificationofBiologicallyActiveMaterials
ThomasM.Brown,Gene´CTAr.com,LLC,Clemson,SouthCarolina,Insect
ResistancetoInsecticides Ulrich Gisi, Syngenta Crop Protection, Basel, Switzerland, Fungicides,
Phenylamides/Acycalanines
CharlesT.Bryson,USDA-ARS,Stoneville,Mississippi,WeedSpecies
Alan Buckle, (formerly Novartis Crop Protection, Basel), Hergiswill, David J. Glass, D. Glass Associates, Inc., Needham, Massachusetts,
Switzerland,Rodenticides RegulationoftheCommercialUseofMicroorganisms
CaroleeT.Bull,USDA–ARS,Salinas,California,BiologicalControlof DayanB.Goodenowe,YolBolsumInc.,Rycroft,Alberta,Canada,LC/MS,
PlantDiseases PesticideResidueAnalysis
H. Buschhaus,AventisCropScienceGmbH, RegulatoryAffairsEurope, L.FayeGrimsley, RegulationsandGuidelinesintheWorkplace
FrankfurtamMain,Germany,Fungicides,Carbamates ReinholdGutser,Lehrstuhlfu¨rPflanzenerna¨hrung,TechnischeUniver-
AntonioCaballero,Estacio´nExperimentaldelZaid´ın,Granada,Spain, sita¨tMu¨nchen-Weihenstephan,Freising,Germany,PlantNutrition
BiodegradationofXenobioticsbyEngineeredMicrobes ReinhardtHa¨hndel,BASFAktiengesellschaft,Limburgerhof,Germany,
Thomas M. Cahill, Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre, Trent PlantNutrition
University,Peterborough,Ontario,Canada,FugacityModeling Christopher Hall, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada,
C. Camara, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Herbicides,PlantHormoneMimics—Auxins
Ethylenebisthiocarbamates(Analysis)
RaymondHammerschmidt,MichiganStateUniversity,EastLansing,
D.A.Carlson,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,Florida,Repellents Michigan,Juglone;PreexistingDefenseChemicals
DavidJ.Chitwood,USDA-ARS,Beltsville,Maryland,Nematicides
Kriton Hatzios, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia,
J.MarshallClark,UniversityofMassachusetts,Amherst,Massachusetts, Herbicides,PlantResistancetoHerbicides
TurfgrassPesticides:ManagementandEnvironmentalIssues
MatthewJ.Henry,DowAgroSciences,Indianapolis,Indiana,Fungicides,
RalfConrad,Max-Planck-Institutfu¨rTerrestrischeMikrobiologie,Mar-
Quinoxyfen
burg,Germany,FloodedSoils
JoanM.Henson,MontanaStateUniversity,Bozeman,Montana,PCR
Tibor Cserha´ti, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary,
Albert E.Herner,USDA-ARS,Beltsville,Maryland,USDA-ARSPesti-
Chromatography,HPLC;Chromatography,TLC
cidePropertiesDatabase
Vilmos Czikkely, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen, Germany,
PlantNutrition Abe Hiroshi, Tokyo Universityof Agriculture,Tokyo, Japan, Brassino-
steroids
Franck E. Dayan, USDA-ARS Natural Products Utilization Research
Unit, University, Mississippi, Herbicides, Carotenoid Biosynthesis Robert E. Hoagland, USDA, ARS, SWSRU, Stoneville, Mississippi,
Inhibitors; Herbicides, Cinmethylin; Herbicides, Protoporphyrinogen MetabolismofHerbicides
OxidaseInhibitors Derek W. Hollomon, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom,
A.J.Dewar,ArthurDewarAssociates,UnitedKingdom,EURegistration Fungicides, 2-Aminopyrimidines; Fungicides, Fungal Resistance to
Directive ChemicalControls
vii
viii CONTRIBUTORS
Robert E. Holm, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, North NeilMackay,CambridgeEnvironmentalAssessments,Boxworth,United
Brunswick,NewJersey,MinorUsePesticides,Registration Kingdom,GroundwaterModelingTools
WilliamR.Horwath,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,California,Biomass: EugeneL.Madsen,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NewYork,Biodegradabil-
SoilMicrobialBiomass ity:Assessment
Philip H. Howard, Syracuse Research Corporation, Environmental VolkerMagnus,InstitutRudjerBosˇkovic´,Zagreb,Croatia,Auxins,Indole
