Encyclopaedia Judaica

810 Pages·2008·18.95 MB·English

ENCYCLOPAEDIA
JUDAICA
ENCYCLOPAEDIA
JUDAICA
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
VOLUME 15
Nat–Per
Fred Skolnik, Editor in Chief
Michael Berenbaum, Executive Editor
IN ASSOCIATION WITH
KETER PUBLISHING HOUSE LtD., JERUSALEM
ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition
Fred Skolnik, Editor in Chief
Michael Berenbaum, Executive Editor
Shlomo S. (Yosh) Gafni, Editorial Project Manager
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Entries Nat–Per
5
•
Abbreviations
General Abbreviations
801
Abbreviations used in Rabbinical Literature
802
Bibliographical Abbreviations
808
•
Transliteration Rules
821
Glossary
824
The letter “N,” a part of the illu-
minated word In (diebus Assu-
eri) at the beginning of the Book
of Esther in a 12th–century Latin
Bible. On the right of King Aha-
suerus, Haman is being hanged.
The “I” frames the figure of Esther.
Rheims. Bibliothèque Municipale, Nat-Ny
Ms. 159, fol. 5v.
NATANSON, LUDWIK (1822–1896), physician and com- nary for teachers. He was supported in his public activities by
munal worker. A member of the Jewish intellectual and as- bourgeois circles and the assimilationist Jewish intelligentsia.
similationist circle of Warsaw, Natanson was the son of the The energy which he showed during the pogrom in Warsaw
banker and industrialist Wolf Zelig Natanson (1795–1879). In in December 1881 was of great assistance in maintaining the
1847 he founded the periodical Tygodnik Lekarski, one of the morale of the Jewish community.
first modern medical publications in Polish, which he edited
Bibliography: J. Shatzky, Geshikhte fun Yidn in Varshe, 2–3
and financed until 1872. Natanson was also one of the pub- (1948–53), indexes; H. Nussbaum, Teki weterana warszawskiej gminy
lic health pioneers in Poland, and was active in the campaign Starozakonnych (1880), 46–50; W. Konie, in: Głos gminy żydowskiej
against the cholera epidemic in Warsaw (1848–52). In 1863 he nos. 4–5 (1937); S. LŁastik, Z dziejów oświecenia żydowskiego (1961),
was elected to the presidency of the Polish medical society. index; Lu’aḥ Aḥi’asaf, 5 (1897).
[Arthur Cygielman]
In 1871 he became chairman of the executive of the Jewish
community of Warsaw, a position he held until his death. As
chairman, Natanson successfully reorganized and consider- NATANSON, MARK (1849–1919), Russian revolutionary.
ably extended the public and administrative services of the Born in Svenziany, the son of a wealthy Jewish businessman,
community, managing also to balance its budget. He encour- Natanson graduated from a Kovno secondary school. He was
aged productivity among the Jewish poverty-stricken classes the leading figure of the “Chaikovski circle,” which played a
and was the initiator and founder of vocational schools and great part in molding the opposition spirit against the Czar-
a community workshop center. He supported (1878–88) the ist regime among the Russian university youth in the 1870s,
secondary school which had 1,400 Jewish pupils. On his ini- and was prominent in the Populist movement (“narodniki”).
tiative, a new school building was erected, and community A brilliant organizer, and possessed of considerable business
organizations and the cemeteries were renovated. He was the abilities, he was responsible for many daring revolutionary
initiator of a project to erect a modern Jewish hospital in the undertakings. Together with his first wife, Olga – a highly in-
Czyste district, and it was also during his term of office that the telligent person and a passionate believer in radical ideas – he
magnificent synagogue of Tłomacka Street was built. In 1874 masterminded Prince Peter Kropotkin’s escape from prison.
