Encyclopdia Britannica Volume XII Slice I Gichtel Johann to Glory

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Volume 12, Slice 1, by Various

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Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 12, Slice 1
"Gichtel, Johann" to "Glory"

Author: Various

Release Date: January 10, 2012 [EBook #38539]

Language: English

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THE

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

ELEVENTH EDITION

FIRST
edition,
published in
three
volumes,
1768-1771.

SECOND
”
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ten
”
1777-1784.

THIRD
”
”
eighteen
”
1788-1797.

FOURTH
”
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twenty
”
1801-1810.

FIFTH
”
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twenty
”
1815-1817.

SIXTH
”
”
twenty
”
1823-1824.

SEVENTH
”
”
twenty-one
”
1830-1842.

EIGHTH
”
”
twenty-two
”
1853-1860.

NINTH
”
”
twenty-five
”
1875-1889.

TENTH
”
ninth edition and eleven supplementary volumes,
1902-1903.

ELEVENTH
”
published in twenty-nine volumes,
1910-1911.

COPYRIGHT

in all countries subscribing to the

Bern Convention

by

THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS

of the

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

All rights reserved

THE

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

A

DICTIONARY

OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL

INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XII

GICHTEL to HARMONIUM

New York

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

342 Madison Avenue

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910,

by

The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.

VOLUME XII SLICE I

Gichtel, Johann to Glory

Articles in This Slice

GICHTEL, JOHANN GEORG
GIRART DE ROUSSILLON

GIDDINGS, JOSHUA REED
GIRAUD, GIOVANNI

GIDEON
GIRDLE

GIEBEL, CHRISTOPH GOTTFRIED ANDREAS
GIRGA

GIEN
GIRGENTI

GIERS, NICHOLAS KARLOVICH DE
GIRISHK

GIESEBRECHT, WILHELM VON
GIRNAR

GIESELER, JOHANN KARL LUDWIG
GIRODET DE ROUSSY, ANNE LOUIS

GIESSEN
GIRONDE

GIFFARD, GODFREY
GIRONDISTS

GIFFARD, WALTER
GIRTIN, THOMAS

GIFFARD, WILLIAM
GIRVAN

GIFFEN, SIR ROBERT
GIRY, ARTHUR

GIFFORD, ROBERT SWAIN
GISBORNE

GIFFORD, SANDFORD ROBINSON
GISLEBERT OF MONS

GIFFORD, WILLIAM
GISORS

GIFT
GISSING, GEORGE ROBERT

GIFU
GITSCHIN

GIG
GIUDICI, PAOLO EMILIANO

GIGLIO
GIULIO ROMANO

GIJÓN
GIUNTA PISANO

GĪLĀN
GIURGEVO

GILBART, JAMES WILLIAM
GIUSTI, GIUSEPPE

GILBERT, ALFRED
GIUSTINIANI

GILBERT, ANN
GIUSTO DA GUANTO

GILBERT, GROVE KARL
GIVET

GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY
GIVORS

GILBERT, JOHN
GJALLAR

GILBERT, SIR JOHN
GLABRIO

GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY
GLACE BAY

GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA
GLACIAL PERIOD

GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT
GLACIER

GILBERT, WILLIAM
GLACIS

GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK
GLADBACH

GILBERT DE LA PORRÉE
GLADDEN, WASHINGTON

GILBERT OF SEMPRINGHAM, ST
GLADIATORS

GILBERT FOLIOT
GLADIOLUS

GILBERT ISLANDS
GLADSHEIM

GILBEY, SIR WALTER
GLADSTONE, JOHN HALL

GILDAS
GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART

GILDER, RICHARD WATSON
GLADSTONE

GILDERSLEEVE, BASIL LANNEAU
GLAGOLITIC

GILDING
GLAIR

GILDS
GLAISHER, JAMES

GILEAD
GLAMIS

GILES, ST
GLAMORGANSHIRE

GILFILLAN, GEORGE
GLANDERS

GILGAL
GLANVILL, JOSEPH

GILGAMESH, EPIC OF
GLANVILL, RANULF DE

GILGIT
GLAPTHORNE, HENRY

GILL, JOHN
GLARUS (Swiss canton)

GILL
GLARUS (Swiss city)