Science Center, North Syracuse, New York, Chemical Properties Auxins
Estimation Ashok Kumar Malik, G.N.D. University, Amritsar, Punjab, India,
HideoIshii,NationalInstituteforAgro-EnvironmentalSciences,Tsukuba, Ethylenebisthiocarbamates(Analysis)
Ibaraki,Japan,Fungicides,Tubulin-BindingCompounds Otis C. Maloy, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington,
NicholasJarvis,SwedishUniversityofAgriculturalSciences,Uppsala, ChemotherapyofPlantDiseases;Disinfection;Disinfestation
Sweden,MacroporeFlowModels;MacroporeandPreferentialFlow GeorgeM.Markle,Rutgers,TheStateUniversityofNewJersey,North
Paul Jepson, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, Natural Brunswick,NewJersey,MinorUsePesticides,Registration
Enemies AlbertusMartijn,CIPAC,Ruurlo,TheNetherlands,CIPAC
PhilipJ.Jewess,IACR–Rothamsted,Harpenden,Hertfordshire,United Konrad Mengel, Justus-Liebig-Universita¨t Giessen, Institute for Plant
Kingdom,AcetylcholineReceptors;Acetylcholinesterase;ChitinBiosyn- Nutrition,Giessen,Germany,PlantNutrition
thesisInhibitors JuliusJ.Menn,Highland,Maryland,Biopesticides
MadanM.Joshi,DuPontAgriculturalProducts,Wilmington,Delaware, RobertL.Metcalf,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,Illinois,GeneticControl
Fungicides,Cymoxanil ofInsects
ShinzoKagabu,GifuUniversity,Gifu,Japan,Insecticides,Imidacloprid William M. Meylan, Syracuse Research Corporation, Environmental
PhilipC.Kearney,USDA-ARS,Beltsville,Maryland,SoilChemistryof Science Center, North Syracuse, New York, Chemical Properties
Pesticides Estimation
IvanR.Kennedy,UniversityofSydney,Sydney,Australia,Immunoassays Carmen Micha´n, Estacio´n Experimental del Zaid´ın, Granada, Spain,
AllenKerr,UniversityofAdelaide,Adelaide,Australia,Agrocin84 BiodegradationofXenobioticsbyEngineeredMicrobes
SushilK.Khetan,NewDelhi,India,StorageStability CarolJ.Miller,WayneStateUniversity,Detroit,Michigan,Groundwater
Ganesh M. Kishore, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, Genetic Monitoring
Engineering,Plants Pierre Mineau, National Wildlife Research Centre, Canadian Wildlife
KimikoKlein,CaliforniaEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Sacramento, Service,Ottawa,Ontario,Canada,AvianSpecies
California,Remediation Amitava Mitra, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, Genetic
William A. Kleschick, Dow AgroSciences LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana, Engineering
CombinatorialChemistryasAppliedtoTheDiscoveryofAgrochemicals William T. Molin, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, Mississippi, Herbicides,
Gu¨nterKluge,Bundesministeriumfu¨rErna¨hrung,Landwirtschaftund PyridineCarboxylate
Forsten,Bonn,Germany,PlantNutrition Thomas B. Moorman, USDA Agricultural Research Service, National
BiserkaKojic´-Prodic´,InstitutRudjerBosˇkovic´,Zagreb,Croatia,Auxins, SoilTilthLaboratory,Ames,Iowa,SoilDistributionofMicroorganisms
IndoleAuxins TakayukiMotoyama,RIKEN(TheInstituteofPhysicalandChemical
WolframKo¨ller,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NewYork,Fungicides,Sterol Research),Wako,Japan,Fungicides,MelaninBiosynthesisInhibitors
BiosynthesisInhibitors Hermann Mu¨hlfeld, Formerly Chemische Fabrik Kalk GmbH, Ko¨ln,
William C. Koskinen, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Soil Germany,PlantNutrition
ChemistryofPesticides Franz Mu¨ller, (formerly Novartis Crop Protection, Basel), Hergiswill,
SagarV.Krupa,UniversityofMinnesota,St.Paul,Minnesota,Ethylene Switzerland,GeneticControlofInsects;Rodenticides
AlexanderJ. Krynitsky,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Fort DavidD.Myrold,OregonStateUniversity,Corvallis,Oregon,Nitrogen
