Encyclopedia of African-American Politics (Facts on File Library of American History Series)

433 Pages·2003·4.79 MB·English

by  Robert C. Smith

Encyclopedia of
african-American
politics
Robert C. Smith
For Lovanya Dejean
(1943–2001)
Encyclopedia of African-American Politics
Copyright © 2003 by Robert C. Smith
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Smith, Robert C., 1947–
Encyclopedia of African American politics / Robert C. Smith.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8160-4475-9 (alk. paper)
1. African Americans—Politics and government—Encyclopedias. 2. African
Americans—History—Encyclopedias. I. Title.
E185 .S58155 2003
973’.0496073’003—dc21 2002075473
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Text design by Joan M. Toro
Cover design by Cathy Rincon
Illustrations by Sholto Ainslie
Printed in the United States of America
VB Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
Contents
(cid:2)
LIST OF ENTRIES
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ix
INTRODUCTION
xi
ENTRIES A TO Z
1
DOCUMENTARY SOURCES IN THE STUDY OF
AFRICAN-AMERICAN POLITICS
395
BIBLIOGRAPHY
397
INDEX
409

List of Entries
(cid:2)
abolitionist movement “Ballot or the Bullet” speech Bruce, Blanche K. color stratification
accommodationism Bandung Conference Bunche, Ralph commerce clause, U.S.
Adams, John Quincy Baraka, Imamu Amiri bureaucracy Constitution
Adarand Constructors Inc. Bethune, Mary McLeod busing communism
v. Pena bigotry (see racism) capitalism Communist Party
affirmative action Bill of Rights Carmichael, Stokely community control
African American Birmingham Carter, Jimmy Compromise of 1877
African-American politics, demonstrations Census, U.S. Congress
defined Birth of a Nation, The Chisholm, Shirley Congressional Black
African-American studies black citizen diplomacy Caucus
African-American thought black agendas citizenship Congress of Racial Equality
African Blood Black Arts movement City of Richmond v. J. A. (CORE)
Brotherhood Black Cabinet Croson(see Croson, J. Connerly, Ward
Afrocentricity black church A., City of Richmond v.) conservatism
AIDS-HIV Black Codes civic culture conservative coalition
Ali, Muhammad black community civil disobedience Constitution, U.S.
alienation Black Muslims (see Nation civil liberties constitutionalism
Allen, Richard of Islam) civil rights convention movement
American Colonialization black nationalism Civil Rights Act of 1964 Cook, Samuel DuBois
Society blackness civil rights cases of 1883 co-optation
American Dilemma, An Black Panther Party Civil Rights Commission, CORE (see Congress of
American Muslim Mission Black Power movement U.S. Racial Equality)
apartheid Black Power: The Politics of Civil Rights Division, Council on African
Aptheker, Herbert Liberation in America Department of Justice Affairs
Asante, Molefi K. Black Radical Congress Civil Rights movement criminal justice system
assimilation Blair Education bill Civil War Croson, J. A., v. City of
“Atlanta Compromise” Blyden, Edward Wilmot Clark, Kenneth Richmond
address Brennan, William J. class stratification Crummell, Alexander
Atlanta University Brooke, Edward Clinton, Bill Cruse, Harold
back-to-Africa movements Brotherhood of Sleeping Coalition of Black Trade cultural nationalism
Baker, Ella Jo Car Porters Unionists culture
Baker v. Carr Brown, John coalitions culture of poverty
Bakke v. Regents of the Brown, Ronald H. COINTELPRO Cummings v. Board of
University of California Brown v. Board of cold war Education
balance of power Education of Topeka, Colfax massacre Davis, Angela
Baldwin, James Kansas colonialism Dawson, William L.
v
vi List of Entries
Declaration of Freedom Rides individual racism media
Independence free Negroes institutional racism melting pot
Delany, Martin R. fugitive slave clause, U.S. integration Meredith, James
Dellums, Ronald Constitution interest groups Meredith march
democracy full employment internal colonialism militancy
Democracy in America Full Employment and internal inferiorization military
Democratic Party Balanced Growth Act of Jackson, Jesse Milliken v. Bradley
deracialization 1978 Jefferson, Thomas Million Man march
desegregation Fullilove v. Klutznick Jim Crow minority group
Diggs, Charles gag rule Johnson, Andrew Mississippi Freedom
discrimination Garnett, Henry Highland Johnson, James Weldon Democratic Party
disparate impact Garrison, William Lloyd Johnson, Lyndon B. Mitchell, Clarence
disparate treatment Garvey, Marcus M. Joint Center for Political Montgomery, Isaiah T.
District of Columbia gay rights movement and Economic Studies Montgomery bus boycott
Douglass, Frederick Gettysburg Address Jones, Mack H. Moseley-Braun, Carol
Dred Scott v. Sanford ghetto Jones, Raymond J. Moses, Robert
drugs, war on (see criminal globalization Jordan, Vernon Muhammad, Elijah
justice system) Goldwater, Barry judicial process multiculturalism
Du Bois, W. E. B. Grant, Ulysses S. Justice Department, U.S. music
due process clauses, U.S. Gray, William H. Karenga, Ron Myrdal, Gunnar
Constitution Great Migration Kennedy, Edward M. NAACP (National
Dyer antilynching bill Great Society Kennedy, John F. Association for the
elected officials Griggs v. Duke Power Co. Kerner Report Advancement of Colored
electoral college Haiti Keyes, Alan People)
Elementary and Secondary Hamer, Fannie Lou Keyes v. School District No. names controversy
Education Act Hamilton, Charles V. 1, Denver, Colo. National Association of
Emancipation Proclamation Hare, Nathan King, Martin Luther, Jr. Colored Women’s Clubs
Equal Employment Harlem King, Rodney National Baptist
Opportunity Commission Harlem Renaissance Ku Klux Klan Convention
