Encyclopedia of 20th Century Architecture

968 Pages·2006·9.09 MB·English

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 20TH-CENTURY
ARCHITECTURE
Board of Advisors
Diana Agrest

ANgrest and Gandeelsonas Arczhitectsar AlSayyad

UEniversity of Cavlifornia, Berekeley Blau

HRarvard Universitoy bert Bruegmann

WUniversity of Illinois-Chiicagolliam Brumfield

JTulane Uneiversityffrey Cody

CNhinese Universitny of Hong Koang mdi Elleh

USniversity of Ctincinnaeti phen Fox

RKice Universityenneth Frampton

CDolumbia Universiityane Ghirardo

MUniversity of Southerni Califocrniahael Graves

MRichael Graves eand Assocniates ata Holod

USniversity of Ptennsylveaniaven Izenour†

RVenturi, Scott Briown, ancd Associahtes ard Longstreth

GCeorge Washinghton Universitryistian F.Otto

MCornell Universityichèle Picard

BMontreal, Quebeec th Savage

FNational Regirster of Hiastoric Placnes z Schulze

DLake Forest Collegee nise Scott Brown

HVenturi, Scott Broewn, and Aslsociatees n Searing

SJmith Cololege seph Siry

MWesleyan Universityartha Thorne

DThe Art Institute ofe Chicagoll Upton

University of California, Berkeley
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 20TH-
CENTURY ARCHITECTURE
Volume 1
A–F
R.Stephen Sennott, Editor
Fitzroy Dearborn
New York London
Editorial Staff Sponsoring Editor: Marie-Claire Antoine Development Editor: Lynn M.Somers-
Davis Editorial Assistant: Mary Funchion Production Editor: Jeanne Shu
Published in 2004 by Fitzroy Dearborn An imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group 29 West 35th
Street New York, NY 10001
Published in Great Britain by Fitzroy Dearborn An imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group 11
New Fetter Lane London EC4P 4EE
Copyright © 2004 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.
Fitzroy Dearborn is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group.
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005.
“ To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of
thousands of eBooks please go to http://www.ebookstore.tandf.co.uk/.”
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or
by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage and retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the publisher.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of 20th-century architecture/R.Stephen Sennott, editor. p. cm. Includes
bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-57958-243-5 (set: alk. paper)—ISBN 1-57958-433-0
(vol. 1: alk. paper)—ISBN 1-57958-434-9 (vol. 2: alk. paper)—ISBN 1-57958-435-7 (vol. 3: alk.
paper) 1. Architecture, Modern—20th century—Encyclopedias. I. Title: Encyclopedia of
twentieth-century architecture. II. Sennott, Stephen. NA680.E495 2004 724′.6′03–dc22
2003015674
ISBN 0-203-48388-X Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-59315-4 (Adobe e-Reader Format)
ISBN 1-57958-243-5 (Set)
CONTENTS

Advisory Board Members ii
Acknowledgments vii
Introduction x
Entry List xvi
Thematic List of Entries xliv

