Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān, Vol 5 (Si-Z)

601 Pages·2006·4.778 MB·English

by  McAuliffe, Jane Dammen

e

e
Encyclopaedia of
the Qur(cid:2)ān
volum e five
–
Si Z
Jane Dammen McAuliffe, General Editor
Brill, Leiden – Boston
2006

authors of articles
volume v Michael A. Cook, Princeton University
Patricia Crone, Institute for Advanced
Binyamin Abrahamov, Bar-Ilan University Study, Princeton
Camilla P. Adang, Tel-Aviv University Stefania Cunial, Ca’ Foscari University,
Scott C. Alexander, Catholic Venice
Theological Union, Chicago Stephan Dähne, Orient-Institut der
Mohammed Arkoun, Sorbonne University Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft,
Ali S.A. Asani, Harvard University Beirut
Margot Badran, Northwestern University Maria Massi Dakake, George Mason
Daniel Beaumont, University of University
Rochester Natana J. De Long-Bas, Boston
James A. Bellamy, University of Michigan College
Sheila Blair, Boston College Pieternella van Doorn-Harder,
Hartmut Bobzin, University of Erlangen Valparaiso University
Michael Bonner, University of Michigan Dale F. Eickelman, Dartmouth College
Gerhard Böwering, Yale University Herbert Eisenstein, University of
Paolo Luigi Branca, Catholic University, Vienna
Milan Salwa M.S. El-Awa, University of
William M. Brinner, University of Birmingham
California, Berkeley Jamal Elias, Amherst College
Jonathan E. Brockopp, Pennsylvania Amira El-Zein, Tufts University
State University R. Michael Feener, The University of
David B. Burrell, University of Notre California, Riverside
Dame Reuven Firestone, Hebrew Union
Amila Buturovic, York University, College, Los Angeles
Canada Ersilia Francesca, Università degli Studi
Jacqueline Chabbi, University of Paris di Napoli “L’Orientale”
Masudul Alam Choudhury, Sultan Yohanan Friedmann, Hebrew University,
Qaboos University, Oman Jerusalem
Frederick S. Colby, Miami University, Dmitry V. Frolov, Moscow University
Oxford, OH Avner Giladi, University of Haifa
authors of articles
viii
Claude Gilliot, University of Aix-en- Harald Motzki, Radboud University,
Provence Nijmegen
Joseph Ginat, University of Oklahoma Tilman Nagel, University of Göttingen
Valerie Gonzalez, Dartmouth John A. Nawas, Catholic University
College Leuven
Matthew S. Gordon, Miami University, Angelika Neuwirth, Free University,
Oxford, OH Berlin
Sebastian Günther, University of Ute Pietruschka, Philipps University,
Toronto Marburg
Rosalind W. Gwynne, University of Matthias Radscheit, Bonn, Germany
Tennessee Bernd R. Radtke, University of Utrecht
Shahla Haeri, Boston University Wim Raven, University of Frankfurt
Gerald R. Hawting, University of Bassel A. Reyahi, Toronto, Canada
London Gabriel Said Reynolds, University of
Paul L. Heck, Georgetown University Notre Dame
Margaretha T. Heemskerk, Radboud Andrew Rippin, University of Victoria
University, Nijmegen Christian Julien Robin, Centre National
Marcia Hermansen, Loyola University, de la Recherche Scientifi que, Aix-en-
Chicago Provence
Thomas Emil Homerin, University of Chase F. Robinson, University of Oxford
Rochester Ruth Roded, Hebrew University,
Robert Kevin Jaques, Indiana University Jerusalem
Anthony Hearle Johns, Australian Uri Rubin, Tel-Aviv University
National University Michael Schub, Trinity College,
David Johnston, Yale University Hartford, CN
Gautier H.A. Juynboll, Leiden, The Michael A. Sells, Haverford College
Netherlands Irfan Shahid, Georgetown University
Ahmet T. Karamustafa, Washington Mona Siddiqui, Glasgow University
University, St. Louis Kemal Silay, Indiana University
Bustami Mohamed Khir, University of Priscilla P. Soucek, New York University
Birmingham Devin J. Stewart, Emory University
Alexander D. Knysh, University of Barbara Stowasser, Georgetown
Michigan University
Kathryn Kueny, Fordham University David Thomas, University of Birmingham