equality Harris, Patricia Roberts Kwanza National Black Election
equal protection clause, Harrison, Benjamin Langston, John Mercer Study
U.S. Constitution Hatcher, Richard leadership National Black Leadership
ethnicity (ethnic group) Hawkins, Augustus Leadership Conference on Roundtable
Evers, Medgar Hayes, Rutherford B. Civil Rights National Black Political
executive orders Heart of Atlanta Motel v. Legal Defense Fund Convention
Fanon, Frantz United States Lewis, John National Conference of
Farmer, James Height, Dorothy liberalism Black Political Scientists
Farrakhan, Louis Highlander Folk School Liberia National Council of Negro
FBI (Federal Bureau of historically black colleges Lincoln, Abraham Women
Investigation) and universities litigation National Negro Congress
federalism Holden, Matthew, Jr. lobbying National Negro Convention
feminism Hoover, Edgar J. lynching National Political Congress
Fifteenth Amendment, Housing and Urban Malcolm X of Black Women
U.S. Constitution Development (HUD), Marable, Manning National Urban League
filibuster U.S. Department of March on Washington (see Urban League)
Fletcher, Arthur, Jr. Houston, Charles H. movement National Welfare Rights
foreign policy Howard University March on Washington of Organization
forty acres and a mule human rights 1963 Nation of Islam
Fourteenth Amendment, Humphrey, Hubert Marshall, Thurgood natural rights
U.S. Constitution Humphrey-Hawkins Act Martin, Louis negritude
Franklin, John Hope ideology marxism Negro national anthem
Freedmen’s Bureau “I Have A Dream” speech Mayfield, Curtis New Deal
freedom individualism McCarthyism Newton, Huey
List of Entries vii
Niagara movement Radical Republicans social movements Twenty-third Amendment,
Nixon, Richard Rainbow Coalition Souls of Black Folk, The U.S. Constitution
Northern states Randolph, A. Philip Southern Christian two-party system
Obadele, Imari A. rap music (hip-hop) Leadership Conference Uncle Tom
Office of Federal Contract Reagan, Ronald (SCLC) Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Compliance reapportionment (see Southern states underclass
Operation PUSH Baker v. Carr) Southern strategy United Nations
oppression Reconstruction Sowell, Thomas Universal Declaration of
organization religiosity Spingarn, Joel E. Human Rights
Organization of Afro- reparations state and local Universal Negro
American Unity representation government Improvement
Pan-Africanism Republican Party Stewart, Maria W. Association
Parks, Rosa Republic of New Africa Stevens, Thaddeus Urban League
urban politics
Philadelphia Plan Revels, Hiram, R. Stokes, Carl
Vietnam War
Pierce, Samuel riots “Strange Fruit”
violence
Piven, Frances Fox Robeson, Paul Student Nonviolent
voting behavior
Plessy v. Ferguson Robinson, Randall Coordinating Committee
voting rights
pluralism Roosevelt, Franklin D. (SNCC)
Voting Rights Act of 1965
plural society Rowan, Carl subordinate group
Walker, David
political culture Rustin, Bayard Sullivan, Leon H.
Wallace, George
political incorporation Schomburg Center for Sumner, Charles
Walters, Ronald
political participation Research in Black superordinate group
Walton, Hanes, Jr.
political parties Culture Supreme Court
Wards Cove v. Atonio
political repression schools and education Swann v. Charlotte-
War on Poverty
political socialization SCLC (see Southern Mecklenburg Board of
Warren, Earl
political system Christian Leadership Education
Washington, Booker T.
Poor Peoples campaign Conference) Talented Tenth
Watts, J. C.
population Seale, Bobby Terrell, Mary Church
Watts riot
populist movements segregation think tanks
Weaver, Robert C.
post–civil rights era self-help third parties
welfare state
poverty Selma demonstrations Third World
Wells-Barnett, Ida B.
Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr. separate but equal Thirteenth Amendment,
“We Shall Overcome”
Powell, Colin separation of powers U.S. Constitution
West Indians
power sexism Thomas, Clarence
White, George
power elite Sharpton, Al three-fifths clause, U.S.
White, Walter
presidency Shaw v. Reno Constitution white backlash
presidential campaigns sit-ins TransAfrica white flight
Prestage, Jewel L. slaughterhouse cases Trotter, William Monroe whiteness
Proposition 209 slave revolts Truman, Harry S. white primary
protest slavery Truth, Sojourner white supremacy
public intellectuals slavery in Western thought Tubman, Harriet Wilder, Douglas L.
public opinion SNCC (see Student Turner, Henry M. Wilkins, Roy
public policy Nonviolent Coordinating Turner, Nat Wilson, William J.
quotas Committee) Tuskegee Institute Wilson, Woodrow
race social-contract theory Twenty-fourth Woodson, Carter G.
racism socialism Amendment, U.S. Young, Andrew
radicalism Socialist Party Constitution Young, Whitney

Acknowledgments
(cid:2)
This work was prepared with the assistance of my wife, Scottie Smith. It is ded-
icated to the memory of her friend and colleague, Lavonya Dejean. Lavonya was
an advocate and activist for the education of disadvantaged children. She coor-
dinated a movement of parents in the West Contra Costa, California, Unified
School District to develop comprehensive policies and procedures for parental
involvement in education. Through her leadership, diverse groups of teachers,
parents, and students were taught the necessity of understanding each others’
cultures and the need for equity and equality in the education of all children.
I should like to thank Owen Lancer for conceiving of the project, for invit-
ing me to undertake it, and for his assistance and the assistance of the staff of
Facts On File for guiding it to completion.
ix