Encyclopaedia Britannica Almanac 2005

1172 Pages·2005·167.713 MB·English

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. 1
I XHI E <>l ClIMI Mn
Year in Review NaturalDisasters 228
CivilEngineering 234
Features LifeonEarth . 248
GloibnaalCNheawllMeinlgleesnntioutmh:eAUnniItnetderSvtiaewtes Animals ..249
withJimmyCarter 5 Plants 252
TheEuropeanUnion 8 Endangermer 253
| .
DefiningWeaponsofMassDestruction Geology 256
byPeterSaracino ...8
PreservingNature... 269
RebuildingtheWorldTradeCenter Hearth 271
byDavidR. Calhoun 9
MajorDiseases 276
FillingPrescriptionsforAmericans- .
BigBusinessinCanada MentalHearth . 284
byEllenBernstein .10 DietandExercise 291
Nanotechnology-SmallIsBeautiful
byAlanStewart 1 The World
HybridCarsHittheRoad
byWilliamL.Hosch. . CountriesoftheWorld 301
TheRealityofVirtualCharacters RulersandRegimes . 624
byBarbaraWhitney EncyclopaediaBntanmca'sMost
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MonthbyMonth . .... 13 Populations 650
.
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The2004AnnualMegacensusof
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Obituaries.July2003-June2004 117 Law&Crime 683
..
MilitaryAffairs 689
Awards
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..
United States
PHOTOS afterpage192:plates1-16
History.. .691
Nature, Science, Medicine, &Technology ChronologyofUSHistory .691
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Time 165
Government. 706
..
TheUniverse 173
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Cosmogony 173
TheCongress. .738
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Stars ... 174 TheSupremeCourt .748
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Population 762
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AppliedScience 213
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Communications 214
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Table of Contents
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Banking 832 Chess 1012
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ArtsandLettersAwards 890 SledDogRacing 1078
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EncyclopaediaBritannica'sFavorite
English-LanguageChildren'sBooks ...906 Swimming 1079
TableTennis 1084
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AutomobileRacing 978
Badminton 984 INDEX 1116
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Year Review
in
Global Challenges to the United States in a New Millennium
AnInterviewwithJimmyCarter
FewpeopleintheUnitedStateshaveabetteroverviewofthestateoftheworldthanJimmyCarter.Hehasbeen
asubmarineofficerintheUSNavy,asuccessfulpeanutfarmer,governorofGeorgia(1971-75).the39thpres-
identoftheUS(1977-81),and,withhiswife,Rosalynn, founderofTheCarterCenter(1982).anorganization
dedicatedto the well-beingofthe world'speople. Inaddition tohis manyotherhonors, Carterreceivedthe
2002NobelPrizeforPeace.Now80yearsold,Carterisstillveryactivein TheCarterCentersprojects,which
includemonitoringnationalelections, promotingpeacethroughpersonaldiplomacy, anderadicatingorpre-
ventingtropicaldiseasessuchasriverblindness,Guineawormdisease,andtrachoma.SinceleavingtheWhite
House he has written 18 books, including political memqirs, personal reminiscences, inspirational works.
poetry,and,mostrecently,anovel. ThiswritteninterviewisexcerptedfromaconversationwithEncyclopaedia
Britannica(EB)DirectorofYearbooksCharlesTrumbullatTheCarterCenterinAtlantaGA.
Encyclopaedia Britannica: How would you character- EB:Wouldyouagreethatthehistoryofthe20thcen-
izethestateoftheworld? turywasahistoryoftheclashbetweenvariouside-
President Carter: I think the world is deeply con- ologies—capitalism, communism, fascism, and so
cerned and uncertain about the future. The num- on—and. ifso.whatdoyouthinkthearenaforthe
berofconflictsonEarthnowisclosetothehighest 21st century is goingto be?Will ideologiesagain
in history. There is rapidlyincreasingwealth inthe bethe issue, orwill it beourcultural, ethnic,and
industrialized countries and a growing gap, or socialdifferences?
chasm,betweenthequalityoflifeofthosenations Carter:Inthefirstfewmonthsof2001.1gaveseveral
andthenationsofthedevelopingworld.Thestatus speeches addressingthe question of the greatest
of the international community has changed dra- challengetheworldfacesinthenewmillennium.My
maticallyinthelastyear.Forthefirsttimeinhuman answerwasthe"growinggapbetweennchandpoor
history,thereisoneundisputedsuperpowerthatis people."Thisisthepreeminentpotentialelementof
asserting its military strength. The strength ofthe conflictanddisputewefaceinthecomingyears. It
United Nations has been dramatically challenged isexacerbated bythegrowingsenseofa religious
andpotentiallyweakened.Thereisalackofunder- difference,thatyouhaveMuslimsononesideand
standingor cooperation between Europe and the Christiansontheotherwhohavebeenidentified,at
United Statesthat is unprecedented in recent his- least in the public consciousness, as adversaries.