Scott Kugle, University of Leiden Heidi Toelle, Sorbonne University
Paul Kunitzsch, University of Munich Shawkat M. Toorawa, Cornell
Ella Landau-Tasseron, Hebrew University
University, Jerusalem Roberto Tottoli, Università degli Studi
Joseph Lowry, University of di Napoli “L’Orientale”
Pennsylvania Kees Wagtendonk, University of
David Marshall, Lambeth Palace, Amsterdam (emeritus)
London David Waines, Lancaster University
Ingrid Mattson, Hartford Seminary Lutz Wiederhold, University Halle-
Mustansir Mir, Youngstown State Wittenberg
University Muhammad Qasim Zaman, Brown
Robert G. Morrison, Whitman College University
s
[continued]
Sickness see illness and health (cid:6)Amr b. al-(cid:6)Ā(cid:9), ordered his troops to bear
aloft copies of the Qur(cid:2)ān (or a copy of the
Qur(cid:2)ān) on the ends of their spears — imi-
(cid:4)iffīn, Battle of tating a precedent set by (cid:6)Alī at the earlier
Battle of the Camel (Balādhurī,Ansāb, ii,
Battle which took place during the fi rst 170-1; Ibn A(cid:6)tham,Futū(cid:7), ii, 315)— and
civil war between the fourth caliph (q.v.), calling for arbitration (q.v.) on the basis of
(cid:6)Alī b. Abī(cid:7)ālib (q.v.), and Mu(cid:6)āwiya b. the scripture (Minqarī,Waq(cid:5)a,476-82;
Abī Sufyān, governor of Syria, in (cid:4)afar (cid:7)abarī,Ta(cid:2)rīkh, i, 3329-30 [trans. 79-80];
37⁄July 657. Mu(cid:6)āwiya, facing removal Balādhurī,Ansāb, ii, 226-7).
from his post by (cid:6)Alī, decided to revive the (cid:6)Alī, initially reluctant to submit to ar-
cause of a recently defeated coalition of bitration, eventually agreed under pressure
Medinan religious elite who had de- from some of his supporters, including the
manded that (cid:6)Alī punish the assassins of Iraqi Qur(cid:2)ān readers (qurrā(cid:2); Minqarī,
his caliphal predecessor, (cid:6)Uthmān b. (cid:6)Affān Waq(cid:5)a,489-92;(cid:7)abarī,Ta(cid:2)rīkh, i, 3330
(see(cid:2)uthm(cid:3)n).(cid:6)Alī refused to do so, given [trans. 79]; see reciters of the qur(cid:2)(cid:3)n).
his ambivalence about (cid:6)Uthmān’s assas- The more reliable of the two versions of
sination ((cid:7)abarī,Ta(cid:2)rīkh, i, 3275-8; the arbitration agreement found in the
Balādhurī,Ansāb, ii, 194-7; Minqarī,Waq(cid:5)a, early sources stipulated that an arbitrator
31-3,58,82; see politics and the qur(cid:2)(cid:3)n; be nominated from each side and that the
sh(cid:4)(cid:6)a). The sources say that after a series of two meet on neutral territory to resolve
letters exchanged between the two leaders, the dispute on the basis of the Qur(cid:2)ān and,
the battle between (cid:6)Alī’s predominantly should no clear directive be found in the
Iraqi army and Mu(cid:6)āwiya’s largely Syrian scripture, on the “just, unifying and not
supporters was joined on (cid:4)afar8⁄July 26 at divisive sunna” (q.v.; Minqarī,Waq(cid:5)a,510;
(cid:4)iffīn, located near al-Raqqa along the Balādhurī,Ansāb, ii, 226,230;(cid:7)abarī,
Euphrates river in northern Iraq (q.v.). The Ta(cid:2)rīkh, i, 3336 [trans. 85-6]). Mu(cid:6)āwiya
battle lasted, by various accounts, two or named(cid:6)Amr b. al-(cid:6)Ā(cid:9) as his representative.
three days, by the end of which (cid:6)Alī had (cid:6)Alī sought to name one of his equally
gained the advantage. To avert probable trusted men but was pressured by infl u-
defeat, Mu(cid:6)āwiya, following the advice of ential members of his camp to name
signs 2
Abū Mūsā l-Ash(cid:6)arī, a well-respected but later referred to as “Khārijīs” (q.v.), per-
neutral fi gure (Balādhurī,Ansāb, ii, 230; manently broke with (cid:6)Alī after the failure of
(cid:7)abarī,Ta(cid:2)rīkh, i, 3333-4 [trans. 82-3]). the arbitration and suffered a devastating
The arbitrators seem to have met on two military defeat at his hands some months
occasions— at Dūmat al-Jandal in later.