1
Entries A–F

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Resembling a large-scale comprehensive building design, an encyclopedia necessitates
the collaborative efforts of countless individuals and may take considerable time to
complete. It seems long ago that Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers invited me to edit a two-
volume encyclopedia about 20th-century architecture. In 1998, I was teaching the history
of architecture in a landmark 1890s Richardsonian Romanesque building at Lake Forest
College, a small liberal arts college north of Chicago. Immersed in interdisciplinary
studies, I was working alongside many architectural historians at the end of the century to
endorse what Spiro Kostof termed “a broader, more embracing view of the built
environment.” To that end, I was soon conferring with editors to propose various
organizational and thematic strategies for a comprehensive reference work. Recognizing
that architecture and its debates had occupied broad popular interest, the Fitzroy editors
held a keen belief that well-educated general readers, scholars, teachers, and
professionals alike would benefit from an encyclopedia that explained far more about
20th-century architecture than the conventional group of famous buildings and architects.
Following the careful selection of a diverse and highly qualified board of advisors,
editors and specialists vigorously discussed lists of proposed topics sufficient in number
and importance to justify a third volume. I wish to thank editors, advisors, and many
contributors for their valuable insights and recommendations. At Lake Forest College, I
wish to thank Professor Ann Roberts and Art Department colleagues for a productive
teaching and research environment, as well as friends from numerous departments for
their keen support as this project was launched. Thank you to the students enrolled in
“Global Architecture and Urbanism,” where we pursued the topics of this encyclopedia,
considering why contributors flocked to the ranch house or fled from modernism.
On the completion of final edits to the Introduction of the in the spring of 2003, I
Encyclopedia of 20th-century Architecture
continue to teach the history of architecture, but now in a national historic landmark,
S.R.Crown Hall, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe to hold the College of
Architecture on the Illinois Institute of Technology campus. Begun in a massive building
of load-bearing stone walls, the encyclopedia has been finished in this light-filled
structure of steel, glass, and concrete. In the very last editorial stages, I benefited by
virtue of being surrounded by inspired teachers and architects and an international student
body whose engagement with the built environment taught me the genuine meaning of
global. I wish to thank Dean Donna Robertson and the entire faculty for the opportunity
to work in a space to which Mies referred as “a home for ideas and adventure.”
The chief aim is to capture the significance of a century of global architectural
Encyclopedia of 20th-century Architecture’s
practice and production. Seeking to be far-reaching and inclusive, the encyclopedia has
been shaped in its contents to emphasize the diversity and complexity of 20th-century
architecture. The difficult and lengthy selection process provoked useful debate; it has
been my intention to preserve this diversity of perspective in the published volumes. For
their consistent support and reliable participation, I would like to thank the following
persons who graciously and diligently served as the board of advisors on this project.
Their widely regarded expertise, varied perspectives, and most generous efforts provided
the with a widespread and critical range of entries and themes. They include Diana
Encyclopedia of 20th-century Architecture
Agrest (Agrest and Gandelsonas Architects, New York City), Nezar AlSayyad
(University of California, Berkeley), Eve Blau (Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts), Robert Bruegmann (University of Illinois at Chicago), William
Brumfield (Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana), Jeffrey Cody (Chinese
University of Hong Kong), Nnamdi Elleh (University of Cincinnati, Ohio), Stephen Fox
(Rice University, Houston, Texas), Kenneth Frampton (Columbia University, New York
City), Diane Ghirardo (University of Southern California, Los Angeles), Michael Graves
(Michael Graves and Associates, Princeton, New Jersey), Renata Holod (University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), Steven Izenour (deceased, Venturi, Scott
Brown, and Associates, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), Richard Longstreth (George
Washington University, Washington, D.C.), Christian F.Otto (Cornell University, Ithaca,
New York), Michele Picard (Montreal, Quebec), Franz Schulze (Lake Forest College,
Lake Forest, Illinois), Denise Scott Brown (Venturi, Scott Brown, and Associates,
Philadelphia), Helen Searing (Smith College, Northhampton, Massachusetts), Joseph Siry
(Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut), Martha Thorne (curator, Department
of Architecture, The Art Institute of Chicago), and Dell Upton (University of California,
Berkeley). Their spirited advice resolved numerous questions about contents and
organization, they recruited qualified and articulate contributors from around the world,
and several advisors asked to write important entries.
In addition, I would like to thank the many individuals who assisted in the early
portion of research and editing while the project was under the auspices of Fitzroy
Dearborn Publishers in Chicago. Under the wise and enthusiastic guidance of editor Paul
Schellinger, commissioning editors Chris Hudson and Lorraine Murray were enormously
helpful in administering the database, communicating with authors, and directing the
editing cycle. Copyeditor Bruce Owens compiled hundreds of references. From the start,
the Fitzroy Dearborn staff truly gave the project its consistency, scope, and form. In
addition, I wish to give special thanks to Emily Urban, a Richter Scholar and publishing
intern from Lake Forest College, who wrote dozens of capsule biographies as well as
proofread manuscripts under the guidance of Fitzroy editors.
The published table of contents, as predicted, varies from the very first list sent out to
hundreds of contributors. At a time when the 20th century seems somewhat distant, a
fiveyear editorial process has inevitably called for adjustments, to the benefit of the
project. With all parts in place, and following numerous editorial stages, I am profoundly
grateful to each contributor for their commitment, generosity, critical thinking, and
imagination as they met and surpassed the challenges posed by this ambitious project.
Authors have given their entries remarkable depth and scope, ensuring that this has
Encyclopedia of 20th-century Architecture
met its charge to be international, interdisciplinary, and inclusive. On behalf of the editors
and contributors, I trust that the project—for its inclusions and exclusions—will stimulate
innovative approaches and provoke constructive debate.
Finally, and with deep appreciation for their collective precision and grace under
unrelenting pressure to publish, I wish to offer my thanks to the Routledge team of
professionals who brought this project to its outstanding conclusion. From unpacking
boxes in New York to editing hundreds of manuscripts, the Routledge editors tirelessly
made their experience and wisdom available at a crucial moment of conversion from one
publisher to another. Years of writing and editing would have perished without the
Routledge editors. These include the Sponsoring Editor Marie-Claire Antoine,
Development Editor Lynn M.Somers-Davis, Senior Production Editor Jeanne Shu,
Editorial Assistant Mary Funchion, Development Director Kate Aker, and Publishing
Director Sylvia Miller. Their enthusiasm for this project and commitment to seeing it
through, despite the difficulties of transition, is truly appreciated. In closing, I wish to
offer praise and heartfelt gratitude to my three lifelong muses and amusers, Ann Jordahl,
Brianna Sennott, and Hille Sennott, for their inspiration and constant delight in our
shared world of words and images. Carry on.
R.STEPHEN SENNOTT