Encyclopaedia Judaica. (Coh-Doz)

784 Pages·2006·18.629 MB·English

ENCYCLOPAEDIA
JUDAICA
ENCYCLOPAEDIA
JUDAICA
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
VOLUME 5
Coh–Doz
Fred Skolnik, Editor in Chief
Michael Berenbaum, Executive Editor
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
KETER PUBLISHING HOUSE LtD., JERUSALEM
ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition
Fred Skolnik, Editor in Chief
Michael Berenbaum, Executive Editor
Shlomo S. (Yosh) Gafni, Editorial Project Manager
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1. Jews -- Encyclopedias. I. Skolnik, Fred. II. Berenbaum, Michael, 1945-
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Entries Coh–Doz
5
•
Abbreviations
General Abbreviations
775
Abbreviations used in Rabbinical Literature
776
Bibliographical Abbreviations
782
•
Transliteration Rules
795
Glossary
798
Initial “C” at the opening of II Chronicles
in the Bible of Saint Martial of Limoges,
France, 12th century, depicting Solomon
enthroned, Paris, Biblithèque Nationale, Coh–Cz
Ms. Lat. 8, Vol. II, fol. 102.
COHEN, Italian family of majolica makers, active in Pesaro itor of the Baltimore branch of the family was Jacob’s brother,
and Ancona from 1614 to 1673. The following names are ISRAEL I. (1751–1803), who arrived in the U.S. from Germany
known: ISAAC (Pesaro, 1613–14), JACOB (Ancona, 1654), and around 1784. He too settled in Richmond, where he became
ISAAC (II; Ancona, 1673–77). Together with the *Azulai family, a leading citizen and was very active in Jewish affairs. In 1808
the Cohen family produced most of the majolica seder dishes his widow Judith (Salomon) moved with her seven children
that were made in Renaissance Italy. In the case of dishes made to Baltimore, where Israel’s descendants became prominent as
by Jacob Cohen, the manufacturer’s mark is a crown to denote financiers, scientists, physicians, and public servants.
priesthood, instead of the usual Star of David. JACOB I. (1789–1869) eldest of Israel’s sons, started out
Bibliography: C. Roth, in: Eretz Israel, 7 (1964), 106–11. in the lottery business in Baltimore and branched out into
[David Maisel] banking, establishing J.I. Cohen, Jr. and Bros. The bank had a
considerable reputation, with a branch in Philadelphia. It was
COHEN, prominent U.S. family in the 18t–19t centuries, also a fiscal agent of the Rothschilds. In addition to banking,
mostly in Baltimore. JACOB I. (1744–1823) was the first of Jacob I. Cohen’s other enterprises included a directorship of
the family to go from Oberdorf, Germany, to the U.S. (1773). the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the presidency of the
He served in the Revolutionary Army, and in 1780 settled in Baltimore-Philadelphia Railroad. Although U.S.-born, Cohen
Richmond. A successful banker and merchant, he was much was active in the affairs of the German Society of Maryland.
honored by the citizens of his city. Like other leading Jews of He held a minyan for services in his palatial home. He is best
that period, Jacob I. Cohen was active in Masonic affairs. He remembered for his participation with Solomon *Etting in
was also active in Jewish affairs and was a founder of the first the protracted struggle for Jewish equality in Maryland. In a
Richmond synagogue, Beth Shalom. The last 17 years of his memorial presented by him to the legislature he stressed that
life were spent in Philadelphia. He was the pillar of the city’s Jews were not asking for privileges, but rights, and that “to dis-
Mikveh Israel Congregation and served as its president during qualify any class of citizen is for the people to disqualify them-
1810–11. In his will he provided that upon his death his black selves.” After the passing of the so-called “Jew Bill,” Cohen was
slaves were to be freed and each one given $25.00. The progen- elected a councilman of the city (1826), later serving as presi-
ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 5 5
cohen
dent of the city council during 1845–51. He never joined any COHEN, family distinguished in Anglo-Jewish life for al-
Baltimore synagogue, but did participate in the organization most two centuries. LEVI BARENT COHEN (1747–1808) went
of a short-lived Sephardi congregation (1856–58). MENDES to England from Amersfoort (Holland) in the third quarter of
I. (1796–1879), brother of Jacob I., was born in Richmond the 18t century. He was presiding warden of the Great Syna-
and spent a few years in the banking business. He then trav- gogue, London, and the first president of the Jews’ Hospital.