Meade,Maryland,LC/MS,PesticideResidueAnalysis CycleinSoil
Friedrich Kuhlmann, Institut fu¨r Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre, WilliamE.Newton,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,
Giessen,Germany,PlantNutrition Blacksburg,Virginia,NitrogenFixation
PaulJ.Kuhn,SyngentaCropProtection,VeroBeach,Florida,Fungicides, Ralph L. Nicholson, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana,
InhibitorsofMitochondrialEnergyProduction Phytoalexin
Karl-FriedrichKummer,BASFAktiengesellschaft,Limburgerhof,Ger- Titus Niedermaier, Formerly BASF Aktiengesellschaft, Ludwigshafen,
many,PlantNutrition Germany,PlantNutrition
WalterKunz,SyngentaCropProtectionAG,Basel,Switzerland,Chemical Naoko Nishikawa-Koseki, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo,
ActivatorsofDiseaseResistance Japan,Brassinosteroids
NorioKurihara,Kyoto,Japan,ChiralityandChiralPesticides Patrick Noland, ABC Laboratories Europe, Coleraine, Ireland, Solid
LeslieC.Lane,UniversityofNebraska,Lincoln,Nebraska,Electrophore- PhaseExtraction
sis Walter Oettmeier, Ruhr—Universitaet Bochum, Bochum, Germany,
BerndLennartz,UniversityRostock,Rostock,Germany,Soil,Movement Herbicides,InhibitorsofPhotosynthesisatPhotosystemII
ofPesticidesIn Offiah O. Offiah, Maryland Department of Agriculture, Annapolis,
PierreLeroux,InstitutNationaldelaRechercheAgronomique,Versailles, Maryland,Analysis—InstrumentationandTechniques
France,Fungicides,Anilopyrimidines;Fungicides,Dicarboximides Anna Oliva, Second University of Naples, Caserta, Italy, Herbicides,
Gavin B. Lewis, JSC International Ltd., Harrogate, North Yorkshire, BiotechnologyforControlofWeeds
UnitedKingdom,NaturalEnemies MichaelO’Malley,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,California,Epidemi-
LeslieC.Lewis,AgriculturalResearchService,USDA,Ankeny,Iowa,and ologyofPesticideExposure
IowaStateUniversity,Ames,Iowa,BiologicalControl,Survey MichaelOostendorp,SyngentaCropProtectionAG,Basel,Switzerland,
Morton Lippmann, Pathways and Measuring Exposure to Toxic ChemicalActivatorsofDiseaseResistance
Substances Ann B. Orth, FMC Corporation, Princeton, New Jersey, Fungicides,
David A. Lipson, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, InhibitorsofMitochondrialEnergyProduction
KineticsofMicrobialProcessesandPopulationGrowth CraigOsteen,EconomicResearchService,USDA,Washington,Districtof
J. P. Little, Aventis CropScience, Ongar, Essex, United Kingdom, Columbia,EconomicIssuesofUSAgriculturalPesticideUse
Herbicides,Inhibiting4-HydroxyphenylpyruvateDioxygenase(HPPD) MerrittPadgitt,EconomicResearchService,USDA,Washington,District
JohnLydon,USDA,ARS,SustainableAgriculturalSystemsRes.Unit, ofColumbia,EconomicIssuesofUSAgriculturalPesticideUse
Beltsville,Maryland,Herbicides,BiotechnologyforControlofWeeds Ken E. Pallett, Aventis CropScience, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,
H.Lyr,Eberswalde,Germany,Fungicides,AromaticHydrocarbons Herbicides, Asulam; Herbicides, Inhibiting 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate
Donald Mackay, Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre, Trent Dioxygenase(HPPD)
University,Peterborough,Ontario,Canada,FugacityModeling La´szlo´Pap,Agro-ChemieLtd.,Budapest,Hungary,Pyrethroids
CONTRIBUTORS ix
Marshall H. Parker, Dow AgroSciences LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana, Hugo Steinhauser, Formerly Lehrstuhl fu¨r Wirtschaftslehre des,
CombinatorialChemistryasAppliedtoTheDiscoveryofAgrochemicals Landbaues,TechnischeUniversita¨tMu¨nchen,Freising,Germany,Plant
JuergenPauluhn,BayerAG,Wuppertal,Germany,InhalationToxicity Nutrition
