Encyclopdia Britannica Volume IV Appendix

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Volume 4, Appendix, by Various

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Title: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 4, Appendix
Author List

Author: Various

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Language: English

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THE

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

ELEVENTH EDITION

FIRST
edition,
published in
three
volumes,
1768-1771.

SECOND
”
”
ten
”
1777-1784.

THIRD
”
”
eighteen
”
1788-1797.

FOURTH
”
”
twenty
”
1801-1810.

FIFTH
”
”
twenty
”
1815-1817.

SIXTH
”
”
twenty
”
1823-1824.

SEVENTH
”
”
twenty-one
”
1830-1842.

EIGHTH
”
”
twenty-two
”
1853-1860.

NINTH
”
”
twenty-five
”
1875-1889.

TENTH
”
ninth edition and eleven supplementary volumes, 1902-1903.

ELEVENTH
”
published in twenty-nine volumes,
1910-1911.

COPYRIGHT

in all countries subscribing to the

Bern Convention

by

THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS

of the

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

All rights reserved

THE

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

A

DICTIONARY

OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL

INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME IV

BISHĀRĪN to CALGARY

New York

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

342 Madison Avenue

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910,

by

The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME IV. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL

CONTRIBUTORS, WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE

ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. B. R.
Alfred Barton Rendle, F.R.S., F.L.S., M.A., D.Sc.

Keeper of the Department of Botany, British Museum.
{ Botany.

A. E. H.
A. E. Houghton.

Formerly Correspondent of the Standard in Spain. Author of
Restoration of the Bourbons in Spain.
{ Cabrera.

A. E. S.
Arthur Everett Shipley, F.R.S., M.A., D.Sc.

Fellow and Tutor of Christ’s College, Cambridge. Reader in
Zoology, Cambridge University. Joint-editor of the Cambridge
Natural History.
{ Brachiopoda.

1

A. F. P.
Albert Frederick Pollard, M.A., F.R.Hist.Soc.

Professor of English History in the University of London. Fellow
of all Souls’ College, Oxford. Assistant Editor of the Dictionary
of National Biography,
1893-1901.
Lothian Prizeman

(Oxford), 1892. Arnold Prizeman, 1898. Author of England
under the Protector Somerset, Henry VIII.; Thomas
Cranmer; &c.
{

Bonner; Burghley; Baron.

A. Go.*
Rev. Alexander Gordon, M.A.

Lecturer on Church History in the University of Manchester.
{ Blandrata; Brenz; Buckholdt.

A. H. B.
Arthur Henry Bullen.

Founder of the Shakespeare Head Press, Stratford-on-Avon.
Editor of Collection of Old English Plays; Lyrics from the
Song Books of the Elizabethan Age; &c.
{ Burton, Robert.

A. H.-S.
Sir A. Houtum-Schindler, C.I.E.

General in the Persian Army. Author of Eastern Persian Irak.
{ Bushire.

A. H. Sm.
Arthur Hamilton Smith, M.A., F.S.A.

Keeper of the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities in
t h e British Museum. Member of the Imperial German
Archaeological Institute. Author of Catalogue of Greek
Sculpture in the British Museum; &c.
{ Brooch.

A. J. G.
Rev. Alexander J. Grieve, M.A., B.D.

Professor of New Testament and Church History, Yorkshire
United Independent College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of
Madras University, and Member of Mysore Educational
Service.
{ Butler; Bishop (in part).

A. J. L.
Andrew Jackson Lamoureux.

Librarian, College of Agriculture, Cornell University. Editor of
the Rio News (Rio de Janeiro), 1879-1901.
{

Bogotá; Bolivia: Geography
and Statistics; Brazil:
Geography and Statistics;
Buenos Aires.

A. Lo.
Auguste Longnon.

Professor at the Collège de France. Director of the École des
Hautes Études. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Member of
the Institute. Author of Géographie de la Gaule au VI. siècle;
Documents relatifs au comté de Champagne et de Brie; &c. { Blois: Countship of.

A. Me.
Mrs Alice Meynell.

Author of Poems; Later Poems; The Rhythm of Life and
other Essays; &c.
{ Browning, Elizabeth Barrett.

A. M. C.
Miss Agnes Mary Clerke.

See the biographical article: Clerke, A.M.
{ Brahe, Tycho.

A. N.
Alfred Newton, F.R.S.

See the biographical article: Newton, Alfred.
{ Bunting; Bustard; Buzzard.

A. S. C.
Alan Summerly Cole, C.B.

Formerly Assistant Secretary, Board of Education, South
Kensington.
Author
of Ornament in European Silks;

Catalogue of Tapestry, Embroidery, Lace and Egyptian
Textiles in Victoria and Albert Museum; &c.
{ Brocade.

A. T. Q.-C.
Sir Arthur T. Quiller-couch.

See the biographical article: Quiller-Couch, Sir A.T.
{ Brown, Thomas Edward.

A. W. H.*
Arthur William Holland.

Formerly Scholar of St John’s College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar
of Gray’s Inn, 1900. Burdett, Sir Francis.
{

Brandenburg: Margraviate;
Burdett, Sir Francis.

A. W. Po.
Alfred William Pollard, M.A.

Assistant Keeper of Printed Books, British Museum. Fellow of
King’s College, London. Hon. Secretary, Bibliographical
Society. Editor of Books about Books and Bibliographica.
Joint-editor of The Library. Chief Editor of the “Globe”
Chaucer.

{ Book; Book Collecting.

