Encyclopaedia Britannica

1028 Pages·1911·62.531 MB·English

by  Encyclopaedia Britannica

THE
ENCYCLO.tEPD lA BRITANNICA
ELEVENTHE DITION
FIRST editiopnu,b lishientd h ree volumesI,6 78-I77I•
SECOND ten 17-717784.
THIRD eighteen 1878-9177•
FOURTH " " twenty " r8ro-r8ro.
FIFTH " " twenty " r8sr-r8r7.
SIXTH " " twenty •• !823-1824.
SEVENTH " " twenty-one " I830-I842.
EIGHTH " " twenty-two " IS8J-I86o.
NINTH " " twenty-five " r87s-r889.
TENTH " ni"n tehd itiaonnde leven "
" "s upplemenvtoalruym es", 19020-31·9
ELEVENTH " publisihnet dw enty-nvionleu mes,
19IQ-I9II•
"
COPYRIGHT
countsruibessc ritboi ng
ina ll the
Convention
Bern
by
CHANCELLOR,M ASTERSA ND SCHOLARS
THE
oft he
CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY OF
Allri ghrtmsr ved
THE
ENCYCLOPJEDIA BRITANNICA
A
DICTIONARY
OF
ARTS, SCIENCES,L ITERATURE AND GENERAL
INFORMATION
ELEVENTH EDITION
VOLUME VIII
DEMIJOHtNo EDWARD
New York
EncyclopBcerdiitaa nInnicc.a ,
342M adisAovne nue
Copyriignth htUe,n itSetda toefAs m eri.Ic9a,I o
by
The Company.
EncyclBorpi<edtiaan nica
INITIALS.S ED IN VOLUME VIIIT.O IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL
U
CONTRIBUTORS,1W ITH THE HEADINGS OF THE
ARTICLESI N .THIS SO SIGNED,
VOLUME
A.C a. ARTHUCRA YLEY, F.R.S.
Seteh bei ogLLr.aDap.rh,tli :iec caYCl Y,A RTHUR. {Determin' ant
A LE
A.E .G .* REVA.L FREEDR NESGTA RVIME.,A D.,.D .
PrincoifNp eawlC ollHeagmep,s teMaedm.b eorft hBeo arodfT heolaongdy .
BoarodfP hilosLoopnhdyUo,nn ievrsiFtoyr.m ePrrloyf eosfsP ohri los1fDoepVh Iyl,.
TheiCsomm,p araRteilviega inoCdnh ,r isEttif.aiinchH sa cknaenyNd ewC olleges,
LondoAnu.t hoofSr t udiinte hIsen nLefireo fJ es;uT shCeh risCteirta;an& i cn.t y
{
A.E . S. ARTHUERv ERESTrTn PLME.YA,D. .,cS .F,. R.FS..Z,1. F S.L,.S.
�eZloloToluw.oot,rgPa yrn..e.dLe s en1Ctodtf tuo hrfCeAe h srrs io�scattl:oalSftECe JcagOomennrb, o� dmB..gi1U ec0Q. l�ovgeFJrRossertiamstde.yeDr erls y.m osc.o l'e cida·
UniverLseicttyuo rnte hrAe d vanMcoerdp holoofg yIt nheevr tebrAauttaho.of r E chiuriodea.
Zm olooogfyt hIen veebrrtaEtdai.to oftr h Pei ·tP treNse-s.t uralM aSnclui;sa&e cn.c e
A.Fl . PIESReRteMEh A eR�E Abuic:uOsgTr:fEai pLhOiNc.a Pl.M .aA r.t icle: FrLON, {Drama:F ren(cihpn a r.t )
A. FP.. ALBERFTR EDIECRKP oLI.4MRD.A,. F,. R.HIST.Soc.
· oFfe llLooofwn AS dAsoolsunlCi.. soJ tls�al',One xotgff to hE·r DPeddrt i,_ct otofrto�o foEsfN nn sagaotlrrHwiy iBn�t swah'?grl iry nt a, h1Up e8nhi 9y3v-e1r{9s0Ei1dt.w yar VdI .