Natanson obtained authorization to establish a Jewish semi- He was a close friend of Georgi Plekhanov, who later became
ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 15 5
nathan
“the father of Russian Marxism.” He managed to continue his rod of men, and with the stripes of human beings” (II Sam.
revolutionary activities even during the many years he spent 7:14). In the rebuke over the affair of Bath-Sheba, Nathan,
as a convict in Siberia. In 1917, he joined the left wing of the by means of the parable of the poor man’s lamb, traps David
Russian Social Revolutionary Party and helped Lenin to dis- (even with his privilege as king) into passing judgment upon
band the Constituent Assembly. He later became disillusioned himself. This prophecy contains a harsh vision of the future of
with the Communist regime, left the Soviet Union, and died a the house of David: “the sword shall never depart from your
lonely man in Switzerland. From the time that he joined the house” (II Sam. 12:10). This prediction, which is not recalled
Russian revolutionary movement, he completely identified in this way in any other passage in the Bible, and which prob-
himself with Russian life, taking no interest in Jewish affairs. ably does not allude to any actual event such as the division
[Schneier Zalman Levenberg] of the kingdom, stamps the rebuke with the seal of authentic-
ity. Nathan appears not only as warning against evil and de-
NATHAN (Heb. ןתָנָ), prophet in the days of David and Solo- manding expiation for murder but also as commanding the
mon). Nathan, together with Zadok the priest, anointed Sol- king to establish law and justice, which is his duty as judge
omon as king after encouraging and activating the people of and is embodied in the monarchy itself, as explicitly stated in
the royal court to proclaim him king. Two of his prophecies the chronicles of David’s reign (II Sam. 8:15; see *David, *Sol-
are known: one about the postponement of the building of omon). The “book of Nathan the prophet,” which relates the
the Temple from David’s time to the time of his son (II Sam. histories of David and Solomon, is mentioned in Chronicles
7; I Chron. 17) and the election of David’s dynasty; the second (I Chron. 29:9; II Chron. 9:29), in keeping with the theory of
is the prophecy of rebuke to David about Bath-Sheba and the the author of Chronicles who also represents other prophets
killing of Uriah (II Sam. 12: 1–15). From his involvement in as chroniclers of the events of their days.
the life of the court and the clear connection of his prophecy Bibliography: J.A. Montgomery, The Book of Kings (ICC,
to the king and the monarchy, Nathan, like the prophet Gad, 1951), 67–79; G. Widengren, Sakrales Koenigtum im Alten Testament
may be designated as a court prophet. From the contents of (1955), 59–61; K.H. Bernhardt, in: VT Supplement, 8 (1961), 161–3;
his prophecies, however – not only his sharp rebuke in con- H.W. Hertzberg, Samuel (1964), 282–7, 312–5.
nection with Bath-Sheba but also his advice regarding the [Samuel Abramsky]
Temple, which was not in any way subject to the king’s ap-
proval or control – there is justification for placing Nathan in NATHAN, English family, distinguished in public service.
the category of prophets who rebuke and advise, such as Eli- The first member of the family to settle in England was MEYER
jah and Elisha (see *Prophets and Prophecy). (Michael) NATHAN who came from Dessau about 1790. His
In his prophecy about the postponement of the build- grandson, Jonah, married twice. SIR NATHANIEL (1843–1916),
ing of the Temple to the time of Solomon, Nathan promises the son of Jonah’s first marriage, a barrister practicing in Bir-
the House of David unconditionally that his dynasty will en- mingham from 1873 to 1888, became attorney general, judge
dure forever, and that the relationship between the Lord and of the Supreme Court, and from 1901 to 1903 acting chief jus-