A. W. R.
Alexander Wood Renton, M.A., LL.B.

Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of
Encyclopaedia of the Laws of England.
{ Boarding-House.

B. R.
Sir Boverton Redwood, D.Sc., F.R.S. (Edin.), F.I.C.,

Assoc. Inst. C.E., M. Inst. M.E. Adviser on Petroleum to the
Admiralty, Home Office, India Office, Corporation of London,
and Port of London Authority. President of the Society of
Chemical Industry. Member of the Council of the Chemical
Society. Member of Council of Institute of Chemistry. Author of
Cantor Lectures on Petroleum, Petroleum and its Products,
Chemical Technology, &c.
{

Bitumen.

C. B.*
Charles Bémont, D.Ès.L., Litt.D. (Oxon.).

See the biographical article: BÉMONT, C.
{ Bréquigny.

C. D.
Cyril J.H. Davenport, F.S.A.

Assistant to the Keeper of Printed Books, British Museum.
Cantor Lecturer on Decorative Bookbindings, Society of Arts.
Author of Royal English Bookbindings, English Embroidered
Bookbindings, History of the Book, &c.
{ Bookbinding.

C. D. W.
Hon. Carroll Davidson Wright.

See the biographical article: Wright, C. D.
{

Building Societies: United
States.

C. E.*
Charles Everitt, M.A., F.C.S., F.G.S., F.R.A.S.

Formerly Scholar of Magdalen College, Oxford.
{ Bone: Industrial.

C. E. A.
C. E. Akers.

Formerly The Times Correspondent in Buenos Aires. Author of
A History of South America, 1854-1904.
{ Brazil: History (in part).

C. El.
Sir Charles Norton Edgcumbe Eliot, K.C.M.G., C.B., M.A.,

LL.D., D.C.L.
Vice-Chancellor of Sheffield University. Formerly Fellow of
Trinity
College,
Oxford.
H.M.’s
Commissioner
and

Commander-in-Chief for the British East Africa Protectorate,
Agent and Consul-General at Zanzibar, and Consul-General for
German East Africa, 1900-1904. Author of Turkey in Europe;
Letters from the Far East, &c.
{

Bokhara (in part).

C. E. S.
Hon. Charles Emory Smith.

See the biographical article: Smith, Charles Emory.
{ Blaine.

C. H.
Charles Hose, D.Sc.

Formerly Divisional Resident and Member of the Supreme
Council of Sarawak. Author of A Descriptive Account of the
Mammals of Borneo, and numerous papers in scientific
journals.
{ Brunei.

C. K. S.
Clement King Shorter.

Editor of the Sphere. Author of Charlotte Bronte and her
Circle, The Brontes Life and Letters, &c.
{ Bronte, C., E. and A.

C. L. K.
Charles Lethbridge Kingsford, M.A., F.R.Hist.S., F.S.A.

Assistant Secretary to the Board of Education. Author of Life of
Henry V. Editor of Chronicles of London and Stow’s Survey
of London.
{ Buckingham, 2nd Duke of.

C. Pf.
Christian Pfister, D. Ès. L.

Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of
Honour. Author of Étude sur le regne de Robert le Pieux, Le
Duche merovingien d’Alsace et la legende de Saint Odile. { Brunhilda.

C. S. S.
Charles Scott Sherrington, D.Sc., M.D., M.A., LL.D., F.R.S.

Professor of Physiology, University of Liverpool. Foreign
Member of Academies of Rome, Vienna, Brussels, Gottingen,
&c. Author of The Integrative Action of the Nervous System. { Brain: Physiology.

C. W. W.
Major-General Sir Charles William Wilson, K.C.B., K.C.M.G.,

F.R.S., R.E. (1836-1897).
Secretary to the North American Boundary Commission, 1858-
1862. British Commissioner on the Servian Boundary
Commission. Director-General of the Ordnance Survey, 1886-
1894. Director-General of Military Education, 1895-1898.
Author of From Korti to Khartum; Life of Lord Clive, &c. {

Caesarea Mazaca (in part).

D. B. Ma.
Duncan Black Macdonald, M.A., D.D.

Professor of Semitic Languages, Hartford Theological Seminary,
U.S.A. Author of Development of Muslim Theology,
Jurisprudence and Constitutional Theory, Selections from
Ibn Khaldun, Religious Attitude and Life in Islam, &c.
{ Bukhari; Cadi.

D. C. B.
Demetrius Charles Boulger.

Author of History of Belgium, England and Russia in Central
Asia, History of China, Life of Gordon, India in the 19th
Century, &c.
{ Bruges; Brussels.

D. C. T.
David Croal Thomson.

Formerly Editor of the Art Journal. Author of The Brothers
Maris, The Barbizon School of Painters, Life of “Phiz”, Life
of Bewick, &c.
{ Browne, Hablôt Knight.

D. F. T.
Donald Francis Tovey.

Balliol College, Oxford. Author of Essays in Musical Analysis,
comprising The Classical Concerts, The Goldberg Variations,
and analyses of many other classical works.
{ Boccherini; Bruckner.

D. H.
David Hannay.

Formerly British Vice-Consul at Barcelona. Author of Short
History of Royal Navy, 1217-1688, Life of Emilio Castelar,
&c.
{

Bouvet; Brenton;
Brigandage; Buccaneers;
Byng; Calderon, Rodrigo.

D. Ll. T.
Daniel Lleufer Thomas.

Stipendiary Magistrate for Pontypridd and Rhondda. Formerly
Assistant Commissioner to the Labour Commission and
Secretary to the Welsh Land Commission.
{ Brecon; Caerphilly.