tory.Theeffectsofso-calledglobalizationhavenot Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, this potential dif-
attenuated the disparities between the rich and ferencebetween IslamandtheChristianworldhas
poorcountriesbut maybe haveaccelerated them. become a very important concern, almost an
Theabilityof people now in the poorer nationsto obsessionforsomepeople. Idonotseeitasjusti-
understand through mass media the degree of fied,butitexists.
theireconomic plight has madethem increasingly EB: Has it become an obsession on both sides, or
resentful as they can compare themselves with onlyintheUnitedStates?
fnaemxitlviielslaigne.otYheetrtnhaetiquoanlsitayndofnloiftejfuosrtpfeaompillieesliiknetmhee Caritnesrt:ancIet,hirnekceinttilsyaInsaowbstehsesiroensulotnsobfotahpsoildlesb.ytFhoer
and most readers of Encyclopeedia Britannica is PewGlobalAttitudesProject.ThenumberofJorda-
improved every year by scientific and medical nians who look with favor on the United States is
developmentsthatholdpromiseforthefuture.The 1%.InthepastIlookeduponJordan,withEgypt,as
decreaseincolonialorcentralauthorityin Russia, perhapsourbestfriend intheArabworld. Afavor-
the former Yugoslavia, and throughout Africa has ableattitudeoverseastowardtheUnitedStatesisat
unleashed ethnicstrifeandtribal differencesthat anabysmallylowlevel.Alotofthatisafeelingnot
were subdued under colonial influence in Africa onlythattheUnitedStatesdominateseconomically,
andunderthepowerfulcentralgovernmentsofthe militarily,andpoliticallybutalsothatwearetryingto
SovietUnionandMarshalTito.ButIbelievemostof dominate others from a religious point of view.
our individual fears of terrorism in industrialized WithintheChristiancommunityintheUScertainly,
countriesareunjustified.Statisticallyspeaking,itis andperhapsinsomecountriesofEurope,thereisa
highlyunlikelythatanyofusorourfriendswill be sense that Islam harbors and encourages acts of
directly affected by terrorism, although the after- terrorismorviolencetoaccomplishitsgoals.
math of the September 11, 2001, attacks has EB:YousuggestedinyourNobelPrizelecturethatin
madeusallextraordinarilyfearful. the new era nations will be called upon to cede
EB:Doyouseeterrorismorstateterrorismasa new someoftheirsovereigntytointernationalorganiza-
phenomenon? tions,yetinmanywaystheUSseemstobebacking
Carter: No, I think there has been an incipient ele- away from initiatives that would limit its ability to
mideenntt,owfetedreraolrtiswmitfhortaerlroonrgistmimien.tWhehefnormIwoafsexprpelso-- aNcattioinnsderpeceenndtelnytolvye—rfIorraq,exianmtphlee,WorilndtThreadeUnOirtgead-
sions, aircraft hijackings, and things ofthat kind, nizationwheneveritrulesagainsttheUS.inregard
but there was not a worldwide awareness of it. totheInternationalCriminalCourt,andsoon.
Leaderswereconcerned,however,andweactedto Carter: Some of my Nobel address was targeted
trytocontrolit. toward the United States and its recent policies.
—
Yearin Review Global Challenges
whichconcernmeverydeeply:theinclinationtoby- EB:You havespokenfrequentlyabouttheimportant
passtheUnitedNationsortoderogateitswork;an role that nongovernmental organizations and pri-
attempt to deal unilaterally with the problems of vate initiatives have in alleviating some of the
theworld;tryingto imposeourwill on otherswith world'sproblems.