eled abroad during 1829–35, visiting practically every country One daughter, Hannah, married Nathan Meyer *Rothschild
in Europe and the Near East, including Palestine. He was and another, Judith, Sir Moses *Montefiore; a granddaughter
a prolific writer and his letters and diaries are a rich source married Sir David *Salomons and a great-granddaughter Sam-
of information about Jewish life in the countries he visited. uel Montagu, the first Lord *Swaythling. His male descendants
Cohen was the first American to explore the Nile, and pre- included AARON *COHEN, who was appointed a queen’s coun-
sented his important collection of Egyptian relics to Johns sel, and LIONEL LOUIS COHEN (1832–87). The latter succeeded
Hopkins University. Cohen also served in the Maryland State his father, LOUIS COHEN (1799–1882), as head of the family
Assembly during 1847–48. BENJAMIN I. (c. 1798–1845) and firm of foreign bankers and brokers, and subsequently became
DAVID I. (1800–1847), brothers of Jacob and Mendes, were a manager of the Stock Exchange. He was an authority on
noted bankers who helped establish the Baltimore Stock Ex- Indian railways and Turkish finance. A political Conserva-
change in 1837. As Orthodox Jews, they neither attended meet- tive, he was elected to parliament in 1885 and during his short
ings on the board of the Stock Exchange nor transacted busi- but brilliant political career served on royal commissions
ness on the Sabbath. Benjamin was an officer of the German on the trade depression, on gold and silver, and on endowed
Society. He served in the Maryland militia and was active schools. In communal affairs, he became honorary secre-
in passing the Maryland “Jew Bill.” JOSHUA I. (1801–1870), tary of the Jewish Board of Guardians (now Jewish Wel-
another brother, was born in Richmond, and became a phy- fare Board) on its foundation and its president in 1878. He
sician and one of the early American otologists. A recog- was followed in this office by his brother SIR BENJAMIN
nized authority in this field, he was elected president of the LOUIS COHEN (1844–1909), his son SIR LEONARD LIONEL
Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of the University of Mary- COHEN (1858–1938), his niece HANNAH FLORETTA COHEN
land, where he was also professor of mineralogy and geology. (1875–1946), and his grandson Lord Lionel Leonard *Cohen.
Cohen’s valuable Judaica collection, cataloged by Cyrus Adler He played a leading part in the founding of the United Syna-
(1887), is housed in Dropsie College. Like his elder brother gogue in 1870. In 1881 he initiated the movement to help op-
Jacob, Joshua was actively engaged in securing Jewish rights pressed Russian Jewry, which led to the first relief fund be-
in Maryland. Even after passage of the “Jew Bill”, discrimi- ing established in England on their behalf. His descendants
natory laws remained on the books. The doctor attended include Sir Andrew Benjamin *Cohen (1909–1968), colonial
the state constitutional conventions of 1851, 1864, and 1867 governor and civil servant, and RUTH *COHEN (1906–1991),
and struggled with limited success for equal rights. Cohen principal of Newnham College, Cambridge. The WALEY-
was active in Jewish communal affairs, and like his broth- COHEN family are descendants of his brother NATHANIEL
ers was Orthodox but never joined any local synagogue. His (see Cohen, Sir Robert *Waley).
voluminous correspondence in Isaac Leeser’s Occident in Phil-
Bibliography: JHSET, 16 (1952), 11–25 (address by Lord Jus-
adelphia contributes much on the history of the Baltimore tice Cohen); V.D. Lipman, Century of Social Service, 1889–1959 (1959);
Jewish community. C. Roth, History of the Great Synagogue (1950), index; P.H. Emden,
MENDES (1831–1915) son of David. Mendes was born Jews of Britain (1943). Add. Bibliography: C. Bermant, The Cous-
in Baltimore. An accomplished engineer, he was president inhood (1961), 175–98, index; Michael Jolles, Directory of Distinguished
of a number of railroad companies, and served as president Jews, 1830–1930 (2002), index; ODNB online for Sir Andrew Cohen,
Sir Benjamin Cohen, Louis Cohen, and Ruth Cohen.