GILLES DE ROYE
GLAS, GEORGE

GILLES LI MUISIS
GLAS, JOHN

GILLESPIE, GEORGE
GLASER, CHRISTOPHER

GILLESPIE, THOMAS
GLASGOW

GILLIE
GLASITES

GILLIES, JOHN
GLASS

GILLINGHAM (town of Dorsetshire)
GLASS, STAINED

GILLINGHAM (borough of Kent)
GLASSBRENNER, ADOLF

GILLOT, CLAUDE
GLASS CLOTH

GILLOTT, JOSEPH
GLASSIUS, SALOMO

GILLOW, ROBERT
GLASSWORT

GILLRAY, JAMES
GLASTONBURY

GILLYFLOWER
GLATIGNY, JOSEPH ALBERT ALEXANDRE

GILMAN, DANIEL COIT
GLATZ

GILMORE, PATRICK SARSFIELD
GLAUBER, JOHANN RUDOLF

GILPIN, BERNARD
GLAUBER’S SALT

GILSONITE
GLAUCHAU

GILYAKS
GLAUCONITE

GIMBAL
GLAUCOUS

GIMLET
GLAUCUS

GIMLI
GLAZING

GIMP
GLAZUNOV, ALEXANDER CONSTANTINOVICH

GIN
GLEBE

GINDELY, ANTON
GLEE

GINGALL
GLEICHEN

GINGER
GLEIG, GEORGE

GINGHAM
GLEIM, JOHANN WILHELM LUDWIG

GINGI
GLEIWITZ

GINGUENÉ, PIERRE LOUIS
GLENALMOND

GINKEL, GODART VAN
GLENCAIRN, EARLS OF

GINSBURG, CHRISTIAN DAVID
GLENCOE

GINSENG
GLENCORSE, JOHN INGLIS

GIOBERTI, VINCENZO
GLENDALOUGH, VALE OF

GIOIOSA-IONICA
GLENDOWER, OWEN

GIOJA, MELCHIORRE
GLENELG, CHARLES GRANT

GIOLITTI, GIOVANNI
GLENELG

GIORDANO, LUCA
GLENGARRIFF

GIORGIONE
GLEN GREY

GIOTTINO
GLENS FALLS

GIOTTO
GLENTILT

GIPSIES
GLEYRE, MARC CHARLES GABRIEL

GIRAFFE
GLIDDON, GEORGE ROBINS

GIRALDI, GIGLIO GREGORIO
GLINKA, FEDOR NIKOLAEVICH

GIRALDI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA
GLINKA, MICHAEL IVANOVICH

GIRALDUS CAMBRENSIS
GLINKA, SERGY NIKOLAEVICH

GIRANDOLE
GLOBE-FISH

GIRARD, JEAN BAPTISTE
GLOBIGERINA

GIRARD, PHILIPPE HENRI DE
GLOCKENSPIEL

GIRARD, STEPHEN
GLOGAU

GIRARDIN, DELPHINE DE
GLORIOSA

GIRARDIN, ÉMILE DE
GLORY

GIRARDON, FRANÇOIS

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XII. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL

CONTRIBUTORS, WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE

ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. A. R.*
Arthur Alcock Rambaut, M.A., D.Sc, F.R.S., F.R.A.S.

Radcliffe Observer, Oxford. Professor of Astronomy in the
University of Dublin and Royal Astronomer of Ireland, 1892-
1897.

Grant, Robert.

A. C. Se.
Albert Charles Seward, M.A., F.R.S.

Professor of Botany in the University of Cambridge. Hon. Fellow
of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. President of the Yorkshire
Naturalists’ Union, 1910.

Gymnosperms.

A. F. P.
Albert Frederick Pollard, M.A., F.R.Hist.S.

Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. Professor of English History
in the University of London. Assistant Editor of the Dictionary of
National Biography, 1893-1901. Author of England under the
Protector Somerset; Life of Thomas Cranmer; &c.

Grindal.

A. Go.*
Rev. Alexander Gordon, M.A.

Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester.

Grynaeus, Simon;
Haetzer.

A. G. B.*
Hon. Archibald Graeme Bell, M.Inst.CE.

Director of Public Works and Inspector of Mines, Trinidad.
Member of Executive and Legislative Councils, Inst.C.E.

Guiana.

A. H.-S.
Sir A. Houtum-Schindler, C.I.E.

General in the Persian Army. Author of Eastern Persian Irak.
Gīilān; Hamadān.

A. He.
Arthur Hervey.

Formerly Musical Critic to Morning Post and Vanity Fair.
Author of Masters of French Music; French Music in the XIX.
Century.

Gounod.

A. H. S.
Rev. A. H. Sayce, D.D.

See the biographical article, Sayce, A. H.
Grammar; Gyges.

A. J. G.
Rev. Alexander James Grieve, M.A., B.D.

Professor of New Testament and Church History at the United
Independent College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras
University and Member of Mysore Educational Service.

Haggai (in part).

A. J. H.
Alfred James Hipkins.

Formerly Member of Council and Hon. Curator of Royal College
of Music. Member of Committee of the Inventions and Music
Exhibition, 1885; of the Vienna Exhibition, 1892; and of the Paris
Exhibition, 1900. Author of Musical Instruments; A Description
and History of the Pianoforte; &c.

Harmonium (in part).

1

A. L.
Andrew Lang.

See the biographical article, Lang, Andrew.
Gurney, Edmund.

A. M. C.
Agnes Mary Clerke.

See the biographical article, Clerke, A. M.
Halley; Hansen.

A. N.
Alfred Newton, F.R.S.

See the biographical article, Newton, Alfred.

Goatsucker; Godwit;
Golden-eye;
Goldfinch; Goose;
Gos-Hawk; Grackle;
Grebe; Greenfinch;
Greenshank; Grosbeak;
Grouse; Guacharo; Guan;
Guillemot; Guinea-Fowl;
Gull; Hammer-Kop.

A. Ne.
Alexander Nesbitt, F.S.A.

Author of the Introduction to A Descriptive Catalogue of the
Glass Vessels in South Kensington Museum.

Glass: History of Manufacture (in
part).

A. S. C.
Alan Summerly Cole, C.B.

Assistant Secretary for Art, Board of Education, 1900-1908.
Author of Ancient Needle Point and Pillow Lace; Embroidery
and Lace; Ornament in European Silks; &c.

Gold and Silver Thread.

A. Sy.
Arthur Symons.

See the biographical article, Symons, A.

Goncourt, De;
Hardy, Thomas.

A. W. H.*
Arthur William Holland.

Formerly Scholar of St John’s College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of
Gray’s Inn, 1900.

Godfrey of Viterbo;
Golden Bull; Habsburg.

A. W. R.
Alexander Wood Renton, M.A., LL.B.

Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of
Encyclopaedia of the Laws of England.

Ground Rent;
Handwriting.

A. W. W.
Adolphus William Ward, LL.D., Litt.D.

See the biographical article, Ward, A. W.
Greene, Robert.