militaryactionasaverygreatandearlypossibility, Carter:AtypicalNGOisanorganizationdesignedfor
not a last resort; a strong inclination, proven by humanitarian or altruistic purposes—for example,
actions,toabandonalltheimportantinternational to alleviate suffering, provide improved environ-
agreementsthathadbeenapproved bypresidents mental quality, promote freedom and democracy,
ofthe pastand to preventthe implementation of orguaranteehumanrights.Second,althoughsome
agreements intheembryonicstage, includingthe NGOsmaybeboundbythepurposesexpressedby
InternationalCriminalCourt;andtheabandonment the founder, or their heirs, many are adequately
oftheagreementatKyotoconcerningglobalwarm- flexibleandcandealwithouttherestraintsofcom-
ing. The KyotoAgreement represented consensus plicatedgovernmentstructures,economies,andso
reached after a decade or more of analysis of forth and can make decisions rapidly. Third, NGO
scientificfacts,laboriousnegotiation,andtryingto representatives quite often work in areas of the
reach a common purpose. The US now hassepa- worldandamongpeopleoftheworldwhoaremost
rated itself publicly from most commitments it inneed.IfanNGOlikeTheCarterCenterdevotesit-
madeandisalsoembarkingonanewefforttode- self, say, todealingwithtropical diseases, we are
velopnewatomicweaponry,asshownintherecent onthegroundinthevillages,inthehomesofpeo-
voteinCongressinsupportofdeep-penetratingnu- ple who suffer from these diseases. Another
clear bombs, and the antiballistic-missile place- aspect of NGOs is that they have no special au-
mentsthathave recentlybeenapproved inAlaska thorityandcouldnothaveiteven iftheywantedit.
andarenowfacingChinaandNorthKorea.Manyof TheCarterCenterhas nowobserved 45 elections
thesearedeparturesfrom in the world. We go into those
past policies and, I think, countries by invitation, and the
cporenmtirsaevseneesptohuesedgebnyertahle (£ The US HOW flClS fIiarsrtritvheinigstIhaaltwawyesahnavneounnoceauwthhoern-
rest of the world and ity. All authority rests in tne local
previous leaders of this separated itself government or its national elec-
country, regardless of our tioncommission.
partisancommitments. publiclyfrom most EB:Iaminterestedinyourhumble
EB: Why did this happen? use of the word authority. You
Did this arrogance of commitments it claim that you have no authority,
power occur because the yet you have enormous authority
United States is the only made and is also when you go into a country. The
scuapuesreptohweerRenpuobwl?icIasnistabree- embarking on a new vpoelrsvoenmaelntdwiimtehnTshieonCaorfteryoCuerntienr-
oinfohfifsitcoer?y?Isitjusta stage effort to develop new gsiwvaeys,ydoouesanitenonto?rmousamountof
Carter: Well, it is not only Carter: Well, there is certainly
becausetheUnited States atomic Weaponry,..* m moral authority and the influence
istheonlysuperpower.We s s ofmyvoice,onbehalfofTheCarter
have been the onlysuper- Center. Quiteoften we monitoran
power since Mikhail Gor- electionsidebysidewithrepresen-
WbaechneovwwsapsenindpaobwoeurtiansthmeuScohvioentoUunriomnilaitnadryRuassstihae. tsaotmievetshiofngthgeoiUnngitwerdonNga,tiIonhsa.veOnnoelreecltuicotnadnacye,tiofItsaekee
rest ofthe world combined. Every time we spent it updirectlywith the head ofthe ruling party, the
three dollars on our military, the Iraqis spent one president, or the prime minister. If that is unsuc-
cent. Itishardformetospeakinacompletelyob- cessful, I am notshyaboutcallingan international
jectiveway,butIthinktherehavebeen long-stand- pressconferenceandsaying,"Thisiswrong,andthe
ing philosophical and political commitments of rulingpartyshouldtakeactiontochangeit."When
swhoomseeoifdtehaesakenydpgloaaylesrsarienntohewBbeuisnhgaedfmfiencitsutartaetdiobny t"hTheiesleelcetcitoinoniswoavesr,faIuhltayv,eannodrIedtoicneontcebealbioeuvettshayeiwnigl,l
national policy.Theirabilityto putthese ideas into ofthepeoplewasrepresented."
practicewasgreatlyenhancedbecauseofthe9/11 EB: How doyou viewsomeofthe othergrand-scale
attack,whichcausedAmericanstoconsiderthem- personaleffortstoalleviatesuffering?Iamthinking
selvesto beatwaragainstterrorism. Anytimeour particularlyofrockmusicianBobGeldof,whoearlier
countryisatwar,wetrytogivethecommanderin this year called for a "Marshall Plan" for Africa.
chief-who isnormallyacivilian administrator—ex- Geldof said that during the Marshall Plan for Eu-
traordinary public support and latitude in dealing rope,1%ofthegrossnationalproductoftheUnited
withthethreattothecountry.Theterrorismthreat StateswenttorebuildingEuropeandthatthesame
has been publicized repeatedly, such thatthe US thingcouldbedoneinAfricawith0.16%ofGNP.
choanscneervnesrafbteeern9/a1b1l.eTtohegeUtSoivsetrhietssuqupietrepolewgeirtiimnaatle- Carttheer:USItGhiNnPkwfoerchouumladnidtoariitainfwaeid.inBvyesttheedw0a.y1,%thoef
mosteveryaspectoflifenow-notjustmilitarily,po- humanitarianaidfigurefromtheUSgovernmentis
litically,andeconomically-butculturallytoo.Amer- thelowestpercentageofanyindustrializedcountry
ican musicandentertainmentpermeatetheworld. intheworld.Europeancountriesgiveabout4times
Ourcountryisina modeofdecidinghowitssingle asmuch;Norwaygivesabout17timesasmuchper
superpowerstatusshouldbeexerted. capita.