AuthoofEr n gluannddte hPrer otSeocmteo;rr sf Leeoi tfT homCarsa nrm&;ec .
A.G . MAJOARR THUGRE ORGFER.E DIECRKG RIFFI(TdH1.S9 0.8 ) (
H.MI.sn pecotfoP rr oinss1,87'8 -189A6u.t horT heC hronoifNc elwegs;la Dte eportation.
Secrofet thPser iHsooun;s & ec. of
A.G .D . ARTHUGRE ORGDEO UHGTYC,M. .G.M,. AL.I,TT .DF..,R I.SHT.S. {
DominAirocnh ivCiasnta do'afM. e mboeftr h Gee ogprhiacaBlo arodfC anadD�o.r ion.
AuthoofTr hCer adoflN eew F ran;c& ec.J oiEndti .toofDr o cumreenltastt oi ng
thCeon stintaHulit sitooofCr anya da. . {
A.H.J.G . ABELH ENDJYO NEGSR EENIDMG.EA,D. ,.I LTT(.d! .9 05)..
FormeFrellyl aonwdL ecturHeerr tfCoorldl eOgxef,oar ndd,o fS tJ hon's.
ColleOgxefo,r Adu.t hoofrI noaffm iiar�R omaLna ;wH andboofGo rke Ceok-n Dictator.
stituHtiiosortnyRa;ol m aPnu bLlfiie;cH istoorfRy o meJ.o iEndti toofSr o urces
ofR omaHnis toIrJJy-0,7
B.C.
A.H .S . REvSAe.Rte Ch bHeiI oBHgAErLNDaaR prSYhtA i:YicS CcaADYEll .CL,e EI A,T.H TL ;.. ,L .DD..D,. {Ecb atana.
A. L. ANDREJWA CKSLOANM O,UREUX.
J. LibraCroilalnoe,fAg ger icuClotrunrUeenl,il v erFsoirtmyye. Er dlitoofr Rtih{oeE cuadro (ipnat r).
NeswR,i doe J aneiro.
A.J .P. ALEXANDJ.EP RH ILIP.
Borol!gh oLfGi rbarvanerdsi.ea n {Den e-holes.
A.L.G . ANDAFRuoErtLWmhoo eocLfMrrKe al HcnyAt GuRuooIaTfrnMLMl e oLo rdEd SeeGMPGrra.IannsDEs .tFM,tM,.r ere Ritidt.cch(s;hS o&E o.Ecdd .dis in,un.1 rb)9gP 0ho(4 sGd)tr..-a duSactheo{ oDil(g'. e psa ttrOi·r) vg ea ·•n sPatholog-y
· Denm markA: ncieHnits tory;
A.Mw. ALLEMNA WERM,. A. EdgarKi,n g;
ProfeosfEs nogr lLia.nsghu'a agne�L iteraAtrumrset,:C oonlgl Neegwec,a stJlEed-mounn ,d-K ingof E ast Anglia;
Tyt;n,·F elloof.Gw o nyJaInIdCe a mCso llCeagmeb,n dgFoer.m eLrelcyt urleEdrm uinnd Edred;
Enghastn Utmhvee rsoJfSt hye ffield. I.;
Edwar(dt hEel de;r )
Edwar(dt hMea rtyr).
A.M.C . AGNES MCALREYR KE. .
Seet hbei opghriaacratl:i C cLlEeRKA.EM,. DICkT,h omasD;o nait.
{ .
A.N. ALFRENDE": TONF,_. R..S . {DiverD;o do (ipnCU' )t;
See the bJaOrgtr1acplhei:� al
NEWTONA,L FRED. DoveD;u ck;E agle.
A complleitsseht o,w ailnilgn divciodnutarli abpupteoiarntrs hs,e vfionlaulm e.