C. F. A.
Charles Francis Atkinson.

Formerly Scholar of Queen’s College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City
of London (Royal Fusiliers). Author of The Wilderness and Cold
Harbour.

Grand Alliance, War of the;
Grant, Ulysses S. (in part);
Great Rebellion.

C. Gr.
Charles Gross, A.M., Ph.D., LL.D. (1857-1909).

Professor of History at Harvard University, 1888-1909. Author
o f The Gild Merchant; Sources and Literature of English
History; &c.

Gilds.

C. H.*
Sir C. Holroyd.

See the biographical article; Holroyd, Sir C.
Haden, Sir, F. C.

C. H. C.
Charles H. Coote.

Formerly of Map Department, British Museum.
Hakluyt (in part).

C. H. Ha.
Carlton Huntley Hayes, A.M., Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of History in Columbia University, New York
City. Member of the American Historical Association.

Gregory: Popes, VIII. to XII.;
Guibert.

C. J. L.
Sir Charles James Lyall, K.C.S.I., C.I.E., LL.D (Edin.)

Secretary, Judicial and Public Department, India Office. Fellow of
King’s College, London. Secretary to Government of India in
Home Department, 1889-1894. Chief Commissioner, Central
Provinces, India, 1895-1898. Author of Translations of Ancient
Arabic Poetry; &c.

Hamāsa.

C. L.*
Charles Lapworth, M.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S.

Professor of Geology and Physiography in the University of
Birmingham. Editor of Monograph on British Graptolites,
Palaeontographical Society, 1900-1908.

Graptolites.

C. L. K.
Charles Lethbridge Kingsford, M.A., F.R.Hist.S., F.S.A.

Assistant Secretary to the Board of Education. Author of Life of
Henry V. Editor of Chronicles of London, and Stow’s Survey
of London.

Glendower, Owen;
Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of;
Hallam, Bishop;
Hardyng, John.

C. M.
Carl Theodor Mirbt, D.Th.

Professor of Church History in the University of Marburg. Author
of Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregor VII.; Quellen zur Geschichte
des Papstthums; &c.

Gregory VII.

C. Mi.
Chedomille Mijatovich.

Senator of the Kingdom of Servia. Envoy Extraordinary and
Minister Plenipotentiary of the King of Servia to the Court of St
James’, 1895-1900 and 1902-1903.

Gundulich.

C. M. W.
Sir Charles Moore Watson, K.C.M.G., C.B.

Colonel,
Royal
Engineers.
Deputy-Inspector-General of

Fortifications, 1896-1902. Served under General Gordon in the
Soudan, 1874-1875.

Gordon, General.

C. Pf.
Christian Pfister, D.-ès-L.

Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of
Honour. Author of Études sur le règne de Robert le Pieux.

Gregory, St, of Tours;
Gunther of Schwarzburg.

C. R. B.
Charles Raymond Beazley, M.A., D.Litt., F.R.G.S., F.R.Hist.S.

Professor of Modem History in the University of Birmingham.
Formerly Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, and University
Lecturer in the History of Geography. Lothian Prizeman, Oxford,
1889. Lowell Lecturer, Boston, 1908. Author of Henry the
Navigator; The Dawn of Modem Geography; &c.

Gomez; Hakluyt (in part).

C. We.
Cecil Weatherly.

Formerly Scholar of Queen’s College, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law.
Graffito.

C. W. E.
Charles William Eliot.

See the biographical article, Eliot, C. W.
Gray, Asa.

D. C. To.
Rev. Duncan Crookes Tovey, M.A.

Editor of The Letters of Thomas Gray; &c.
Gray, Thomas.

D. F. T.
Donald Francis Tovey.

Author of Essays in Musical Analysis: comprising The Classical
Concerto, The Goldberg Variations, and analysis of many other
classical works.

Gluck; Handel.

D. G. H.
David George Hogarth, M.A.

Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford. Fellow of Magdalen
College, Oxford. Fellow of the British Academy. Excavated at
Paphos, 1888; Naucratis, 1899 and 1903; Ephesus, 1904-1905;
Assiut, 1906-1907; Director, British School at Athens, 1897-
1900; Director, Cretan Exploration Fund, 1899.

Halicarnassus.

D.H.
David Hannay.

Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of Short
History of Royal Navy, 1217-1688: Life of Emilio Castelar:
&c.

Gondomar, Count;
Grand Alliance, War of the: Naval

Operations;

Guichen; Hamilton, Emma.

D. Ll. T.
Daniel Lleufer Thomas.

Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln’s Inn. Stipendiary Magistrate at
Pontypridd and Rhondda.

Glamorganshire;
Gower.

D. Mn.
Rev. Dugald Macfadyen, M.A.

Minister of South Grove Congregational Church, Highgate.
Author of Constructive Congregational Ideals; &c.

Glas, John;
Glasites.

D. M. W.
Sir Donald Mackenzie Wallace, K.C.I.E., K.C.V.O.

Extra Groom-in-Waiting to H.M. King George V. Director of the
Foreign Department of The Times, 1891-1899. Member of
Institut de Droit International and Officier de l’Instruction Publique
of France. Joint-editor of new volumes (10th edition) of the
Encyclopaedia Britannica. Author of Russia; Egypt and the
Egyptian Question; The Web of Empire; &c.

Giers; Gorchakov.

E. A. F.
Edward Augustus Freeman, LL.D.

See the biographical article, Freeman, E. A.
Goths (in part).

E. A. J.
E. Alfred Jones.

Author of Old English Gold Plate; Old Church Plate of the
Isle of Man; Old Silver Sacramental Vessels of Foreign
Protestant Churches in England; Illustrated Catalogue of
Leopold de Rothschild’s Collection of Old Plate; A Private
Catalogue of The Royal Plate at Windsor Castle; &c.