—
Vk\k in Review Global Chali i ngi s
EB:YousetupTheCarterCenterinAtlantain 1982. them with fundingfora reelection effort, andthis
Whatwasyourvisionthen,andwhatisyourvision can lead to favoritism or corruption. So there are
now,say,looking20yearsout? somecaveatsaboutdemocracy,butingeneralitis
Carter: They were quite different. When we con- clearthatdemocracyisabetteravenuefortheso-
ceived of The Carter Center, Rosalynn and I had lutionofsocialproblems.
the very limited vision of creating here a Camp EB: You have mentioned the 9/11 attacks several
David in miniature. I thought I would deal exclu- timestoday. How havethoseeventschangedyour
sively with conflicts or potential conflicts in the thinkingorthepoliciesofTheCarterCenter?
world, analyze their causes and the principles of Carter: It really has notchanged our policies. I was
the parties involved, and offer my services as a pleasantlysurprisedafter9/11thattheworldwide
mEegdyipattoinr,thaesCIamhapdDmaveiddiaAtcecdorbdestiwnee1n97I8srtahelatalnedd sMuapnpyorpteofporleThseawCaTrhteerCaCretnetrerCewnetnertauspannoteilceeambelnyt.
to the peace treaty between those countries—by of international stability, that we operated across
the way, not a word of which has ever been vio- ethnic and religious lines, in mundane commrt-
lated. Westill dothat. But TheCarterCenter has ments.likegrowingmorericeonafarmortreating
evolved, because I realized that my earlier com- children for river blindness, and realized that we
mitmentsto human rightsandto peace were pri- dealtwithallkindsofgovernmentsandleaderseq-
marily predicated on my limited viewpoint as a uitably. So. as far as The Carter Center was con-
presidentandgovernor. I did not understandthat cerned.9/11wasaterribleatrocitybutnotanad-
intense personal hunger and suffering from pre- versefactoronourownprojects.
ventable diseases was such a terrible problem. I EB: A key aspect of The Carter Center and yourself
did not knowabout all the poorcountries I know personally, it seems, has been yourdedication al-
well today. Now over half ways to nonpartisanship. Some-
ourtotal effort isdevoted timesthismusthavebeenanin-
to health programs. The f4' jfa Carter Center crediblebalancingact.Oftenyou
most remarkable pro- seemtohave been atcross-pur
gress is against Guinea has evolved, because poseswiththeWhiteHouse,the
wormdisease. Incidences State Department,andeventhe
have been reduced from earlier I did not DemocraticPartyonoccasion.
3.5 million, when the Carter: Thatistrue.Aspresident,
eradication campaign understand that generally I had a better relation-
began, to less than shipwiththeRepublicansinCon-
50,000today,andalmost intense personal gress than with the Democrats,
three-fourthsofthoseare but not always. Comparatively
insouthernSudan,where hunger and suffering speakinghowever,therewasvery
we cannot reach someof little partisan animosity. There
the villages because of from preventable wasgreat flexibility in the House
the civil war. The Carter andSenateindealingwithcontro-
Centerhasextendeditsvi- diseases was such a versial issues on their merit and
sion to encompass a how they affected people back
much broader range of terribleproblem. home in their individual distncts.
human rights, not only Seldom did congressmen vote a
civil and political rights, party line. Now the Congress
such as freedom of membersgointocaucusandthey
speech, freedom of mistreatment by authorities, decideontheparty'spolicy,andthentheyvoteasa
and the right to self-governance, but social and bloc.Thisisamazingtome;Ineverexpenencedthat
economic rights, including environmental con- whenIwasintheWhiteHouse.Ihavealwaysbeena
cerns, alleviation of suffering, and the right to Democrat,and mychoiceisa naturalone; Idonot
healthcare. haveanycompunction about mychoice, norhave I
EB:Isthereaconnectionbetweenlackofdemocracy everfeltboundbyit.MymainchallengewhenIwas
and social problems such as poor housingor un- presidentwasfromtheliberalwingoftheDemocra-
availabilityofmedicalcare? tic Party, and my strongest support was from the
Carter:Yes,withsomecaveats.Therightofapeople moderateelementsintheDemocraticParty.