1
v
INITIAALNSDH EADINGSA RTICELS
OF
vi
A.R .() . ALEXANDREoRs sCL ARKCE.,B F..,R .S.
ColoRn.eElR.,o yMaeld oaflR oySaolc yi,1e8 t87I. nc harogfTe r igonornJlEe at rrtiFhi,cg aulor fet he( ipna rt).
Operaotfit ohOners d naSnucrev1 e8y54,- 1881.
A.S .Wo . ARTHUSRM ITWHo oDWARLDL,. DF..R,.S . r
KeepoefGr e oloNgayt,uH riaslt Moursye uSmo,uK tehn sinSgetcorne.ot fta hreDy i plodocus.
i
GeoloSgoicciaLelot nyd,o n.
A.W a. ARTHUWRA UGHM,. A. l
NewC ollOexgfeo,Nr edw.d iPgrait1ze8e 8,8M. anagDiinrge ocftC hoarp manD eT &ab ley.
Hall, Ltdo.f G oAruditonhAn of crra; i AflerdL,o rTden nysEodni.t oof{ r .
JohnsLoinvo'eftss h P eo e;et dsitoifDo incsk Teennnsy,s Aornno,lL da,m; &b c.
A.W.H.* ARTFHoUrWRmI eLSLrcIlhHAyoooM lL fSaL tJrAo NhDCn.o 'lsl Oexgfeo,Br adc.So cnh oolfGa rra, yI nsn1 9,00 {.D erbyEa,r ls of( ipna ri).
_
A,W .R. ALEXANDWEoRo DR ENTOMN.,A L.L,. B. ·
PuisJun dego .fte hS eu prCeomueor fCt e ylEodni.ot foEr n cyclopofat ehLdeai wJasE asement.
l
ofE ngland.
l.w . w. ADoSLetPeHh WbueIis Lo LgIrAaMap rhLWtiAL:iWcR. cAaDDlRD,l.eD. A,,L. WI .T T. {Dram'a
C.A .G . CHRCIoSmTmCIaAAnRNodLA ft ue GhrUDe Sa GTno eflCbMHrK.,om� Sg.g. ho tfS tA nnaF.o rmlye rAtttaoct Mh{ eD eSntm·aa rtkG:·e o pgarratand\p hy
DaniLsehg ation,A uLtohonofDdr eo nnm.aa nrGdke rmsainny1c8 1e5 . ttisc s( •
C.C b. CHARLCEHSR EME., AL.L,. D.D,.c S.F,. R.S. m
SuperinKteewnO dbesnaettrv,o rFyo.r meFrellylo ofKw i nC�o'lsl Ceagmeb,r idge.
PresiodfPe hnyts iScoaclio eftL yo ndoWna.t Mte dalIlsn1tsitto,uf Ct iev {iEalr tChu rrtse.n
Engin1e9e0r5.s ,
C.C .H . CHARLCEAsE SAHRA wKINMs.,A M,.. I.E.E.
AuthoofTr h Dey namo. {D n am o.
Y
C.E .* CHASRoLm�EevstES 1RcImhMTeo.To Al,f.Ma F ,ar. g Cd.aFCSl.o.eGln,.lF O Se.x.gRf,e..o,S Ar. d . {Densi'Dt iys·t illation.
C.F .A . CHARLFERSA NCAITSK INSON.
FormeSrclhyoo lfQa ure eCno'lsl Oexgfeo,Cr adp.t IasiCnti, to yfL ond(oRno yDault cWha rsM: ilitary.
Fusi.l iAuetrhsoo)fTr h Weil deranneCdso slH dar bour.
{
C.H .R d. CHARLHEESR CULREESA DL,L .D. '
KeepoefBr r itainsdh MedievalB rAintMtiuissqheu uiPmtr.ie essio,df te hnetD r inkiVnegs s.e ls
SocioefAt nyt iquoafLr oinedso n. ofAA unttihqoufrir toime sB& ecn.i n;
{
C.H .T .* CRASWetFehO �bReowD wg ErL.aTL poahYr;-\1,t. ciMT.acLo,llLY .Ce,DR: A. W FORHDo WELL. {Ecclesiastes.