Golden Rose (in part).

E. B.*
Ernest Charles François Babelon.

Professor at the Collège de France. Keeper of the department of
Medals and Antiquities at the Bibliothèque Nationale. Member of
the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, Paris. Chevalier
of the Legion of Honour. Author of Descriptions historiques des
monnaies de la république romaine; Traités des monnaies
grecques et romaines; Catalogue des camées de la
bibliothèque nationale.

Hadrumetum.

E. Br.
Ernest Barker, M.A.

Fellow and Lecturer in Modern History at St John’s College,
Oxford. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Merton College. Craven
Scholar, 1895.

Godfrey of Bouillon.

E. C. B.
Rt. Rev. Edward Cuthbert Butler, O.S.B., M.A., D.Litt. (Dublin).

Abbot of Downside Abbey, Bath. Author of “The Lausaic
History of Palladius” in Cambridge Texts and Studies, vol. vi.

Gilbert of Sempringham, St;
Grandmontines; Groot.

E. C. Sp.
Rev. Edward Clarke Spicer, M.A.

New College, Oxford. Geographical Scholar, 1900.
Glacier.

E. F. G.
Edwin Francis Gay, Ph.D.

Professor of Economics and Dean of the Graduate School of
Business Administration, Harvard University.

Hanseatic League.

E. F. S. D.
Lady Dilke.

See the biographical article, Dilke, Sir C. W., Bart.
Greuze.

E. G.
Edmund Gosse, LL.D.

See the biographical article, Gosse, E.
Gnome.

E. H. P.
Edward Henry Palmer, M.A.

See the biographical article, Palmer, E. H.
Hāfiz.

E. J. P.
Edward John Payne, M.A. (1844-1904).

Formerly Fellow of University College, Oxford. Editor of the
Select Works of Burke. Author of History of European
Colonies; History of the New World called America; The
Colonies, in the “British Citizen” Series; &c.

Grey, 2nd Earl.

Ed. M.
Eduard Meyer, Ph.D., D.Litt. (Oxon), LL.D. (Chicago).

Professor of Ancient History in the University of Berlin. Author of
Geschichte des Alterthums; Geschichte des alten Aegyptens;
Die Israeliten und ihre Nachbarstämme.

Gotarzes.

E. M. W.
Rev. Edward Mewburn Walker, M.A.

Fellow, Senior Tutor and Librarian of Queen’s College, Oxford.

Greece: History, Ancient, to 146
b.c.

E. O.*
Edmund Owen, M.B., F.R.C.S., LL.D., D.Sc.

Consulting Surgeon to St Mary’s Hospital, London, and to the
Children’s Hospital, Great Ormond Street, London. Chevalier of
the Legion of Honour. Late Examiner in Surgery at the
Universities of Cambridge, London and Durham. Author of A
Manual of Anatomy for Senior Students.

Goitre; Haemorrhoids.

E. Pr.
Edgar Prestage.

Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the University of
Manchester. Examiner in Portuguese in the Universities of
London, Manchester, &c. Commendador, Portuguese Order of
S. Thiago. Corresponding Member of Lisbon Royal Academy of
Sciences, Lisbon Geographical Society, &c. Editor of Letters of
a Portuguese Nun; Azurara’s Chronicle of Guinea; &c.

Goes, Damião De;
Gonzaga.

E. R.
Lord Lochee of Gowrie (Edmund Robertson), P.C., LL.D., K.C.

Civil Lord of the Admiralty, 1892-1895. Secretary to the
Admiralty, 1905-1908. M.P. for Dundee, 1885-1908. Fellow of
Corpus Christi College, Oxford.

Hallam, Henry.

E. S. G.
Edwin Stephen Goodrich, M.A., F.R.S.

Fellow and Librarian of Merton College, Oxford. Aldrichian
Demonstrator of Comparative Anatomy, University Museum,
Oxford.

Haplodrili.

F. C. C.
Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare, M.A., D.Th. (Giessen).

Fellow of the British Academy. Formerly Fellow of University
College, Oxford. Author of The Ancient Armenian Texts of
Aristotle; Myth, Magic and Morals; &c.

Gregory the Illuminator.

F. G. M.
B.

Frederick George Meeson Beck, M.A.

Fellow and Lecturer in Classics, Clare College, Cambridge.
Goths (in part).

F. G. S.
F. G. Stephens.

Formerly Art Critic of the Athenaeum. Author of Artists at
Home; George Cruikshank; Memorials of W. Mulready;
French and Flemish Pictures; Sir E. Landseer; T. C. Hook,
R.A.; &c.

Gilbert, Sir John.

F. H. D.
Rev. Frederick Homes Dudden, D.D.

Fellow, Tutor and Lecturer in Theology, Lincoln College, Oxford.
Author of Gregory the Great, his Place in History and
Thought; &c.

Gregory I.

F. H. H.
Franklin Henry Hooper.

Assistant Editor of the Century Dictionary.
Hancock, Winfield Scott.

F. J. H.
Francis John Haverfield, M.A., LL.D., F.S.A.

Camden Professor of Ancient History in the University of Oxford.
Fellow of Brasenose College. Fellow of the British Academy.
Author of Monographs on Roman History, especially Roman
Britain; &c.

Graham’s Dyke.

F. N.
Fridtjof Nansen.

See the biographical article, Nansen, Fridtjof.
Greenland.

F. R. C.
Frank R. Cana.

Author of South Africa from the Great Trek to the Union.
Gold Coast.

F. S. P.
Francis Samuel Philbrick, A.M., Ph.D.

Formerly Scholar and Resident Fellow of Harvard University.
Member of American Historical Association.