D. Mn.
Rev. Dugald Macfadyen, M.A.

Minister of South Grove Congregational Church, Highgate.
Director of the London Missionary Society. Author of
Constructive Congregational Ideals.
{

Blaikie; Boston, Thomas;
Bruce, Alexander Balmain;
Cairns, John.

E. Br.
Ernest Barker, M.A.

Fellow of, and Lecturer in Modern History at, St John’s College,
Oxford. Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Merton College. Craven
Scholar, 1895.
{ Bohemund.

E. Ca.
Egerton Castle, M.A., F.S.A.

Trinity College, Cambridge. Author of English Book Plates,
Bibliotheca Dimicateria, &c.
{ Book Plates.

E. C. B.
Right Rev. Edward Cuthbert Butler, O.S.B., D.Litt.

Abbot of Downside Abbey, Bath.
{

Bridgittines; Brothers of
Common Life; Bruno, Saint.

E. Es.
Edmond Esmonin.
{

Bombelles, Mare Marie,
Marquis de.

E. G.
Edmund Gosse, LL.D.

See the biographical article: Gosse, Edmund
{

Bjornson; Blank Verse;
Bouts-Rimés; Bucolics;
Busken-Huet.

E. H. C.
Ernest Hartley Coleridge, M.A.

Balliol College, Oxford. Editor of Byron’s Poems, Letters of
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, &c.
{ Byron.

E. H. B.
Sir Edward H. Bunbury, Bart., M.A., F.R.G.S. (d. 1895).

M.P. for Bury St Edmunds, 1847-1852. Author of A History of
Ancient Geography, &c.
{ Bithynia (in part).

E. H. M.
Ellis Hovell Minns, M.A.

Lecturer and Assistant Librarian, and formerly Fellow of
Pembroke College, Cambridge. University Lecturer in
Palaeography.
{ Bosporus Cimmerius; Budini.

E. K.
Edmund Knecht, Ph.D., F.I.C.

Professor of Technological Chemistry, Manchester University.
Head of Chemical Department, Municipal School of
Technology, Manchester. Examiner in Dyeing, City and Guilds of
London Institute. Author of A Manual of Dyeing, &c. Editor of
Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists.
{

Bleaching.

E. L. B.
Edward Livermore Burlingame, A.M., Ph.D.

Editor of Scribner’s Magazine. Formerly on Staff of New York
Tribune.
{ Brook Farm.

E. Ma.
Edward Manson.

Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple. Joint-editor with Sir John
Macdonell, C.B. of the Journal of Comparative Legislation.
Author of Law of Trading Companies, &c.
{ Bond.

E. O.*
Edmund Owen, M.B., F.R.C.S., LL.D., D.Sc.

Consulting Surgeon to St Mary’s Hospital, London, and to the
Children’s Hospital, Great Ormond Street. Late Examiner in
Surgery at the Universities of Cambridge, Durham and London.
Author of A Manual of Anatomy for Senior Students.
{

Bladder and Prostate
Diseases; Bone: Medical.

E. Pr.
Edgar Prestage.

Special Lecturer in Portuguese Literature in the University of
Manchester. Commendador, Portuguese Order of S. Thiago.
Corresponding Member of Lisbon Royal Academy of Sciences,
Lisbon Geographical Society, &c. Examiner in Portuguese in the
University of London, Manchester, &c.
{

Bocage.

E. Wa.
Rev. Edmond Warre, M.A., D.D., D.C.L., C.B., C.V.O.

Provost of Eton. Hon. Fellow of Balhol College, Oxford. Head
Master of Eton College, 1884-1905. Author of Grammar of
Rowing, &c.
{ Boat.

E. W. B.
Sir Edward William Brabrook, C.B.

Barrister-at-Law, Lincoln’s Inn. Chief Registrar of Friendly
Societies, 1891-1904. Author of Building Societies, Provident
Societies and Industrial Welfare, Institutions for Thrift, &c. {

Building Societies: United
Kingdom.

F. By.
Frank Brinkley.

Captain R.N. Foreign Adviser to Nippon Yusen Kaisha, Tokyo.
Correspondent of The Times in Japan; Editor of the Japan
Mail. Formerly Professor of Mathematics at Imperial
Engineering College, Tokyo. Author of Japan, &c.
{ Bonin Islands.

F. D. A.
Frank Dawson Adams, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.G.S.

Dean of the Faculty of Applied Science, and Logan Professor of
Geology, McGill University, Montreal. President of Canadian
Mining Institute.
{ British Columbia (in part).

F. G. P.
Frederick Gymer Parsons, F.R.C.S., F.Z.S., F.R. Anthrop.Inst.

Vice-President, Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Lecturer on Anatomy at St Thomas’s Hospital and the London
School of Medicine for Women. Formerly Examiner in the
Universities of Cambridge, Aberdeen, London and Birmingham,
and Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons.
{ Brain: Anatomy.

F. H.
Francis Hueffer, Ph.D. (1845-1899).

Formerly Musical Critic of The Times. Author of The
Troubadours: a History of Provençal Life and Literature in
the Middle Ages, Richard Wagner and the Music of the
Future. Editor of Great Musicians.
{ Boccaccio.

F. J. C.
Sir Francis J. Campbell, LL.D., F.R.G.S., F.S.A.

Principal, Royal Normal College for the Blind, Norwood,
London. Author of Papers on the Education of the Blind.
{ Blindness.