Mikael Pell, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Steven J. Stout, BASF Corporation, Princeton, New Jersey, LC/MS,
Sweden,ToxicityTestinginSoils PesticideResidueAnalysis
WilfriedPestemer,FederalBiologicalResearchCentreofAgricultureand JamesStry,DupontCropProtection,Newark,Delaware,LC/MS,Pesticide
Forestry,Berlin,Germany,Bioassays:PhytotoxicitytoSucceedingCrops ResidueAnalysis
Ch. Pillonel, Syngenta Crop ProtectionAG, Basel,Switzerland,Fungi- KrishnaV.Subbarao,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,California,Tillage
cides,Phenylpyrroles GeorgeW.Sundin,MichiganStateUniversity,EastLansing,Michigan,
JackR.Plimmer,Tampa,Florida,Insecticides,Organochlorines;Her- AntibioticResistance;Antibiotics;Streptomycin;Tetracycline
bicides:InhibitorsofGlutamineSynthetase;Herbicides,AnOverview; Susan D. Sutton, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, Quantification of
InsecticidalCarbamates MicrobialBiomass
ErnestL.Plummer,FMCCorporation,Princeton,NewJersey,QSAR M.AliTabatabai,IowaStateUniversity,Ames,Iowa,SoilEnzymes
WilliamPopendorf, AgriculturalHygiene MichitoTagawa,NissanChemicalInd. Ltd.,Shiraoka,Japan,Fungi-
HansPru¨n,FormerlyBASFAktiengesellschaft,Limburgerhof,Germany, cides,Antibiotics
PlantNutrition MaxE.Tate,UniversityofAdelaide,Adelaide,Australia,Agrocin84
JosM.Raaijmakers,WageningenUniversity,Wageningen,TheNether- Alan W. Taylor, USDA-ARS, College Park, Maryland, Fertilizers;
lands,Rhizosphere VolatilityofPesticides
Marı´a-Isabel Ramos-Gonza´lez, Estacio´n Experimental del Zaid´ın, J.RichardM.Thacker,BiologicalSciences,UniversityofPaisley,Paisley,
Granada,Spain,BiodegradationofXenobioticsbyEngineeredMicrobes Scotland,PesticideAdjuvants
Juan L. Ramos, Estacio´n Experimental del Zaid´ın, Granada, Spain, Lennart Torstensson, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences,
BiodegradationofXenobioticsbyEngineeredMicrobes Uppsala,Sweden,ToxicityTestinginSoils
P. T. Reeves, National Registration Authority for Agricultural and MartinE.Trenkel,Eusserthal,Germany,PlantNutrition
VeterinaryChemicals,Kingston,Australia,AnimalHealthProducts RonTurco,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,Indiana,Biodegradation
JonB.Reid, Dibenzo-p-Dioxins:2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin inSoil
WilliamA.Rickelton,CytecCanadaInc.,PhosphineandItsDerivatives James A. Turner, Dow AgroSciences LLC, Indianapolis, Indiana,
CombinatorialChemistryasAppliedtoTheDiscoveryofAgrochemicals
JoanneG.Romagni,USDA-ARSNaturalProductsUtilizationResearch
Unit,University,Mississippi,Herbicides,Cinmethylin B. G. Tweedy, Jamestown, North Carolina, Fungicides, Copper Com-
poundsandSulfur
ErinN.Rosskopf,USDA–ARS,USHRL,FortPierce,Florida,Biological
ControlofWeeds YasuhikoUesugi,Tokyo,Japan,Fungicides,MultisiteInhibitors—Broad
SpectrumSurfaceProtectants
RobertP.Sabba,USDA-ARS,Fargo,NorthDakota,Herbicides,Cellulose
BiosynthesisInhibitors Istva´n Ujva´ry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary,
NaturalProductPesticides;Propesticides
HudanSafarpour,AmericanCyanamidCompany,Princeton,NewJersey,
Karl-Heinz Ullrich,BASFAktiengesellschaft,Limburgerhof,Germany,
Stephen H. Safe, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas,
PlantNutrition
ChlorocarbonsandChlorohydrocarbons—ToxicAromatics
MarilynUnderwood,CaliforniaDepartmentofHealthServices,Oakland,
MitsuruSasaki,KobeUniversity,Kobe-shiHyogo-ken,Japan,Fungicides,
California,Remediation
OrganophosphorusCompounds
DonValentine,Ridgefield,Connecticut,SoilConditioners:Agricultural
BrianE.Scheffler,USDA,ARS,NaturalProductsUtilizationRes.Unit,
Applications
University,Mississippi,Herbicides,BiotechnologyforControlofWeeds
Jan Roelof van der Meer, Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental
HeinrichW.Scherer,Universita¨tBonn,AgrikulturchemischesInstitut,
ScienceandTechnology(EAWAG),Du¨bendorf,Switzerland,Metabolic
Bonn,Germany,PlantNutrition
PathwaysEvolution
StevenK.Schmidt,UniversityofColorado,Boulder,Colorado,Kinetics
Laura L. Van Eerd, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada,
ofMicrobialProcessesandPopulationGrowth
Herbicides,PlantHormoneMimics—Auxins
Mark R. Schmitt, Trenton, New Jersey, Fungicides, Inhibitors of
Dick Van Elsas, Plant Research International B.V., Wageningen, The
MitochondrialEnergyProduction
Netherlands, Genetically Modified Microorganisms (GMM) in Soil
Ana Segura, Estacio´n Experimental del Zaid´ın, Granada, Spain, Environments
BiodegradationofXenobioticsbyEngineeredMicrobes
Leo Van Overbeek, Plant Research International B.V., Wageningen,
Dale Shaner, USDA-ARS, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, TheNetherlands,GeneticallyModifiedMicroorganisms(GMM)inSoil
Colorado,Herbicides,Imidazolinone Environments
DanielR.Shelton,USDA-AgriculturalResearchService,SoilChemistry Kevin C. Vaughn, USDA-ARS, Stoneville, Mississippi, Herbicides,
ofPesticides PyridineCarboxylate;PhotosystemIEnergyDiverters
Malcolm C. Shurtleff, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, AnneK.Vidaver,UniversityofNebraska,Lincoln,Nebraska,Bacteriocins
Illinois, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, Aflatoxin; RalfVosskamp,BASFAktiengesellschaft,Limburgerhof,Germany,Plant
Fumonisins;MycotoxinandMycotoxicoses;Vomitoxin Nutrition
JamesJ.Sims,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,California,Fungicides, ShuoWang,UniversityofSydney,Sydney,Australia,Immunoassays
SoilFumigants
MonteR.Weimer,DowAgrosciences,Indianapolis,Indiana,Herbicides,
John H. Skerritt, Australian Centre for International Agricultural IdentificationofBiologicallyActiveMaterials
Research,Canberra,Australia,Immunoassays
Wilfried Werner, Agrikulturchemisches Institut der Universita¨t Bonn,
Jeffrey L.Smith,USDA–ARS,WashingtonStateUniversity,Pullman, Bonn,Germany,PlantNutrition
Washington,SoilQuality,TheRoleofMicroorganisms
RichardWilkins,UniversityofNewcastle,NewcastleuponTyne,United
David M. Stark, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, Missouri, Genetic Kingdom,ControlledReleaseFormulationsofPesticides
Engineering,Plants M. F. Wilson, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, United
J. R. Startin, Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom,MALDI
Kingdom,MALDI Thomas S. Woods, DuPont Agricultural Enterprise, Wilmington,
PaulStaswick,UniversityofNebraska,Lincoln,Nebraska,JasmonicAcid Delaware,PesticideFormulations
Theodor Staub, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Basel, Switzerland, Isamu Yamaguchi, RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical
ChemicalActivatorsofDiseaseResistance Research),Wako,Japan,Fungicides,MelaninBiosynthesisInhibitors;
Gu¨nter Steffens, Landwirtschaftliche Untersuchungs- und Forschung- Fungicides,Antibiotics
sanstalt,Oldenburg,Germany,PlantNutrition HendrikYpema,BASFCorporation,ResearchTrianglePark,NorthCar-
A. Steinemann, Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Basel, Switzerland, olina, Fungicides, Dimethomorph; Fungicides, Ferimzone; Fungicides,
Fungicides,Phenylpyrroles Hymexazol
x CONTRIBUTORS
BrianGeraldYoung,SouthernIllinoisUniversity,Carbondale,Illinois, Hugo Ziegler, Pentapharm, Basel, Switzerland, Fungicides, Pheny-
HerbicideAdjuvants lamides/Acycalanines
RobertM.Zablotowicz,USDA,ARS,SWSRU,Stoneville,Mississippi, Stephen H. Zinder, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, Reductive
MetabolismofHerbicides Dehalogenation