Hamilton, Alexander.

F. W. R.*
Frederick William Rudler, I.S.O., F.G.S.

Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology,
London, 1879-1902. President of the Geologists’ Association,
1887-1889.

Gypsum; Haematite.

G. A. Gr.
George Abraham Grierson, C.I.E., Ph.D., D.Litt. (Dublin).

Member of the Indian Civil Service, 1873-1903. In charge of
Linguistic Survey of India, 1898-1902. Gold Medallist, Royal
Asiatic Society, 1909. Vice-President of the Royal Asiatic
Society. Formerly Fellow of Calcutta University. Author of The
Languages of India; &c.

Gujarati and Rajasthani.

G. C. M.
George Campbell Macaulay, M.A.

Lecturer in English in the University of Cambridge. Formerly
Professor of English Language and Literature in the University of
Wales. Editor of the Works of John Gower; &c.

Gower, John.

G. C. W.
George Charles Williamson, Litt.D.

Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author of Portrait
Miniatures; Life of Richard Cosway, R.A.; George
Engleheart; Portrait Drawings; &c. Editor of new edition of
Bryan’s Dictionary of Painters and Engravers.

Greco, El.

G. F. Z.
George Frederick Zimmer, A.M.Inst.CE.

Author of Mechanical Handling of Material.
Granaries.

G. G.
Sir Alfred George Greenhill, M.A., F.R.S.

Formerly Professor of Mathematics in the Ordnance College,
Woolwich. Examiner in the University of Wales. Member of the
Aeronautical Committee. Author of Notes on Dynamics;
Hydrostatics; Differential and Integral Calculus, with
Applications; &c.

Gyroscope and Gyrostat.

G. Sn.
Grant Showerman, A.M., Ph.D.

Professor of Latin in the University of Wisconsin. Member of the
Archaeological Institute of America. Member of American
Philological Association. Author of With the Professor; The
Great Mother of the Gods; &c.

Great Mother of the Gods.

G. S. C.
Sir George Sydenham Clarke, G.C.M.G., G.C.I.E., F.R.S.

Governor of Bombay. Author of Imperial Defence; Russia’s
Great Sea Power; The Last Great Naval War; &c.

Greco-Turkish War, 1897.

G. W. E.
R.

Rt. Hon. George William Erskine Russell, P.C., M.A., LL.D.

Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, 1894-1895;
for India, 1892-1894. M.P. for Aylesbury, 1880-1885; for North
Beds., 1892-1895. Author of Life of W. E. Gladstone;
Collections and Recollections; &c.

Gladstone, W. E.

G. W. T.
Rev. Griffiths Wheeler Thatcher, M.A., B.D.

Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W. Formerly Tutor in
Hebrew and Old Testament History at Mansfield College,
Oxford.

Hājjī Khalīfā; Hamadhānī;
Handānī; Hammād
ar-Rāwiya; Harīrī.

H. A. de C. Henry Anselm de Colyar, K.C.

Author of The Law of Guarantees and of Principal and
Surety; &c.

Guarantee.

H. B. Wo.
Horace Bolingbroke Woodward, F.R.S., F.G.S.

Formerly Assistant Director of the Geological Survey of England
and Wales. President, Geologists’ Association, 1893-1894.
Wollaston Medallist, 1908.

Haidinger, W. K.

H. Ch.
Hugh Chisholm, M.A.

Formerly Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Editor of
the 11th edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica; co-editor of
the 10th edition.

Goschen, 1st Viscount;
Granville, 2nd Earl;
Hamilton, Alexander (in part);
Harcourt, Sir William.

H. De.
Hippolyte Delehaye, S. J.

Assistant in the compilation of the Bollandist publications:
Analecta Bollandiana and Acta sanctorum.

Giles, St; Hagiology.

H. G. H.
Horatio Gordon Hutchinson.

Amateur Golf Champion, 1886-1887. Author of Hints on Golf;
Golf (Badminton Library); Book of Golf and Golfers; &c.

Golf.

H. J. P.
Harry James Powell, F.C.S.

Of Messrs James Powell & Sons, Whitefriars Glass Works,
London. Member of Committee of six appointed by Board of
Education to prepare the scheme for the rearrangement of the Art
Collection of the Victoria and Albert Museum. Author of Glass
Making; &c.

Glass.

H. Lb.
Horace Lamb, M.A., LL.D., D.Sc, F.R.S.

Professor of Mathematics, University of Manchester. Formerly
Fellow and Assistant Tutor of Trinity College, Cambridge.
Member of Council of Royal Society, 1894-1896. Royal
Medallist, 1902. President of London Mathematical Society,
1902-1904. Author of Hydrodynamics; &c.

Harmonic Analysis.

H. L. H.
Harriet L. Hennessy, L.R.C.S.I., L.R.C.P.I., M.D.(Brux.)
Gynaecology.

H. M. C.
Hector Munro Chadwick, M.A.

Librarian and Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge. Author of
Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions.

Goths: Gothic Language.

H. M. Wo.
Harold Mellor Woodcock, D.Sc.

Assistant to the Professor of Proto-Zoology, London University.
Fellow
of
University
College,
London.
Author
of

Haemoflagellates in Sir E. Ray Lankester’s Treatise of
Zoology, and of various scientific papers.

Gregarines; Haemosporidia.

H. R.
Henry Reeve, D.C.L.

See the biographical article, Reeve, Henry.
Guizot (in part).

H. Sw.
Henry Sweet, M.A., Ph.D., LL.D.

University Reader in Phonetics, Oxford. Member of the
Academies of Munich, Berlin, Copenhagen and Helsingfors.
Author of A History of English Sounds since the Earliest
Period; A Handbook of Phonetics; &c.