F. J. H.
Francis John Haverfield, M.A., LL.D., F.S.A.

Camden Professor of Ancient History in the University of
Oxford. Fellow of Brasenose College. Fellow of the British
Academy. Formerly Censor, Student, Tutor and Librarian of
Christ Church, Oxford. Ford’s Lecturer,1906-1907. Author of
Monographs on Roman History, especially Roman Britain; &c. {

Boadicea; Britain: Pre-Roman
and Roman; Caerleon;
Caledonia.

F. Ll. G.
Francis Llewelyn Griffith, M.A., Ph.D., F.S.A.

Reader in Egyptology, Oxford University. Editor of the
Archaeological Survey and Archaeological Reports of the
Egypt Exploration Fund. Hon. Member of Imperial German
Archaeological Institute, the Société Asiatique, and the Institut
Égyptien, Cairo. Author of Stones of the High Priests of
Memphis; Catalogue of the Demotic Papyri in the Rylands
Collection, Manchester; &c.
{

Bubastis; Busiris; Buto.

F. L. L.
Lady Lugard.

See the biographical article: Lugard, Sir F.J.D.
{ Bornu; British Empire.

F. R. C.
Frank R. Cana.

Author of South Africa from the Great Trek to the Union.
{ British East Africa.

F. R. M.
Francis Richard Maunsell, C.M.G.

Lieut.-Col. R.A. Military Vice-Consul, Sivas, Trebizond, Van
(Kurdistan), 1897-1898. Military Attaché, British Embassy,
Constantinople, 1901-1905. Author of Central Kurdistan; &c. { Bitlis.

F. We.
Frederick Wedmore.

See the biographical article: Wedmore, F.
{ Boudin.

F. W. Ha.
Frederick William Hasluck, M.A.

Assistant Director, British School of Archaeology, Athens.
Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge. Browne’s Medallist,
1901.
{ Bithynia (in part).

F. W. M.
Frederick William Maitland, LL.D.

See the biographical article: Maitland, F.W.
{ Bracton.

G. A. B.
George A. Boulenger, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.

In charge of the Collections of Reptiles and Fishes, Department
of Zoology, British Museum. Vice-President of the Zoological
Society of London.
{ Caecilia.

G. E.
Rev. George Edmundson, M.A., F.R.Hist.S.

Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Brasenose College, Oxford.
Ford’s Lecturer, 1909-1910. Employed by British Government
in preparation of the British Case in the British Guiana-
Venezuelan and British Guiana-Brazilian boundary arbitrations. {

Bolivia: History, (in part);
Brabant: Duchy; Brazil:
History (in part).

G. F. Z.
G.F. Zimmer, A.M.Inst.C.E., F.Z.S.

Author of Mechanical Handling of Material.
{ Bread.

G. G. P.*
George Grenville Phillimore, M.A., B.C.L.

Christ Church, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law, Middle Temple.
{ Burial and Burial Acts.

G. L. G.
George Lovell Gulland, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P. (Edin.).

Assistant Physician to the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh. Lecturer
on Medicine at Surgeons’ Hall, Edinburgh.
{ Blood: Pathology of the.

G. M. D.
George Mercer Dawson, LL.D., F.R.S.

Formerly Director of the Geological Survey of Canada.
Geologist and Naturalist to H.M. North American Boundary
Commission,
1873-1875;
one
of H.M. Bering Sea

Commissioners, 1891. Author of numerous scientific and
technical reports printed by the Canadian Government.
{ British Columbia (in part).

G. T. G.
Sir George D. Taubman Goldie.

See the biographical article: Goldie, Sir G.D.T.
{ Brazza, Count de.

G. W. Ca.
George Washington Cable.

See the biographical article: Cable, G. W.
{ Bryant, William Cullen.

G. W. T.
Rev. Griffithes Wheeler Thatcher, M.A., B.D.

Warden of Camden College, Sydney, N.S.W. Formerly Tutor in
Hebrew and Old Testament History at Mansfield College,
Oxford.
{ Buhturi; Busiri.

H. Br.
Henry Bradley, M.A., Ph.D.

Joint-editor of the New English Dictionary (Oxford). Fellow of
the British Academy. Author of The Story of the Goths; The
Making of English; &c.
{ Cædmon.

H. Ch.
Hugh Chisholm, M.A.

Formerly Scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Editor of
the 11th Edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Co-editor of
the 10th edition.
{

Boulanger; Bridgman, Laura
D.

H. Cl.
Sir Hugh Charles Clifford, K.C.M.G.

Colonial Secretary, Ceylon. Fellow of the Royal Colonial
Institute. Formerly Resident, Pahang. Colonial Secretary,
Trinidad and Tobago, 1903-1907. Author of Studies in Brown
Humanity; Further India; &c. Joint-author of A Dictionary of
the Malay Language.
{ Borneo.

H. De.
Rev. Hippolyte Delehaye, S.J.

Bollandist. Joint-editor of the Acta Sanctorum.
{ Bollandists.

H. Fr.
Henri Frantz.

Art Critic, Gazette des Beaux Arts (Paris).
{ Böcklin; Bonheur, Rosa.

H. H. J.
Sir Henry Hamilton Johnston, K.C.B., G.C.M.G.

See the biographical article: Johnston, Sir H.H.
{ British Central Africa.

H. M. C.
Hector Munro Chadwick, M.A.

Fellow and Librarian of Clare College, Cambridge. Author of
Studies on Anglo-Saxon Institutions.
{ Britain: Anglo-Saxon.