Shawwāl-Dhū l-Qa(cid:6)da37⁄April 658 and
later at Adhru(cid:11) in Sha(cid:6)bān38⁄January Maria Massi Dakake
659. While the sources sometimes confl ate
these two meetings and their outcomes, it Bibliography
seems that at the fi rst meeting, the arbitra- Primary:al-Balādhurī, A(cid:11)mad b. Ya(cid:11)yā,Ansāb
al-ashrāf, ed. M. al-Firdaws al-(cid:6)A(cid:12)m,15 vols.,
tors agreed that (cid:6)Uthmān had been killed
Damascus1996-; Ibn Abī l-(cid:13)adīd,Shar(cid:7) Nahj al-
unjustly. (cid:6)Amr connected this judgment to balāgha, ed. M. Abū l-Fa(cid:14)l Ibrāhīm,20 vols.,
q 17:33: “Whosever is slain unjustly, we Cairo 1959-64; Ibn A(cid:6)tham al-Kūfī,Kitāb al-
Futū(cid:7),7 vols., Hyderabad 1968; Ibn al-Athīr,
have given authority (q.v.) to his heir,” and
Kāmil,12 vols., Beirut 1979; Ibn Kathīr, Bidāya,
argued for Mu(cid:6)āwiya’s right to the caliph-
ed.(cid:6)A.M. Mu(cid:6)awwa(cid:14) and (cid:6)Ā.A.(cid:6)Abd al-Mawjūd,
ate as the kinsman of (cid:6)Uthmān (see 8 vols., Beirut 1994; Khalīfa b. Khayyā(cid:15),Ta(cid:2)rīkh,
murder; corruption; kinship). Abū ed. A.D. al-(cid:6)Umarī, Najaf 1967; Mas(cid:6)ūdī,Murūj,
7 vols., Beirut 1966-79; Fr. trans. Ch. Pellat, Les
Mūsā rejected (cid:6)Amr’s interpretation and
prairies d’or,5 vols., 1962-97; al-Minqarī, Na(cid:9)r b.
the arbitration was considered a failure by Muzā(cid:11)im,Waq(cid:5)at(cid:8)iffīn, ed. (cid:6)A. Hārūn, Cairo
(cid:6)Alī (Minqarī,Waq(cid:5)a,541; Mas(cid:6)ūdī, 1962;(cid:7)abarī,Ta(cid:2)rīkh, ed. de Goeje; id., The
Murūj⁄Prairies d’or, § 1705-8, iii, 145-8 [Fr. history of al-(cid:9)abarī. xvii. The fi rst civil war, trans.
G.R Hawting, Albany 1996; Ya(cid:6)qūbī,Ta(cid:2)rīkh,
trans. 668-71]; Ibn al-Athīr, Kāmil, iii, 331). ed.(cid:6)A. Muhannā,2 vols., Beirut 1993.
The second meeting at Adhru(cid:11), apparently Secondary:M. Hinds, The Siffi n arbitration
not endorsed by (cid:6)Alī, ended with a ruse agreement, in jss 17 (1972),93-129; W. Madelung,
Succession to Mu(cid:7)ammad.A study of the early
whereby Abū Mūsā was tricked into depos-
caliphate, Cambridge 1997; C. Petersen, (cid:5)Alī and
ing(cid:6)Alī, leaving Mu(cid:6)āwiya as caliph by de-
Mu(cid:5)āwiya in early Arabic traditions, Copenhagen
fault (Minqarī,Waq(cid:5)a,544-6;(cid:7)abarī, 1964.