Grimm, J. L. C.;
Grimm, Wilhelm Carl.

H. S.-K.
Sir Henry Seton-Karr, C.M.G., M.A.

M.P. for St. Helen’s, 1885-1906. Author of My Sporting
Holidays; &c.

Gun.

H. W. C.
D.

Henry William Carless Davis, M.A.

Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. Fellow of All Souls
College, Oxford, 1895-1902. Author of England under the
Normans and Angevins; Charlemagne.

Gilbert, Foliot;
Gloucester, Robert, Earl of;
Grosseteste.

H. W. R.*
Rev. Henry Wheeler Robinson, M.A.

Professor of Church History in Rawdon College, Leeds. Senior
Kennicott Scholar, Oxford University, 1901. Author of Hebrew
Psychology in Relation to Pauline Anthropology (in Mansfield
College Essays); &c.

Habakkuk.

I. A.
Israel Abrahams, M.A.

Reader in Talmudic and Rabbinic Literature, University of
Cambridge. President, Jewish Historical Society of England.
Author of A Short History of Jewish Literature; Jewish Life in
the Middle Ages.

Graetz; Habdala;
Halakha; Halevi;
Haptara; Harizi.

J. A. F. M. John Alexander Fuller Maitland, M.A., F.S.A.

Musical Critic of The Times. Author of Life of Schumann; The
Musician’s Pilgrimage; Masters of German Music; English
Music in the Nineteenth Century; The Age of Bach and
Handel. Editor of new edition of Grove’s Dictionary of Music;
&c.

Grove, Sir George.

J. A. H.
John Allen Howe, B.Sc.

Curator and Librarian of the Museum of Practical Geology,
London. Author of The Geology of Building Stones.

Glacial Period;
Greensand.

J. A. S.
John Addington Symonds, LL.D.

See the biographical article, Symonds, J. A.
Guarini.

J. Bl.
James Blyth, M.A., LL.D.

Formerly Professor of Natural Philosophy, Glasgow and West of
Scotland Technical College. Editor of Ferguson’s Electricity.

Graduation.

J. Bt.
James Bartlett.

Lecturer on Construction, Architecture, Sanitation, Quantities,
&c., King’s College, London. Member of Society of Architects,
Institute of Junior Engineers, Quantity Surveyors’ Association.
Author of Quantities.

Glazing.

J. D. B.
James David Bourchier, M.A., F.R.G.S.

King’s College, Cambridge. Correspondent of The Times in
South-Eastern Europe. Commander of the Orders of Prince
Danilo of Montenegro and of the Saviour of Greece, and Officer
of the Order of St Alexander of Bulgaria.

Greece: Geography and History:

Modern;

Greek Literature: III. Modern.

J. E. S.*
John Edwin Sandys, M.A., Litt.D., LL.D.

Public Orator in the University of Cambridge. Fellow of St John’s
College, Cambridge. Fellow of the British Academy. Author of
History of Classical Scholarship; &c.

Greek Law.

J. Fi.
John Fiske.

See the biographical article, Fiske, J.
Grant, Ulysses S.

J. G. C. A.
John George Clark Anderson, M.A.

Censor and Tutor of Christ Church, Oxford. Formerly Fellow of
Lincoln College. Craven Fellow (Oxford), 1896. Conington
Prizeman, 1893.

Gordium.

J. G. R.
John George Robertson, M.A., Ph.D.

Professor of German Language and Literature, University of
London. Author of History of German Literature; Schiller
after a Century; &c. Editor of the Modern Language Journal.

Goethe; Grillparzer.

J. H. F.
John Henry Freese, M.A.

Formerly Fellow of St John’s College, Cambridge.

Gracchus; Gratian;
Hadrian (in part).

J. H. H.
John Henry Hessels, M.A.

Author of Gutenberg: an Historical Investigation.
Gloss; Gutenberg.

J. H. P.
John Henry Poynting, D.Sc., F.R.S.

Professor of Physics and Dean of the Faculty of Science in the
University of Birmingham. Formerly Fellow of Trinity College,
Cambridge. Joint-author of Text-Book of Physics.

Gravitation (in part).

J. Hl. R.
John Holland Rose, M.A., Litt.D.

Lecturer on Modern History to the Cambridge University Local
Lectures Syndicate. Author of Life of Napoleon I.; Napoleonic
Studies; The Development of the European Nations; The Life
of Pitt; &c.

Gourgaud, Baron.

J. L. W.
Miss Jessie Laidlay Weston.

Author of Arthurian Romances unrepresented in Malory.

Grail, The Holy;
Guenevere.

J. M. M.
John Malcolm Mitchell.

Sometime Scholar of Queen’s College, Oxford. Lecturer in
Classics, East London College (University of London). Joint-
editor of Grote’s History of Greece.

Grote;
Hamilton, Sir William, Bart, (in

part);

Harem.

J. S. F.
John Smith Flett, D.Sc., F.G.S.

Petrographer to the Geological Survey. Formerly Lecturer on
Petrology in Edinburgh University. Neill Medallist of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh. Bigsby Medallist of the Geological Society
of London.

Glauconite; Gneiss;
Granite; Granulite;
Gravel; Greisen; Greywacke.

J. T. Be.
John T. Bealby.

Joint author of Stanford’s Europe. Formerly Editor of the
Scottish Geographical Magazine. Translator of Sven Hedin’s
Through Asia, Central Asia and Tibet; &c.

Gobi.

J. T. S.*
James Thomson Shotwell, Ph.D.

Professor of History in Columbia University, New York City.