H. P. B.
Henry Percival Biggar.

Author of The Voyages of the Cabots to Greenland.
{ Cabot, John.

H. S. J.
Henry Stuart Jones, M.A.

Formerly Fellow and Tutor of Trinity College, Oxford, and
Director of the British School at Rome. Member of the German
Imperial Archaeological Institute. Author of The Roman
Empire, &c.
{ Caesar, Julius.

H. W. C. D. Henry William Carless Davis, M.A.

Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford. Fellow of All
Souls’ College, Oxford, 1895-1902. Author of Charlemagne,
England under the Normans and Angevins, &c.
{

Bohun; Breaute, Falkes de;
Burgh, Hubert de.

H. W. S.
H. Wickham Steed.

Correspondent of The Times at Rome (1897-1902) and
Vienna.
{ Bonghi, Ruggero.

J. A. F. M.
John Alexander Fuller Maitland, M.A., F.S.A.

Musical Critic of The Times. Author of Life of Schumann, The
Musician’s Pilgrimage, Masters of German Music, English
Music in the Nineteenth Century, The Age of Bach and
Handel. Editor of the new edition of Grove’s Dictionary of
Music and Musicians, &c.
{

Brahms.

J. A. H.
John Allen Howe, B.Sc.

Curator and Librarian, Museum of Practical Geology, London.
{ Bunter; Cainozoic.

J. A. M.
James Alexander Manson.

Formerly Literary Editor of the Daily Chronicle. Author of The
Bowler’s Handbook, &c.
{ Bowls.

J. B.*
Joseph Burton.

Partner in Pilkington’s Tile and Pottery Co., Clifton Junction,
Manchester.
{ Brick (in part).

J. Bt.
James Bartlett.

Lecturer on Construction, Architecture, Sanitation, Quantities,
&c., King’s College, London. Member of Society of Architects,
Institute of Junior Engineers, Quantity Surveyors’ Association.
Author of Quantities.
{ Brickwork; Building.

J. C. C.
J.W. Comyns-Carr.

Author of Essays on Art, &c.
{ Blake, William.

J. D. B.
James David Bourchier, M.A., F.R.G.S.

Correspondent
of The Times in South-Eastern Europe.

Commander of the Orders of Prince Danilo of Montenegro and
of the Saviour of Greece, and Officer of the Order of St
Alexander of Bulgaria.
{ Bulgaria.

J. E.
H. Julius Eggeling, Ph.D.

Professor of Sanskrit and Comparative Philology, Edinburgh
University. Formerly Secretary and Librarian to Royal Asiatic
Society.
{

Brahman; Brahmana;
Brahmanism.

J. F.-K.
James Fitzmaurice-kelly, Litt.D., F.R.Hist.S.

Gilmour Professor of Spanish Language and Literature,
Liverpool University. Norman MacColl Lecturer, Cambridge
University. Fellow of the British Academy. Knight Commander
of the Order of Alphonso XII. Author of A History of Spanish
Literature, &c.
{

Breton de los Herreros;
Caballero; Calderon de la
Barca.

J. G. C. A.
John George Clark Anderson, M.A.

Censor and Tutor of Christ Church, Oxford. Formerly Fellow of
Lincoln College. Craven Fellow (Oxford), 1896. Conington
Prizeman, 1893.
{ Caesarea Mazaca (in part).

J. G. H.
Joseph G. Horner, A.M.I.Mech.E.

Author of Plating and Boiler Making, Practical Metal
Turning, &c.
{ Boiler; Boiler-making;

Brazing and Soldering.

J. G. Sc.
Sir James George Scott, K.C.I.E.

Superintendent and Political Officer, Southern Shan States.
Author of Burma, The Upper Burma Gazetteer.
{ Burma.

J. H. R.
John Horace Round, M.A., LL.D. (Edin.).

Author of Feudal England, Studies in Peerage and Family
History, Peerage and Pedigree, &c.
{ Burgh.

J. Hl. R.
John Holland Rose, M.A., Litt.D.

Christ’s College, Cambridge. Lecturer on Modern History to the
Cambridge University Local Lectures Syndicate. Author of Life
of Napoleon I., Napoleonic Studies, The Development of the
European Nations, The Life of Pitt, &c.
{

Bonaparte: Family (in part);
Bourrienne.

J. J.*
Joseph Jefferson.

See the biographical article: Jefferson, J.
{ Booth, Edwin.

J. M. M.
John Malcolm Mitchell.

Sometime Scholar of Queen’s College, Oxford. Lecturer in
Classics, East London College (University of London). Joint-
editor of Grote’s History of Greece.
{

Boule; Bruno, Giordano (in
part).

J. Mo.
Viscount Morley of Blackburn.

See the biographical article: Morley, Viscount.
{ Burke, Edmund.

J. N.
John Nichol.

See the biographical article: Nichol, John.
{ Burns, Robert.

J. P.-B.
James George Joseph Penderel-Brodhurst.

Editor of the Guardian (London).
{

Bookcase; Boulle; Cabinet:
Furniture.

J. P. Pe.
Rev. John Punnett Peters, Ph.D., D.D.

Canon Residentiary, Cathedral of New York. Formerly
Professor of Hebrew in the University of Pennsylvania. Director
of the University Expedition to Babylonia, 1888-1895. Author of
Nippur, or Explorations and Adventures on the Euphrates;
Scriptures, Hebrew and Christian.
{

Bismya; Borsippa; Calah.