Ta(cid:2)rīkh, i, 3341-3 [trans. 90-2]). Although
the results of this meeting were not widely Sight see vision and blindness; seeing
recognized outside of Syria, (cid:6)Alī faced and hearing
growing opposition among his supporters
over the terms of the arbitration and its
outcome. Many dissenters — including Signs
somequrrā(cid:2) who initially favored arbitra-
tion but reversed their opinion upon learn- Indications or portents, foreshadowing or
ing of its terms — had seceded from (cid:6)Alī’s confi rming something. The concept of
camp even prior to the meeting of the ar- sign, one of the most commonly exhibited
bitrators, claiming that “judgment belongs concepts in the Qur(cid:2)ān, is expressed
to God alone” (lā(cid:7)ukma illā lillāhi), a slogan mainly by the word āya (pl. āyāt) in almost
that echoes the qur(cid:2)ānic statement ini four hundred instances and by the word
l-(cid:7)ukmu illā lillāhi (q 6:57;12:40,67). They bayyina (pl. bayyināt) in approximately sixty
also demanded that (cid:6)Alī repent of his sub- cases. Several other words also convey the
mission to a process that placed men in principal idea or some nuances of āya, for
judgment over the Qur(cid:2)ān (see law and example: lesson ((cid:5)ibra,q 12:111), pattern
the qur(cid:2)(cid:3)n). Many of these secessionists, (uswa,q 60:4), fact, story, discourse ((cid:7)adīth,
3 signs
q 45:6),example (mathal,q 43:57; see (q 13:38;40:78), such signs can be detected
parable), proof (q.v.; burhān,q 4:174), in all spheres of life. Both animate and
proof (sul(cid:10)ān,q 30:35), signs (sha(cid:5)ā(cid:2)ir, inanimate objects provide signs (Fakhr
q 22:36), signs (āthār,q 30:50; see genera- al-Dīn al-Rāzī [d. 606⁄1210] makes a
tions; air and wind; geography), sign distinction between signs in man, dalā(cid:2)il
(dalīl,q 25:45). al-anfus, and signs in the world, dalā(cid:2)il al-
The word āya (sign) has no root in Arabic āfāq; Rāzī,Tafsīr, xxv, 111), as in “O my
and is very probably a loan-word from people, this is the she-camel of God, to be
Syriac or Aramaic (āthā; see foreign a sign for you” (q 11:64; see camel; (cid:5)(cid:3)li(cid:6))
vocabulary) where it indicates not only and “And it is God who sends down out of
the ideas of sign and miracle (see heaven water (q.v.), and therewith revives
miracles; marvels), as in biblical and the earth after it is dead. Surely in that is a
rabbinic Hebrew (ōth), but also the notions sign for a people who listen” (q 16:65; cf.
of argument and proof. (Arab philologists 30:24; see heaven and sky; hearing and
who have tried to fi nd a stem and a form of deafness). God’s providential design is
this word have arrived at different solu- demonstrated through his acts in nature
tions; either the word is derived from a-w-y and in human beings (see nature as
or from a-y-y and its form is either fa(cid:5)ala or signs; grace; blessing). A typical sign-
fa(cid:5)la or fā(cid:5)ila; cf. Lisān al-(cid:5)Arab; see gram- passage is q 13:2-3:
mar and the qur(cid:2)(cid:3)n.) The word occurs in
pre-Islamic poetry (see poetry and poets) God is he who raised up the heavens with-
in the meaning of a sign or token and in out pillars you can see, then he sat himself
this meaning it also appears in the Qur(cid:2)ān upon the throne (see throne of god); he
(q 26:128, “as a sign for passers by”). In the subjected the sun (q.v.) and the moon (q.v.),
Qur(cid:2)ān,āya also often denotes argument each one running to a term stated. He
and proof. These shades of meaning can directs the affair; he distinguishes the signs;
be explained in the light of the polemical haply you will have faith in the encounter
character of parts of the Qur(cid:2)ān which are with your lord (q.v.). It is he who stretched
infl uenced by Mu(cid:11)ammad’s struggles with out the earth and set therein fi rm moun-
the unbelievers, the Jews and the Chris- tains and rivers, and of every fruit he
tians (see polemic and polemical lan- placed there two kinds, covering the day
guage; belief and unbelief; jews and with the night (see day and night). Surely
judaism; christians and christianity). in that are signs for a people who refl ect
(seereflection and deliberation;
Expressions of signs agriculture and vegetation).
The scripture attests to the numerous and
diverse signs which exist in the earth (q.v.) Sustenance (q.v.) and dress are given to
and in humankind: “In the earth are signs humankind by God as a sign of his
for those having sure faith (q.v.), and in providence:
yourselves; what, do you not see?”
(q 51:20-1; see seeing and hearing; Children of Adam! We have sent down on
vision and blindness). These signs are so you a garment to cover your shameful
obvious that one cannot ignore them. parts (see clothing; modesty; nudity),
Being produced by God (q 6:109;7:203; and adornment (rīsh); and the garment of
29:50) and only with his permission godfearing— that is better; that is one of