Encyclopedia of Adolescence PDF
Preview Encyclopedia of Adolescence
Encyclopedia of Adolescence Roger J. R. Levesque (Ed.) Encyclopedia of Adolescence With47Figuresand74Tables Editor RogerJ.R.Levesque,J.D.,Ph.D. IndianaUniversity 302SycamoreHall Bloomington,IN47405 USA ISBN978-1-4419-1694-5 e-ISBN978-1-4419-1695-2 PrintandelectronicbundleunderISBN978-1-4419-1696-9 DOI10.1007/978-1-4419-1695-2 SpringerNewYorkDordrechtHeidelbergLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2011934914 ©SpringerScienceþBusinessMedia,LLC2011 Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermission ofthepublisher(SpringerScienceþBusinessMedia,LLC,233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY10013,USA),except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenot identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whetheror not they are subject to proprietaryrights. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Onbehalfofmyfellowadvisoryboardmembers,authors,andthereferencepublishingstaffatSpringer,Iwelcome youtotheEncyclopediaofAdolescence. This comprehensive, five volume reference features more than 700 substantive essays covering a broad spectrumoftopicscentraltoourunderstandingoftheadolescentperiod.Themajorityoftheseessaysareauthored by established researchers who have published empirical work and commentaries specifically on their essays’ topics.Inadditiontotheseessays,thevolumescontainshorteressaysthatprovideanalysesofkeyterms,concepts, theories, and legal doctrines that relate to the current empirical understanding of adolescence. Together, these essaysaremeanttoprovidereaderswithabroadsenseofresearchrelatingtoadolescence.Theyalsoaremeantto highlight important social and policy issues needed to understand more fully the period of adolescence and its peculiarplaceinsociety. The complexity of adolescent life, as well as the diverse and numerous disciplines seeking to understand it, certainlychallengeseffortstocreateasuccinctyetcomprehensivecompendium.Thebroaddiversityoftopicsand theirrelationships makeitdifficult todojusticetotopicswhile,atthesametime,notrepeatmaterialsinother essays. In response to these challenges and difficulties, the essays’ topics were developed by envisioning four majorgroupsoftopics.Giventhetopics’centralitytothisproject,itisworthhighlightingtheirnatureandgeneral content. Thefirstgroupdealswiththeself,identityanddevelopmentinadolescence.Thisclusterofessayscoversresearch relatingtoidentity(fromearlyadolescencethroughemergingadulthood),basicaspectsofdevelopment(biolog- ical,cognitive,social,etc.),aswellasfoundationaldevelopmentaltheories.Inaddition,thisgroupofessaysfocuses on various components of identity, such as those relating to gender, sexual, civic, moral, racial, spiritual, and religiousaspectsofindividuals’socialandpsychologicalsenseofwhotheyare. Essays relating to adolescents’social and personal relationships constitute the second group of topics. Essays within this broad area of research focus on the nature and influence of a variety of important relationships. The essays focus, for example, on families, peers, friends, sexual and romantic partners as well as significant nonparentaladults. The third cluster of topics centers on adolescents in social institutions. Essays in this category address the influenceandnatureofimportantinstitutionsthatserveasthesocializingcontextsforadolescents.Thesemajor institutions include schools, religious groups, justice systems, medical and other therapeutic contexts, cultural contexts,media,economicstatuses,socialservicesandyouthorganizations. The fourth and final cluster of topics involves adolescent psychopathology and mental health. This group of topics focuses on the wide variety of human thoughts, feelings and behaviors relating to mental health, from psychopathologytothriving.Majortopicexamplesinthisgroupincludedeviance,violence,crime,delinquency, pathology(DSM),normalcy,risk,victimizationandpositiveyouthdevelopment. Theabilitytocategorizehundredsoftopicsintoreasonablydistinctgroupsprovedconsiderablyuseful.Most notably,ithelpedavoidbeingoverwhelmedbytheenormityofthetask,asseveralhundredpotentialtopicswere culledfromjournals,books,andavarietyofothersourcesthatreportontheadolescentperiod(e.g.,mediaoutlets, governmentreports,andprofessionalassociation’smissionstatementsandresources).Byidentifyingandassisting in sorting topics, the approach produced the most systematic and comprehensive compendium of empirical findingsrelatingtotheperiodofadolescence.Purposefullyincludedamongthesetopicsaresomethathaveyetto beexploredempirically asmuch asmighthavebeenexpected.Thoselessexploredtopicsarepresentedtooffer researchersareasinneedoffurtherstudy,highlightimportantresearchgaps,andprovideanauthoritativeviewof vi Preface the extent to which current research supports images and views of adolescents. It is hoped that the depth and breadth of this endeavor will serve well students, educators, researchers and practitioners seeking authoritative informationabouttheperiodofadolescence,intermsofwhatweknow,donotknow,andshouldknow. Editor-in-Chief RogerJ.R.Levesque,J.D.,Ph.D. Bloomington,Indiana Editor-in-Chief RogerJ.R.Levesque,J.D.,Ph.D.,isChairandProfessorofCriminalJusticeatIndianaUniversity.Hereceivedhis J.D.fromColumbiaUniversitySchoolofLawandhisPh.D.inculturalpsychologyfromtheUniversityofChicago. Inadditiontoauthoringover50articlesandbookchapters,ProfessorLevesquehaspublishedover10books,most of which deal with the legal regulation of adolescence and family life. His books have earned awards from the Society for Research on Adolescence as well as the American Psychology and Law Society. The Association for PsychologicalScience(APS)(previouslytheAmericanPsychologicalSociety)haselectedhimFellowinrecogni- tion of his outstanding contributions to developmental science; and the American Psychological Association (APA) has elected him Fellow in recognition of his contributions to the field of psychology and law. Professor LevesquecurrentlyservesasEditor-in-ChiefofSpringer’sJournalofYouthandAdolescenceaswellastheAdvancing ResponsibleAdolescentDevelopmentbookseries. Advisory Board JohnW.Berry RonaldRoesch DepartmentofPsychology DepartmentofPsychology Queen’sUniversityatKingston SimonFraserUniversity Kingston,ON Burnaby,BC Canada Canada WilliamDamon StephenT.Russell StanfordUniversity SchoolofEducation UniversityofArizona NortonSchoolofFamilyandConsumerSciences Stanford,CA USA Tucson,AZ USA JacquelynneS.Eccles PopulationStudiesCenter ElizabethS.Scott UniversityofMichigan ViceDean&HaroldR.MedinaProfessorofLaw AnnArbor,MI ColumbiaLawSchool USA NewYork,NY USA DavidP.Farrington UniversityofCambridge InstituteofCriminology RainerK.Silbereisen Cambridge DepartmentofDevelopmentalPsychology UK UniversityofJena Jena SandraGraham Germany DepartmentofEducation UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles LosAngeles,CA MichaelWindle USA EmoryUniversity BehavioralSciencesandHealthEducation DanielOffer RollinsSchoolofPublicHealth DepartmentofPsychiatryandBehavioralSciences Atlanta,GA NorthwesternUniversityFeinbergSchoolofMedicine USA Chicago,IL USA
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