J. S. F.
John Smith Flett, D.Sc., F.G.S.

Petrographer to the Geological Survey. Formerly Lecturer on
Petrology in Edinburgh University. Neill Medallist of the Royal
Society of Edinburgh. Bigsby Medallist of the Geological Society
of London.
{ Borolanite; Breccia.

J. T. M.
James Tayler Milton, M.I.C.E.

Chief Engineer Surveyor to Lloyd’s Registry of Shipping. Vice-
President, Institute of Naval Architects. Member of Council,
Institute of Marine Engineers. Author of many papers on Marine
Engineering subjects.
{ Boiler.

J. T. S.*
James Thomson Shotwell, Ph.D.

Professor of History in Columbia University, New York City.
{ Boniface, Saint.

J. W. D.
Captain J. Whitly Dixon, R.N.

Nautical Assessor to Court of Appeal since 1906. Formerly
Staff Commander, Medway Fleet Reserve.
{ Buoy; Cable.

J. W. He.
James Wycliffe Headlam, M.A.

Staff Inspector of Secondary Schools under the Board of
Education. Formerly Fellow of King’s College, Cambridge.
Professor of Greek and Ancient History at Queen’s College,
London. Author of Bismarck and the Foundation of the
German Empire; &c.
{ Bismarck; Bucher, Lothar.

K. G. J.
Kingsley Garland Jayne.

Sometime Scholar of Wadham College, Oxford. Matthew
Arnold Prizeman, 1903. Author of Vasco da Gama and his
Successors.
{

Bosnia and Herzegovina;
British Honduras.

K. J. A.
Keith Johnston.

See the biographical article: Johnston, A.K.
{ Brazil: History (in part).

K. S.
Kathleen Schlesinger.

Author of The Instruments of the Orchestra, &c.
{

Bombardon; Bow; Buccina;
Bugle; Bumbulum.

L.
Count Lutzow, Litt.D. (Oxon.), Ph.D. (Prague), F.R.G.S.

Chamberlain of H.M. the Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia.
Hon. Member of the Royal Society of Literature. Member of the
Bohemian Academy, &c. Author of Bohemia: An Historical
Sketch; The Historians of Bohemia (Ilchester Lecture, Oxford,
1904); The Life and Times of John Hus; &c.
{

Bohemia: History and
Literature.

L. B.
Laurence Binyon.

See the biographical article: Binyon, L.
{ Burne-Jones, Sir E.B.

L. D.*
Louis Duchesne.

See the biographical article: Duchesne, L.M.O.
{ Boniface (Popes I.-VII.).

L. F. S.
Leslie Frederic Scott, K.C., M.A.

New College, Oxford. Joint Hon. Secretary of International
Maritime Committee.
{ Broker.

L. F. V.-H.
Leveson Francis Vernon-harcourt, M.A., M.Inst.C.E. (1839-

1907).
Professor of Civil Engineering at University College, London,
1882-1905. British Member of Jury for Civil Engineering, Paris
Exhibition, 1900. Author of Rivers and Canals, Harbours and
Docks, Civil Engineering as Applied in Construction, &c. { Breakwater; Caisson.

L. G.
Laurence Ginnell, M.P.

Barrister, Middle Temple and Irish Bar. Author of Brehon
Laws, Land and Liberty, &c. M.P. for North Westmeath since
1906.
{ Brehon Laws.

L. J. S.
Leonard James Spencer, M.A.

Assistant in Department of Mineralogy, Natural History
Museum, South Kensington. Formerly Scholar of Sidney Sussex
College, Cambridge, and Harkness Scholar. Editor of the
Mineralogical Magazine. Author of English translations of M.
Bauer’s Precious Stones and R. Brauns’s Mineral Kingdom. {

Bismuthite; Blende; Boracite;
Bournonite; Brochantite;
Bromlite; Bronzite; Brookite;
Brucite; Bytownite;
Calamine: Calcite.

L. R. D.
Lawrence Robert Dicksee, M. Com. (Birmingham), F.C.A.

Lecturer, London School of Economics and Political Science.
Formerly Professor of Accounting at Birmingham University.
Author of Auditing, Advanced Accounting, Book-keeping,
&c.
{ Book-keeping.

L. S.
Sir Leslie Stephen, K.C.B.

See the biographical article: Stephen, Sir L.
{ Browning, Robert.

L. V.*
Luigi Villari.

Italian Foreign Office (Emigration Department). Formerly
Newspaper Correspondent in East of Europe, Italian Vice-
Consul in New Orleans, 1906; Philadelphia, 1907; and Boston,
U.S.A., 1907-1910. Author of Italian Life in Town and
Country, Giovanni Segantini, Russia under the Great
Shadow, Fire and Sword in the Caucasus; &c.

{Borgia Cesare; Borgia,

Lucrezia; Caghostro.

M.
Lord Macaulay.

See the biographical article: Macaulay, T.B.M., Baron.
{ Bunyan, John.

M. Bat.
Miss Mary Bateson (1865-1906).

Formerly Fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge. Author of
Medieval England, Borough Customs; &c.
{ Borough: English.

M. Br.
Miss Margaret Bryant.
{ Caesar: Medieval Legends.

M. G.
Moses Gaster, Ph.D. (Leipzig)

Chief Rabbi of the Sephardic Communities of England. Vice-
President, Zionist Congress, 1898, 1899, 1900. Ilchester
Lecturer at Oxford on Slavonic and Byzantine Literature, 1886
and 1891. President, Folklore Society of England. Vice-
President, Anglo-Jewish Association. Author of History of
Rumanian Popular Literature; A New Hebrew Fragment of
Ben-Sira; The Hebrew Version of the Secretum Secretorum
of Aristotle.