of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Cohen was in-
terested in many communal affairs, especially the Maryland [Vivian David Lipman]
Historical Society, of which he was secretary (1875–1904)
and president (1904–14). He purchased rare collections of doc- COHEN, family of Liverpool (England) merchants and public
uments for the society and bequeathed it $5,000. A founder of servants. LOUIS SAMUEL COHEN (1846–1922) was born in Syd-
the American Jewish Historical Society, Cohen was a mem- ney (Australia), and went to England in 1859. In 1864 he joined
ber of its executive council. He contributed to Jewish causes a relative, David Lewis, who owned a clothing store, becoming
in Baltimore. head of the business on the death of David Lewis in 1885 and
Bibliography: Rosenbloom, Biog Dict, s.v.; Baroway, in: developing it into Lewis’, Ltd., one of the largest department
Maryland Historical Magazine, 18 (1923), 355–75; 19 (1924), 54–77; H.T. chain stores in the north of England. A generous supporter of
Ezekiel and G. Lichtenstein, History of the Jews of Richmond (1917), local charities, he was prominent in local synagogue life and
352; H. Simonhoff, Jewish Notables in America 1776–1865 (1956), 394; Jewish institutions. He became a member of the Liverpool city
S.R. Kagan, Jewish Contributions to Medicine in America (1934), 26–27; council in 1895 and served as lord mayor in 1899–1900. His
DAB; Adler, in: AJHSP, 25 (1917), 145–7.
eldest son, HAROLD LEOPOLD (1873–1936), succeeded his fa-
[Isaac M. Fein]
ther as chairman of Lewis’. Among his benefactions was a gift
6 ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 5
cohen
COHEN (WALEY) FAMILY
ADELAIDE
1830–1895
Sir JOSEPH SEBAG
MONTEFIORE Sir LEONARD LIONEL Baron COHEN
1822–1903 LIONEL K.C.V.O. of Walmer
1858–1938 1888–1973
SIGISMUND ELIZA ADELAIDE
SCHLOSS HENRIETTA
1864–1935
LIONEL
JACOB HENRY L1O83U2IS– 1M8.8P.7 SSPirI EISLMIDAONRNE R19U0T6H– L1O9U9I1SA
MOSES
ESTHER
JOSEPH LOUIS 1832–1894 WALTER SAMUEL SBiErN AJNADMRIENW
1774–1838 1799–1882 b. 1870 1909–1968
MARIANNE REBEKAH FLORETTA HENRY LUCY Mrs. HELEN
JOACHIM 1807–1859 COBB MARGARET DONNINGTON
ELLEN
ASSUR 1843–1919
KEYSER
SAMUEL
MONTAGU
1st Lord Swaythling
JEANETTE
1832–1911
1803–1867 Sir HERBERT
BENJAMIN
MOSES S*SirA DLOAVMIDO NS BEHHREENNRSY 128nd7 4B–a1rt9. 6O8.B.E. N19IG0E8L– B19EN31JAMIN
SAMUEL SOLOMON 1797–1873 Sir BENJAMIN
1776–1864 LOUIS Bart. M.P. HANNAH
LB1E7AV4RI7E–N1T8 C08OHEN HANNAH H18A1N6N–A1H898 1844–1909 MILDRED S19T1EP1H–1E9N4 B3EHRENS
1 LOUISA EMILY HANNAH FLORETTE
FANNY BENJAMIN MOSES 1850–1931 O.B.E.