each of David’s successors will be like that between father tice of Trinidad. His half brother, SIR FREDERIC LEWIS (1861–
and son. The reason for the postponement of the building of 1933), explosives expert and soldier, joined the Royal Artillery
the Temple is not clarified. (The explanation of bloodshed in in 1879 and organized explosives manufacture before and dur-
I Chron. 22:7–10 seems to have been inserted later.) On the ing World War i. Later, he specialized in fuel problems and was
basis of the wanderings in the wilderness, where God was president of the Institution of Chemical Engineers from 1925
present in the Tent and the Tabernacle, it would appear, how- to 1927. From 1905 to 1926 he was commandant of the Jewish
ever, that the monarchy was not yet firmly established and Lads’ Brigade. Frederic’s brother SIR MATTHEW (1862–1939)
that the time had not yet come for removing the symbols of joined the Royal Engineers in 1880 and served in Sudan and
tribal tradition – the Tent and the Tabernacle and replacing India. The first Jew to be a colonial governor, he was gover-
them with a permanent house (temple) of the Lord, similar nor of the Gold Coast (1900–03), Hong Kong (1904–07), and
to the house (palace) of the king. The view of the monarchy Natal (1907–09). Secretary to the General Post Office and the
in Nathan’s prophecy – in which it is seen as granted to David Board of Inland Revenue, he was appointed undersecretary to
by an act of divine grace (no reference is made to the monar- the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1914 and was in sole charge
chy of Saul) and as a complete and unbroken continuation of of Dublin Castle when the Easter Rising occurred in 1916. An
the Lord’s providence and governance from the time of the inquiry criticized his failure to warn the British government of
Exodus from Egypt to the time of the judges – differs essen- the danger. After serving as secretary of the Ministry of Pen-
tially from that of I Samuel 8–12, according to which Samuel sions he became governor of Queensland (1920–26) and retired
opposed monarchy as such. The antiquity of the prophecy at- to Somerset where he took part in local government and wrote
tributed to Nathan is attested by the description of the mon- a monumental local history. In Jewish life, he represented the
archy as a calm and secure period of respite, without any in- New West End Synagogue on the United Synagogue Council.
timation of the division of the kingdom. The punishment of The fourth brother, SIR ROBERT (1866–1921), served in the In-
a king’s son who transgresses will be a rebuke only “with the dian civil service from 1888 to 1915 and was appointed chief sec-
6 ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 15
nathan
retary to the governor of Eastern Bengal and Assam in 1910. In where he then resided. After leaving the island, he proceeded
World War I he did important work in counterespionage. to New Orleans and from there went to Williamsburg, Vir-
ginia, in 1779. He loaned large sums of money to the Virginia
Bibliography: P.H. Emden, Jews of Britain (1943), index;
Roth, Mag Bibl. index; DNB, s.v. Add. Bibliography: ODNB on- state government for which he received the thanks of the then
line for Sir Matthew Nathan; A.B. Haydon, Sir Matthew Nathan, Brit- governor, Thomas Jefferson. When these loans were not re-
ish Colonial Governor and Civil Servant (1972). paid he suffered great financial loss, and was involved in pro-
[Vivian David Lipman] tracted litigation with Virginia for many years. Possibly as a
consequence of this litigation, he went to Philadelphia and en-
NATHAN, U.S. family. SIMON NATHAN (1746–1822), who was listed in the militia. There, in 1780, he met and married Grace
born in England, went to the colonies in 1773 by way of Ha- Mendes Seixas (1752–1831), the daughter of Isaac Mendes