{

Bogomils; Brancovan.

M. P.*
Leon Jacques Maxime Prinet.

Formerly Archivist to the French National Archives. Auxiliary of
the Institute of France (Academy of Moral and Political
Sciences). Author of L’Industrie du sel en Franche-Comte;
Les Armoiries écartelés des conjoints; François I et le comté
de Bourgogne.
{

Brienne-le-Château; Brissae,
Dukes of.

M. St J.
Molyneux St John.
{ British Columbia: (in part).

N. W. T.
Northcote Whitbridge Thomas, M.A.

Government Anthropologist to Southern Nigeria. Corresponding
Member of the Société d’Anthropologie de Paris. Author of
Thought Transference, Kinship and Marriage in Australia;
&c.
{ Boomerang.

O. Ba.
Oswald Barron, F.S.A.

Hon. Genealogist to Standing Council of the Honourable Society
of the Baronetage. Editor of the Ancestor, 1902-1905.
{ Butler: Family.

O. Br.
Oscar Briliant.
{

Bohemia: Geography and
Statistics; Budapest.

O. H.
Olaus Magnus Friedrich Henrici, Ph.D., LL.D., F.R.S.

Professor of Mechanics and Mathematics in the Central
Technical College of the City and Guilds of London Institute.
Author of Vectors and Rotors; Congruent Figures; &c.
{ Calculating Machines.

P. A. K.
Prince Peter Alexeivitch Kropotkin.

See the biographical article: Kropotkin, P.A.
{

Bokhara: (in part); Bulgaria:
Eastern.

P. C. M.
Peter Chalmers Mitchell, M.A., D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S.

Secretary to the Zoological Society of London. University
Demonstrator in Comparative Anatomy and Assistant to Linacre
Professor at Oxford, 1888-1891. Lecturer on Biology at
Charing Cross Hospital, 1892-1894; at London Hospital, 1894.
Examiner in Biology to the Royal College of Physicians, 1892-
1896, 1901-1903. Examiner in Zoology to the University of
London, 1903.
{

Breeds and Breeding

P. C. Y.
Philip Chesney Yorke, M.A.

Magdalen College, Oxford.
{

Boleyn, Anne; Bolingbroke;
Bothwell; Bristol, 1st and 2nd
Earls of; Buckingham, 1st
Duke of (in part);
Buckingham, 2nd Duke of.

P. Gi.
Peter Giles, M.A., LL.D., Litt.D.

Fellow and Classical Lecturer of Emmanuel College, Cambridge,
and University Reader in Comparative Philology. Late Secretary
of the Cambridge Philological Society. Author of Manual of
Comparative Philology; &c.
{ C.

P. G. K.
Paul G. Konody.

Art Critic of the Observer and the Daily Mail. Formerly Editor
of the Artist. Author of The Art of Walter Crane; Velasquez,
Life and Work; &c.
{ Bordone.

P. S.
Philip Schidrowitz, Ph.D., F.C.S.

Member of Council, Institute of Brewing. Member of Committee
of Society of Chemical Industry. Author of numerous articles on
the Chemistry and Technology of Brewing, Distilling, &c.
{ Brandy; Brewing.

P. W. C.
Peter William Clayden (d. 1902).

Formerly President, Institute of Journalists, London. Literary
Editor of the Daily News. Author of Scientific Men and
Religious Teachers; England under Lord Beaconsfield; Early
Life of Samuel Rogers; Rogers and his Contemporaries;
England under the Coalition; &c.
{ Bright, John.

R. A.*
Robert Anchel.

Archivist to the Department de l’Eure.
{

Boissy D’Anglais, François
Antoine de.

R. Ad.
Robert Adamson, LL.D.

See the biographical article: Adamson, R.
{

Bonaventura, Saint; Bruno,
Giordano (in part); Butler,
Bishop (in part).

R. A. S. M.
Robert Alexander Stewart Macalister, M.A., F.S.A.

St John’s College, Cambridge. Director of Excavations for the
Palestine Exploration Fund.
{

Bozrah; Caesarea Palaestina;
Caesarea Philippi.

R. G.
Richard Garnett, LL.D.

See the biographical article: Garnett, R.
{ Burton, John Hill.

R. I. P.
R.I. Pocock, F.Z.S.

Superintendent of the Zoological Gardens, London.
{

Book-Scorpion; Caddis-Fly
and Caddis-Worm.

R. J. M.
Ronald John Mcneill, M.A.

Christ Church, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. Formerly Editor of St
James’s Gazette, London.
{ Bunker Hill.

R. L.*
Richard Lydekker, F.R.S., F.L.S.

Member of Staff of Geological Survey of India, 1874-1882.
Author of Catalogues of Fossil Mammals, Reptiles and Birds
in British Museum; &c.
{ Bison; Bovidae; Buffalo.

R. N. B.
Robert Nisbet Bain (d. 1909).

Assistant Librarian, British Museum, 1883-1909. Author of
Scandinavia: the Political History of Denmark, Norway and
Sweden, 1513-1900; The First Romanovs, 1613 to 1725;
Slavonic Europe: the Political History of Poland and Russia
from 1469 to 1796; &c.
{

Boeskay, Stephen; Boris
Fedorovich Godunov; Boyar;
Brahe, Per; Buslaev, Fedor
Ivanovich.