Golden Rose (in part);
Goliad;
Guizot (in part).

K. G. J.
Kingsley Garland Jayne.

Sometime Scholar of Wadham College, Oxford. Matthew Arnold
Prizeman, 1903. Author of Vasco da Gama and his Successors.

Goa.

K. Kr.
Karl Krumbacher.

See the biographical article, Krumbacher, Carl.
Greek Literature: II. Byzantine.

K. S.
Miss Kathleen Schlesinger.

Editor of the Portfolio of Musical Archaeology. Author of The
Instruments of the Orchestra; &c.

Glockenspiel; Gong;
Guitar; Guitar Fiddle;
Gusla; Harmonica;
Harmonichord; Harmonium (in

part).

L. D.*
Louis Duchesne.

See the biographical article, Duchesne, L. M. O.
Gregory: Popes, II.-VI.

L. F. D.
Lewis Foreman Day, F.S.A. (1845-1909).

Formerly Vice-President of the Society of Arts. Past Master of
the Art Workers’ Gild. Author of Windows, a book about
Stained Glass; &c.

Glass, Stained.

L. F. V.-H.
Leveson Francis Vernon-Harcourt, M.A., M.Inst.C.E. (1839-1907).

Formerly Professor of Civil Engineering at University College,
London. Author of Rivers and Canals; Harbours and Docks;
Civil Engineering as applied in Construction; &c.

Harbour.

L. J. S.
Leonard James Spencer, M.A.

Assistant in the Department of Mineralogy, British Museum.
Formerly Scholar of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, and
Harkness Scholar. Editor of the Mineralogical Magazine.

Goniometer; Göthite;
Graphite (in part);
Greenockite.

L. R. F.
Lewis Richard Farnell, M.A., Litt.D.

Fellow and Senior Tutor of Exeter College, Oxford; University
Lecturer in Classical Archaeology; Wilde Lecturer in
Comparative Religion. Author of Cults of the Greek States;
Evolution of Religion.

Greek Religion.

M.
Lord Macaulay.

See the biographical article, Macaulay, T. B. M., Baron.
Goldsmith, Oliver.

M. G.
Moses Gaster, Ph.D.

Chief Rabbi of the Sephardic Communities of England. Vice-
President, Zionist Congress, 1898, 1899, 1900. Ilchester
Lecturer at Oxford on Slavonic and Byzantine Literature, 1886
and 1891. President, Folklore Society of England. Vice-
President, Anglo-Jewish Association. Author of History of
Rumanian Popular Literature; &c.

Gipsies.

M. H. S.
Marion H. Spielmann, F.S.A.

Formerly Editor of the Magazine of Art. Member of Fine Art
Committee of International Exhibitions of Brussels, Paris, Buenos
Aires, Rome and the Franco-British Exhibition, London. Author
o f History of “Punch”; British Portrait Painting to the
opening of the Nineteenth Century; Works of G. F. Watts,
R.A.; British Sculpture and Sculptors of Today; Henriette
Ronner; &c.

Gilbert, Alfred;
Greenaway, Kate.

M. Ja.
Morris Jastrow, Jun., Ph.D.

Professor of Semitic Languages, University of Pennsylvania,
U.S.A. Author of Religion of the Babylonians and Assyrians;
&c.

Gilgamesh, Epic of;
Gula.

M. M.
Max Arthur Macauliffe.

Formerly Divisional Judge in the Punjab. Author of The Sikh
Religion, its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors; &c. Editor
of Life of Guru Nanak, in the Punjabi language.

Granth.

M. N. T.
Marcus Niebuhr Tod, M.A.

Fellow and Tutor of Oriel College, Oxford. University Lecturer in
Epigraphy. Joint-author of Catalogue of the Sparta Museum.

Gythium

M. O. B.
C.

Maximilian Otto Bismarck Caspari, M.A.

Reader in Ancient History at London University. Lecturer in
Greek at Birmingham University, 1905-1908.

Greece: History: 146 b.c. 1800

a.d.;

Hamilcar Barca;
Hannibal.

M. P.
Mark Pattison.

See the biographical article, Pattison, Mark.
Grotius.

M. P.*
Leon Jacques Maxime Prinet.

Formerly Archivist to the French National Archives. Auxiliary of
the Institute of France (Academy of Moral and Political
Sciences).

Gouffier; Harcourt.

O. Ba.
Oswald Barron, F.S.A.

Editor of The Ancestor, 1902-1905. Hon. Genealogist to
Standing Council of the Honourable Society of the Baronetage.

Girdle.

P. A.
Paul Daniel Alphandéry.

Professor of the History of Dogma, École Pratique des Hautes
Études, Sorbonne, Paris. Author of Les Idées morales chez les
hétérodoxes latines au début du XIII siècle.

Gonzalo de Berceo.

P. A. A.
Philip A. Ashworth, M.A., Doc. Juris.

New College, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. Translator of H. R. von
Gneist’s History of the English Constitution.

Gneist.

P. C. Y.
Philip Chesney Yorke, M.A.

Magdalen College, Oxford.

Gunpowder Plot;
Halifax, 1st Marquess of;
Hamilton, 1st Duke of.

P. G.
Percy Gardner, M.A.

See the biographical article, Gardner, Percy.
Greek Art.

P. Gi.
Peter Giles, M.A., LL.D., Litt.D.

Fellow and Classical Lecturer of Emmanuel College, Cambridge,
and University Reader in Comparative Philology. Formerly
Secretary of the Cambridge Philological Society. Author of
Manual of Comparative Philology.

Greek Language;
H.