toelecttheirownleadersdoesnotautomaticallyre- EB:Letmeaskforyourquickresponsestosituations
sultinafairdistributionofanation'swealthandan in acoupleofhotspotsaroundtheworld. Brazil-
alleviationofabjectpoverty,butitcertainlygivesa There are very interesting developments with the
betteropportunityforalleviationthatisachievedto electionofPres.LuizInacioLuladaSilva.
bemorerapidandeffective.Ifleadersofacountry Carter:Yes.IhaveverygoodhopesaboutBrazil.Iun-
knowtheywillbesubjecttotheirpeople'sapproval derstandthatPresidentLula haschosenexcellent
or disapproval in four, five, or six years, they are advisers, ismakinggood decisions, and isputting
much more inclinedtopayattentiontotheirprob- Brazilontherighttrack.
lems.Innewdemocraciesthereisoftenthereverse EB: One of Lula'sfirst acts as president was tode-
problem too. Peopleespousingdemocracyforthe clarethatnobodyinBrazilshouldbewithouthous-
firsttimequiteoftenaremisledintoextremelyhigh ing.Asiftounderline hisdetermination. Lulacan-
expectationsand believethataftertheyelecttheir celedaverylargeorderofmilitaryequipment.
ownleaders,theyaregoingtohavebetterhousing, Carter:Thatisaverygoodmove.Wehavetriedtoen-
moretoeat,orbettereducationfortheirchildren. couragethatall over Latin America. The leader in
Then they are disillusioned when change comes thisregardisCostaRica,acountrythatdevotesall
slowly.Itisalsoanaturalhumaninclinationamong itsresourcestononmilitarypurposes.
political leaderstoallythemselveswiththeir peer EB: Zimbabwe—You were present at the creation,
group or with special interests who can provide wereyounot?
—
Year in Review The European Union
Caritsesru:esIitnhiZnikmbIasbpweentthmanorIeditdimoentwhoerkMiindgdloenEtahset Carstterru:ctiWeolnl,inItkhenoewratohfeythheadIrawne-IarpaqonWsar.ofTmheayssusdeed-
peaceprocess! them, I think with the knowledge of the United
CEaBr:itsetItrra:steiIotenmisosfbtePorceabsue.saReocobofeurnmttarlMyfuetghaaasbtaeni.sceonanthdembarlinakd.min- SlItiasahtmeeds,i.nmc"ryMeaaoyspbiinengilboyyndwtoihulebltnftouitlmeatmhtaohtuisnthtientytoedraivndiyethwhaivniesg,psububbu--t
EB:Whatisthewayout? stantialweaponsofmassdestructionatthetimeof
Carter:Tofindsome meanstoterminatehisleader- theUSinvasion.
ship.Idonotseeanywayoutaslongasheisthe EB:Thankyouverymuch,Mr.President.
leader. Carter:Ihaveenjoyedtalkingwithyou.
EB: Iraq-Do you think the Iraqis had weapons of
massdestructioninthespringof2003?
The European Union
The map shows Europe on 1 May 2004. when The new EU is a powerful economic and political
the 15-member European Union was aug- entity with a total population of455 million (com-
mented by the accession of 10 additional pared with 290 million in the US), an area of 4.0
countries-Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, millionsqkm(1.5millionsqmi)(comparedwith9.5
Hungary,Latvia,Lithuania,Malta,Poland,Slovakia, million sq km [3.7 million sq mi] inthe US), and a
and Slovenia-eightofwhich werefrom theformer grossdomesticproductof$11.5trillion(USGDPis
communistEastern Europe. about$10.4trillion).
Defining Weapons of Mass Destruction
byPeterSaracino
Thecontinuedsearchin2003-04forweaponsof SpanishCivilWar.DuringtheColdWar,WMDwasnar-
massdestruction(WMD)in Iraq heightened cu- rowly defined to include only nuclear weapons
riosity concerning the definition of WMD. The because their use threatened the entire planet. By
term has been in use since at least 1937, when the end ofthe 1990-91 GulfWar, WMD had been
newspapers described German bomber aircraft as used in United Nations Security Council Resolution
"weapons of mass destruction" because they were 687—which imposedon Iraqstrictrulesfordisarma-
beingusedtorazeRepublican-heldcitiesduringthe ment—to describe nuclear, biological, and chemical