2 MERTON 1875–1946
LYDIA 1813–1881
HANNAH Col. JACOB WALEY
1783–1850 COHEN
1874–1948
JOSEPH NATHAN MAYER 1
DIAMANTSCHLEIFER *ROTHSCHILD KATHERINE
1777–1836 1875–1924
2
Mrs. EVELYN
JUDITH GRABOWSKY-
1784–1862 NATHANIEL LOUIS ATHERSTONE
1846–1913
S*1M7ir8 OM4NO–T1SE8EF8SIO5RE WJAACLOEBY J1U8L5I3A– M19A1T7ILDA SWiAr LREOYB CEROTHEN Sir BERNARD
LIONEL BENJAMIN K.B.E. NATHANIEL
1826–1890 1877–1952 WALEY-COHEN
1 1914–1991
JOSEPH HENRIETTA RACHEL HENRY EDWARD ALICE VIOLET
SALOMONS 1827–1859 BEDDINGTON 1881–1935 JOYCE
2
PHILIP J. BERTHA Lord
SALOMONS 1841–1917 NATHAN
Col. CHARLES
WALEY COHEN
BENJAMIN 1879–1963
1789–1867 HERMANN
KISCH ETHEL ALICE
JOSEPH ELIAS JUSTINA Rev. SIMEON
MONTEFIORE 1800–1873 SINGER DOROTHEA
NATHANIEL 1882–1964
1827–1911 MARGUERITE
ABIGAIL
LPUHCILAISP R18E3B9EK–A1H890 1871–1942 D18r.7 C6H–A1R9L6E0S *SINGER
Sir BENJAMIN
ARTHUR K.C.
Rt. Hon. ARTHUR 1862–1942
K.C.
1829–1914
NAPHTALI HENRY EMMELINE MARY FREDA
HART MYERS MICHOLLS 1843–1888
of New York Sir THOMAS
1711–1788 COLYER-FERGUSSON
ISAAC LULIANA 1865–1951
1791–1846 1831–1877
1
H1AD7Rr5.T 8J MO–SY1EE8RP2HS3 R1 7 E 9 B 32EK–A1H819 BAdeMa r*SoRCnO HMTEHALYSECRHILD
PHINEHAS SARAH
SAMUEL 1810–1879
ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 5 7
cohen, abraham
of £100,000 for the building of Liverpool University Library. nal message of Israel to humankind, and the place of the Jew
Another son, REX D. COHEN (1876–1928), remained in the in the modern world. These themes recur in various forms
family business and left over £1.6 million upon his death. Louis in the four novels: Solal (1930: Eng. tr. Solal of the Solals,
Samuel’s eighth child, SIR JACK BRUNEL COHEN (1886–1956), 1933); Mangeclous (1938; Nailcruncher, 1940); Belle du Seigneur
lost both legs in World War I. From 1918 to 1931 he was a (1968), which won the Grand Prix de l’Académie française, and
member of parliament representing Liverpool and for many Les Valeureux (1969). In Solal, the eponymous hero escapes
years was national treasurer of the British Legion. SIR REX from his native Greek island of Cephalonia and narrow Jew-
ARTHUR LOUIS COHEN (d. 1988), grandson of Louis Samuel ish environment into the glittering gentile world, where he is
(1906–1988), was chairman of Lewis’ from 1958 to 1965, when eventually destroyed by his own success and by a fatal passion
the business passed from family control. For several years he for a non-Jewess. After a terrible struggle, Solal returns to his
was president of the Liverpool Jewish Welfare Board. own oppressed people, “the poetic people of genius,” and finds
redemption. Mangeclous, a Rabelaisian extravaganza, has as its
[Sefton D. Temkin]
setting a semi-mythical Jewish Orient peopled by grotesque
but innocent and lovable inhabitants. Under the burlesque
COHEN, ABRAHAM (1887–1957), Anglo-Jewish clergyman,
absurdity, a profound Jewish wisdom is often brought to the
scholar, and communal leader. Cohen, who was born in Read-
fore. In Belle du Seigneur, which returns to the Solal story, the
ing and grew up in the East End of London, was educated at
hero has achieved his ultimate ambition as an undersecre-
London and Cambridge Universities. He became a minister
tary at the League of Nations, but is haunted by the impend-
in Manchester in 1909 and in 1913 minister to the Birming-
ing Nazi destruction of the Jews. Aware of his own helpless-
ham Hebrew Congregation, where he remained for 36 years.