P. G. K.
Paul George Konody.

Art Critic of the Observer and the Daily Mail. Formerly Editor of
The Artist. Author of The Art of Walter Crane; Velasquez, Life
and Work; &c.

Hals, Frans.

P. G. T.
Peter Guthrie Tait, LL.D.

See the biographical article, Tait, Peter Guthrie.
Hamilton, Sir William Rowan.

P. La.
Philip Lake, M.A., F.G.S.

Lecturer on Physical and Regional Geography in Cambridge
University. Formerly of the Geological Survey of India. Author of
Monograph of British Cambrian Trilobites. Translator and
Editor of Kayser’s Comparative Geology.

Greece: Geology.

P. McC.
Primrose McConnell, F.G.S.

Member of the Royal Agricultural Society. Author of Diary of a
Working Farmer; &c.

Grass and Grassland.

R. A. W.
Colonel Robert Alexander Wahab, C.B., C.M.G., C.I.E.

Formerly H. M. Commissioner, Aden Boundary Delimitation.
Served with Tirah Expeditionary Force, 1897-1898, and on the
Anglo-Russian Boundary Commission, Pamirs, 1895.

Hadramut.

R. A. S.
M.

Robert Alexander Stewart Macalister, M.A., F.S.A.

St John’s College, Cambridge. Director of Excavations for the
Palestine Exploration Fund.

Gilead; Gilgal;
Goshen.

R. C. J.
Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb, L.L.D., D.C.L.

See the biographical article, Jebb, Sir R. C.
Greek Literature: I. Ancient.

R. J. M.
Ronald John McNeill, M.A.

Christ Church, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. Formerly Editor of the
St James’s Gazette, London.

Gowrie, 3rd Earl of;
Gratton, Henry;
Green Ribbon Club;
Gymnastics;
Harcourt, 1st Viscount;
Hardwicke, 1st Earl of.

R. L.*
Richard Lydekker, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S.

Member of the Staff of the Geological Survey of India, 1874-
1882. Author of Catalogues of Fossil Mammals, Reptiles and
Birds in British Museum; The Deer of all Lands; The Game
Animals of Africa; &c.

Giraffe; Glutton;
Glyptodon; Goat;
Gorilla; Hamster; Hare.

e

R. N. B.
Robert Nisbet Bain (d. 1909).

Assistant Librarian, British Museum, 1883-1909. Author of
Scandinavia, the Political History of Denmark, Norway and
Sweden, 1513-1900; The First Romanovs, 1613-1725;
Slavonic Europe, the Political History of Poland and Russia
from 1469 to 1469; &c.

Golitsuin, Boris, Dmitry, and

Vasily;

Golovin, Count;
Golovkin, Count;
Görtz, Baron von;
Griffenfeldt, Count;
Gustavus I., and IV.;
Gyllenstjerna;
Hall, C. C.

R. S. T.
Ralph Stockman Tarr.

Professor of Physical Geography, Cornell University.
Grand Canyon.

R. We.
Richard Webster, A.M. (Princeton).

Formerly Fellow in Classics, Princeton University. Editor of The
Elegies of Maximianus; &c.

Great Awakening.

S. A. C.
Stanley Arthur Cook, M.A.

Editor for Palestine Exploration Fund. Lecturer in Hebrew and
Syriac, and formerly Fellow, Gonville and Caius College,
Cambridge. Examiner in Hebrew and Aramaic, London
University, 1904-1908. Author of Glossary of Aramaic
Inscriptions; The Laws of Moses and the Code of
Hammurabi; Critical Notes on Old Testament History;
Religion of Ancient Palestine; &c.

Gideon.

S. Bl.
Sigfus Blŏndal.

Librarian of the University of Copenhagen.
Hallgrimsson.

S. C.
Sidney Colvin, LL.D.

See the biographical article, Colvin, Sidney.
Giorgione; Giotto.

St. C.
Viscount St. Cyres.

See the biographical article, Iddesleigh, 1st Earl of.
Guyon, Madame.

S. N.
Simon Newcomb, LL.D., D.Sc.

See the biographical article, Newcomb, Simon.
Gravitation (in part).

T. As.
Thomas Ashby, M.A., D.Litt., F.S.A.

Director of the British School of Archaeology at Rome.
Corresponding Member of the Imperial German Archaeological
Institute. Formerly Scholar of Christ Church, Oxford. Craven
Fellow, Oxford, 1897. Author of The Classical Topography of
the Roman Campagna; &c.

Girgenti; Gnatia;
Grottaferrata;
Grumentum; Gubbio;
Hadria; Halaesa.

T. A. J.
Thomas Athol Joyce, M.A.

Assistant in Department of Ethnography, British Museum. Hon.
Sec., Royal Anthropological Institute.

Hamitic Races (I.).

T. Ba.
Sir Thomas Barclay, M.P.

Member of the Institute of International Law. Member of the
Supreme Council of the Congo Free State. Officer of the Legion
of Honour. Author of Problems of International Practice and
Diplomacy; &c. M.P. for Blackburn, 1910.

Guerrilla.

T. E. H.
Thomas Erskine Holland, K.C., D.C.L., LL.D.

Fellow of the British Academy. Fellow of All Souls College,
Oxford. Professor of International Law in the University of
Oxford, 1874-1910. Bencher of Lincoln’s Inn. Author of Studies
in International Law; The Elements of Jurisprudence; Alberici
Gentilis de jure belli; The Laws of War on Land; Neutral
Duties in a Maritime War; &c.

Hall, William E.

T. F. C.
Theodore Freylinghuysen Collier, Ph.D.

Assistant Professor of History, Williams College, Williamstown,
Mass., U.S.A.

Gregory: Popes, XIII—XV.