vana. During the Revolution, he supported the revolutionary *Seixas. Nathan became a Mason the following year, a trustee
cause and helped ship supplies to the colonists from Jamaica of the Congregation Mikveh Israel in 1782, and president of
NATHAN FAMILY GRACE SARAH
1809 –1887 1837–1883
JACQUES J. LYONS LUCIEN MOSS
b. 1813 1831–1895
JONATHAN JUSTINA
1811–1863 1839 –1918
REBECCA MOSES MENDES COHEN
1810 –1891 1831–1915
ZIPPORAH HARMON HENDRICKS
1812 –1819 1843 –1929
BENJAMIN MIRIAM HENDRICKS
1813 –1870 1843 –1924
EMILY HENDRICKS FREDERICK
1815 –1879 1844 –1918
MAUD
1862 –1946
JULIAN
1850 –1936
RACHEL SEIXAS
1815 –1885 SARAH G.F. SOMMERS
FRANCES LOUISA
MONTAGUE HENDRICKS b. 1856
1811–1884
JULIUS R. WOLFF
MENDEZ 1849 –1886
1817–1890
REBECCA SOLOMONS
1822 –1898
ESTHER JOSEPHINE LAZARUS
1819 –1874 1846 –1910
JUDAH SIMON NATHAN
1746 –1822 SEIXAS MOSES LAZARUS EMMA LAZARUS
(ISAAC MENDES) 1813 –1885 1849 –1887
GRACE 1785 –1852
MENDEX SEIXAS CLARENCE SEIXAS
1752 –1831 SARA SEIXAS 1856 –1924
1791–1834 GERSHOM
IMSEANACDES 1821–1864 ESTHER
SEIXAS ROSELANE GOMEZ ETTING SOLIS
1709 –1781 1825 –1890 EDGAR JOSHUA
M18IR2I3A –M1879 1S8A6R0A –H1 N9A2T9HAN SOLIS E1D89G1A–R1 J9O6S5HUA Jr. EbD. 1G9A1R9 JOSHUA III
SAMUEL N. JUDAH 1863–1937 MABEL UNTERBERG FDRAE SDIELVRAIC SKOLIS
18803 –1849 b. 1922
CLARA
1825 –1902
ELVIRA
1826 –1912
DAVID H. SOLIS
1822 –1882
REBECCA WASHINGTON
1828 –1879 BENJAMIN NATHAN CARDOZO
1870 –1938
ALBERT JACOB CARDOZO
1828 –1885
ROWENA ROBERT FLORANCE
1830 –1901
FANNY SELIGMAN
LEWIS MORRISON
1819 –1862 HAROLD R18O9B4E–R1T9 G8R5UNTAL
ROBERT WEEKS
1831–1888 SARAH GRUNTAL MARIAN FLORANCE
1897–1931
ANNIE FLORANCE ANNIE FLORANCE
1842 –1878 1867–1951 WALTER M. KRAUS
MYRTILLA SEIXAS ALFRED MEYER
1833 –1895
ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 15 7
nathan, abraham
the congregation in the years 1782 and 1783. Soon afterward, Bibliography: L.M. Goldman, History of the Jews in New
he moved to New York, where he served as president of the Zealand (1958), index. Add. Bibliography: J.C. Mogford, “David
Nathan,” in: The Dictionary of New Zealand Biography; L.D. Nathan,
Congregation Shearith Israel in 1785, 1786, 1794, and 1796. He
As Old as Auckland: A History of L.D. Nathan & Co., Ltd., and of the
opened a successful dry goods business with Aaron Pimental,
David Nathan Family (1984), index.
enabling him to contribute sums of money to the synagogue. [Maurice S. Pitt]
Their son SEIXAS (Isaac Mendes) NATHAN (1785–1852)
married his cousin Sara Seixas (1791–1834), daughter of Ben- NATHAN, ERNESTO (1845–1921), Italian statesman and the
jamin Mendes Seixas (1746–1817). They had 15 children. They first Jewish mayor of Rome. Born in England, he came into
and their children married into the Lazarus, Lyons, Cardozo, contact with the Italian patriot Guiseppe Mazzini who was
Gomez, and Hendricks families among others. Some of Si- exiled to London for his radical views. Nathan was taken to
Italy by his mother in 1859 and settled in Rome in 1871 soon
mon Nathan’s descendants include: the noted poetess EMMA
after Rome became part of the Kingdom of Italy. He became
*LAZARUS; her sister JOSEPHINE (1846–1910), a noted essay-
manager of Mazzini’s newspaper Roma del Popolo and was a
ist; the novelist ROBERT *NATHAN; ANNIE NATHAN *MEYER,
founder of Barnard College; MAUD NATHAN (1862–1946), suf- passionate republican and an advocate of the secular state.
fragette and president of the Consumers’ League for 20 years; Nathan became an Italian citizen in 1889 and was twice grand
and BENJAMIN N. *CARDOZO, member of the United States master of the Italian Masons. He was elected mayor of Rome
Supreme Court. in 1907 and held office until 1913. Following the Italian entry
into World War I in 1915, Nathan enlisted in the army and al-
Bibliography: D. de S. Pool, Portraits Etched in Stone
though over 70 served at the front as a lieutenant.
(1952).