ness and of the nations’ indifference, Solal seeks escape in an
Cohen was active in the World Jewish Congress and in the
impossible romantic adventure, but the lovers fall victim to
Zionist movement. He was the first minister to preside over
a self-destructive passion from which only death can release
the *Board of Deputies of British Jews (from 1949 to 1955),
them. Les Valeureux, a burlesque sequel to the epic begun in
which he greatly strengthened by a combination of firm-
Mangeclous, tells about the five jolly cousins from Cephalo-
ness and diplomacy. Cohen edited the Soncino Books of the
nia, nicknamed the “Valorous Ones.” This last novel contrasts
Bible, himself translating the Psalms, and participated in the
the Jewish love of life and truth to the falsity and hypocrisy of
Soncino translation of the Talmud and Midrash. His writings
the outside world. Other works by Cohen are the one-act play
include Everyman’s Talmud (19492), An Anglo-Jewish Scrap-
Ezéchiel (1956), produced at the Comédie Française in 1933,
Book (19682), and Teachings of Maimonides (1927). Cohen as-
and the autobiographical Le livre de ma mère (1954), dedicated
sisted Chief Rabbi Joseph *Hertz with his Pentateuch Com-
to the author’s mother, who died in occupied France, and to
mentary, the first English commentary written by Jews. His
the simple grandeur of maternal love.
Everyman’s Talmud was republished as a paperback in 1995.
Cohen, like his hero, can best be described as extreme –
Bibliography: The Times (London, May 30, 1957); JC (May
extreme in his love for his people, extreme in his satire (par-
30, 1957); Roth, Mag Bibl, 172; Lehmann, Nova Bibl, 12, 20.
ticularly concerning international organizations), extreme in
[Vivian David Lipman] his condemnation of sexual passion. Cohen’s work is original,
varied, and rich, containing humor, tragedy, drama, lyricism,
COHEN, ALBERT (1895–1981), French novelist whose four satire, tenderness, violence, and anger.
outstanding novels, written over a period of four decades,
Bibliography: A. Lunel, in: Revue juive de Genève, 1
form one of the most outspoken series in modern Jewish
(1932–33), 120–2, 165–70; A. Berchtold, in: La Suisse romande au cap
literature. Cohen, who was born in Corfu, was educated in
du XXè siècle (1963); D. Goitein, Jewish Themes in French Works Be-
France, then studied law in Geneva, where he became active tween the Two World Wars (Columbia University Thesis, 1967); A.
in various international organizations and pursued a sporadic Pesses, in: Les nouveaux cahiers (1969). Add. Bibliography: D.R.
literary career. His first published work was a volume of po- Goiten-Galperin, Visage de mon peuple:essai sur Albert Cohen (1982);
ems, Paroles juives (1921), whose tone, by turns violent, opu- H. Nyssen, Lectures d’Albert Cohen (1986); J. Blot, Albert Cohen ou
lent, tender, and lyrical, foreshadowed that of his later writ- Solal dans le siècle (1995); C. Auroy, Albert Cohen, une quête solaire
(1996); V. Duprey, Albert Cohen: Au nom du père et de la mère (1999);
ing. In 1925, with the encouragement of Chaim *Weizmann,
J.I. Abecassis, Albert Cohen: Dissonant Voices (2004).
Cohen founded a short-lived periodical, La Revue juive. He
later became the Zionist Organization’s delegate to the League [Denise R. Goitein]
of Nations. During the Nazi occupation Cohen fled to Lon-
don, where he became the Jewish Agency’s special representa- COHEN, ALEXANDER H. (1920–2000), U.S. producer.
tive to the Allied governments in exile. After the defeat of the Cohen began investing in the theater at the age of 21, and be-
Nazis, he worked at the UN headquarters of the International came known on Broadway as the “millionaire boy angel.” He
Refugee Organization. scored his first success with Angel Street in 1941. Subsequently,
The most important themes in Cohen’s writings are the he staged more than 30 productions in New York and Lon-
problem of personal integrity in a world of untruth, the eter- don. His Nine O’Clock Theater for intimate review opened
8 ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 5