R. P.*
Robert Peele.

Professor of Mining in Columbia University, New York.
{ Blasting; Boring.

R. Po.
Rene Poupardin, D. Ès L.

Secretary to the École des Chartes. Honorary Librarian to the
Bibliothèque Nationale. Author of Le Royaume de Bourgogne;
Le Royaume de Provence sous les Carolingiens; &c.
{ Burgundy.

S. A. C.
Stanley Arthur Cook, M.A.

Lecturer in Hebrew and Syriac, and formerly Fellow, Gonville
and Caius College, Cambridge. Editor for Palestine Exploration
Fund. Examiner in Hebrew and Aramaic, London University,
1904-1908. Council of Royal Asiatic Society, 1904-1905.
Author of Glossary of Aramaic Inscriptions; The Laws of
Moses and the Code of Hammurabi; Critical Notes on Old
Testament History; Religion of Ancient Palestine; &c.
{

Cain; Caleb.

S. C.
Sidney Colvin, M.A., Litt.D.

See the biographical article: Colvin, Sidney.
{ Botticelli.

St C.
Viscount St Cyres.

See the biographical article: Iddesleigh: 1st Earl of.
{ Bossuet.

S. H. V.*
Sydney Howard Vines, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S.

Sherardian Professor of Botany, Oxford University. Fellow of
Magdalen College. Author of Lectures on the Physiology of
Plants; Text-Book of Botany; &c.
{

Brongniart, Adolphe
Theodore.

S. L.-P.
Stanley Lane-poole, M.A., Litt.D.

Formerly Professor of Arabic, Dublin University, and Examiner
in the University of Wales. Corresponding Member of the
Imperial Russian Archaeological Society. Member of the
Khedivial Commission for the Preservation of the Monuments of
Arab Art, &c. Author of Life of Lord Stratford de Redcliffe;
Life of Sir Harry Parkes; Cairo; Turkey; &c. Editor of The
Koran; The Thousand and One Nights; &c.
{

Burton, Sir Richard Francis.

S. R. G.
Samuel Rawson Gardiner, LL.D., D.C.L.

See the biographical article: Gardiner, S. R.
{

Buckingham, 1st Duke of (in
part).

T. As.
Thomas Ashby, M.A., D.Litt. (Oxon.).

Director of British School of Archaeology at Rome. Member of
the Imperial German Archaeological Institute. Formerly Scholar
of Christ Church, Oxford. Craven Fellow, 1897. Conington
Prizeman, 1906. Author of The Classical Topography of the
Roman Campagna.
{

Bologna; Bolsena; Bononia;
Borgo San Donnino;
Bovianum; Bovillae;
Bracciano; Brescia; Bruttii;
Caere; Cagli; Cagliari;
Caietae Portus; Calabria.

T. Ba.
Sir Thomas Barclay, M.P.

Member of the Institute of International Law. Member of the
Supreme Council of the Congo Free State. Officer of the Legion
of Honour. Author of Problems of International Practice and
Diplomacy; &c. M.P. for Blackburn, 1910.
{ Blockade.

T. G. Br.
Thomas Gregor Brodie, M.D., F.R.S.

Professor of Physiology in the University of Toronto. Author of
Essentials of Experimental Physiology.
{

Blood: Anatomy and
Physiology.

T. H. H.*
Sir Thomas Hungerford Holdich, K.C.M.G., K.C.I.E., D.Sc.

Superintendent, Frontier Surveys, India, 1892-1898. Gold
Medallist, R.G.S., London, 1887. Author of The Indian
Borderland; The Countries of the King’s Award; India;
Tibet; &c.
{ Bolan Pass; Brahmaputra.

T. Se.
Thomas Seccombe, M.A.

Lecturer in History, East London and Birkbeck Colleges,
University of London. Stanhope Prizeman, Oxford, 1887.
Assistant Editor of Dictionary of National Biography, 1891-
1901. Author of The Age of Johnson; &c.
{ Boswell.

T. W.-D.
Theodore Watts-Dunton.

See the biographical article: Watts-Dunton, T.
{ Borrow.

T. W. R. D. T. W. Rhys Davids, LL.D., Ph.D.

Professor of Comparative Religion, Manchester University.
President of the Pali Text Society. Fellow of the British
Academy. Secretary and Librarian of Royal Asiatic Society,
1885-1902. Author of Buddhism; Sacred Books of the
Buddhists; Early Buddhism; Buddhist India; Dialogues of the
Buddha; &c.

{

Buddha; Buddhaghosa;
Buddhism.

W. A. B. C.
Rev. William Augustus Brevoort Coolidge, M.A., F.R.G.S., Ph.D.

(Bern).
Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford. Professor of English
History, St David’s College, Lampeter, 1880-1881. Author of
Guide du Haut Dauphiné; The Range of the Todi; Guide to
Grindelwald; Guide to Switzerland; The Alps in Nature and
in History; &c. Editor of the Alpine Journal, 1880-1889, &c. {

Bitzius; Blanc, Mont;
Bonstetten; Botzen; Bourrit;
Bregenz; Brenner Pass;
Briançon; Brieg; Brienz,
Lake of; Brignoles; Brixen;
Burckhardt, Jakob; Burgdorf.

W. A. P.
Walter Alison Phillips, M.A.

Formerly Exhibitioner of Merton College and Senior Scholar of
St John’s College, Oxford. Author of Modern Europe; &c.
{ Bishop; Brunhild.