[Leo Hershkowitz] add. Bibliography: M.I. Macioti, Ernesto Nathan: un sind-
aco che non ha fatto scuola (1983); P.D. Mandelli, “Ernesto Nathan cit-
NATHAN, ABRAHAM (d. 1745), founder of the London tadino pesarese,” in: La presenza ebraica nelle Marche: Secoli XIII–XX
Ashkenazi community, also known as Reb Aberle, Aberle Lon- (1993), 355–62; A.M. Isastia, Ernesto Nathan: un “mazziniano inglese”
don, and Abraham [of] Hamburg. The son of R. Moses Na- tra i democratici pesaresi (1994); R. Ugolini, Ernesto Nathan tra ide-
than (Norden) of Hamburg, he was a wealthy diamond mer- alità e pragmatismo (2003).
chant and a rabbinical scholar of considerable attainment. It
NATHAN, GEORGE JEAN (1882–1958), U.S. drama critic
was through him that Ẓevi *Ashkenazi was induced to go to
and editor. Born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, Nathan became the
London in 1705 to arbitrate in the dispute then dividing the Se-
foremost American critic of his time, and took the lead in free-
phardi community regarding the orthodoxy of the opinions of
ing the American theater of the stagy and melodramatic trap-
the haham David *Nieto. In 1704 Nathan was prevented by the
pings of the *Belasco period. He was in journalism for more
Court of Aldermen from erecting a separate synagogue with a
than 50 years, mostly linked with the world of Broadway as
yeshivah attached. Later, however, he took the lead in vindic-
critic for The Bohemian Magazine (1906–08), Harper’s Weekly
tive fashion in the divorce dispute which resulted in the setting
(1908–10), The Smart Set (1908–23), and The American Mer-
up of the Hambro’ Synagogue by his rival Marcus Moses. He
cury, which he founded with H.L. Mencken in 1924. He was
ultimately returned to Hamburg in reduced circumstances.
also a founder – with Theodore Dreiser, Eugene O’Neill, and
Bibliography: C. Roth, History of the Great Synagogue
others – of The American Spectator (1932–39).
(1950), 35–45.
[Cecil Roth] A detached, sophisticated, and cynical figure, Nathan
was something of a boulevardier, not only in his personal
NATHAN, DAVID (1816–1886), pioneer New Zealand busi- habits but also in his writings. Nevertheless, he was a man of
nessman and communal leader. Nathan arrived in Kororareka learning, critical insight, and courage, who paved the way for
from London in 1840, trading as storekeeper. In 1841 he mar- Eugene O’Neill and his type of dramatic writing. Nathan la-
ried Rosetta Aarons in New Zealand’s first Jewish marriage. bored consistently to educate American taste to accept writers
He opened a store in Auckland when it became the capital such as Sean O’Casey, Jean Giraudoux, and Ludwig Thoma.
and bought 2,500 acres of land in the adjoining Manurewa. He wrote several books with Mencken, including the satirical
Nathan served on the Auckland City Council and on many play Heliogabalus (1920).
local bodies. He went into auctioneering and established New His own books, over 30 in number, include: Mr. George
Zealand’s oldest and most diversified wholesale business. Sab- Jean Nathan Presents (1917); The Theater, the Drama, the Girls
bath and holiday services were held at his warehouse for over (1921); Materia Critica (1924); Testament of a Critic (1931); The
a decade. He served four terms as president of the Auckland Theater of the Moment (1936); Morning After the First Night
Hebrew Congregation. Through his leadership and example (1938); an Encyclopaedia of the Theater (1940); and The The-
he unified and conciliated all groups in the congregation. A ater of the Fifties (1953).
strong force in the town’s financial affairs, Nathan showed par- Bibliography: I. Goldberg, Theatre of George Jean Na-
ticular interest in working class welfare. His two sons L.D. and than (1926); C. Angoff (ed.), World of George Jean Nathan (1952); S.J.
N.A. Nathan successively led the congregation after his death Kunitz, Twentieth Century Authors, first suppl. (1955), incl. bibl.; New
York Times (April 8, 1958), 1; (April 9, 1958), 36.
for almost half a century. [Charles Angoff]
8 ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 15