C.L .K . CHARLLEEST HBRIDGE KIMN.GASF.F.,OR Ri.DTsH,. SF..S,. A. {Derbtys Eta rolf' •
AssisSteacnrrteyB t,oa aorfdE ducationo.fL fiAeo ufHt ehnorVry. E ditoofrE d wa:d VI
ChronoifLc olnedason nSd t owS'usr vofeL yo ndon. •
· .
C.P f. CHRISTPIFAINS TER:E,sL .D .
Profeastts hoSero rboPnanreiC,sh .e vFaolfti heLe.reF gioofR.n Ho.nARouutrhGo..of rE br.oHin SI.S,T .S.
Etusduer r elgdene Re o blePerie tu ;xL ed ucmheer ovidn'lgAsiaeecltneak gendde{e •
Sainbe-Odile.
C.R .B . CHAPRwLfREeASsoY sfMMoO orNBd DEe ArZnL MEHi.YAi,nt D.s h,t.Le oI rTUTyn. io,vf Be irrsmiitnyg Fhoarmm.eF relly{l Doiwza d eN ova'e s•
ofM etroCno llOexgfeo,ar ndUd,n iversitiynt hLHeei csttuoorfGre eyro grapDihcylu. i
LothPirainz eOrnxafno,1r 8d8,9. L oweLlelc tuBroesrt,1o 9n0,8. A uthoofr •
HenryN atgvhaiet;T o hrDea wonfM oderGne ogr;&a cp.h y
REvC.H ARLSETSA NLPEHYI LLIPS. EdmundI ronside;
C.S .P .* KingC'osl lCeagmeb,r iGdlgaed.s MteomnioearP lr i1z9e0,4. {Edwardt hCeo nfessor.
c.w . w. SIRC HARLWEISL LIWAIML SOKN.,CB ..X,. C.M..F,G. R.(S13.86 -0179). {
.aMj-oGreneralE,n gRionyeSaeelrc sr.e ttahrNeyo rttAohm eriBcoaunn d'a ry
Commis1s8i5o8-n1,8 B62r.i tCiosmhm issitohnSeee rr voBinoa udnna rCyo -rnr: Diarbe(kirpn a rt).
missiDoinr.e ctoro-ftG heOenr edrnaaSlnu crev1 e8y36,- 18D94i.r ector-General
ofM itlairEyd ucat18i9o5n-,18 A98u.t hoofFr r om KtooKr htairm t;Lo fiueof
LorGdi v;&e c.
D.B .M a. DuNCABNL ACMKA CDONAML.DA,D. ., D.
ProfeosfSs eomri Ltaincg uaHgaerst,fT ohredo loSgeimcianUla. rSy.,AA u.t hoDre rvish;
oSefDl eevfcertloiIomobop KnfnMmh ueaunslmtl;dRT i ehmle ioygAl,Jitto uoigrutaisusn dLpdefir a eiun nIddC se oln;na&c smcet. i tTuhtei;o{o rDnyiaval•n
D.C .T . DAVICDR OATLH OMSON.
FormeErdliyto oftr hA ert JouAruntaholof.Tr h Ber otMhaerriTssh ;Be a rbiDzoina, z
SchoofPo ali n;tL feier s"oP fhi"z;L fi eo fB e-.JiJc;&k c. { X. V.
D.G .H . DAviD GEHOoRGGAER TMH.,.A
Keepoeftr h Aes hmolMeuasne um, FOexlflooorfMwd a .g ldeanC ollOexgfeo,rD der.n a;
Fellooftw h Ber itAicsahd emEyx.c avatPeda ph1o8s8,8N ;a ukr1a8t9i9Ds l,d ymi;
an1d9 03E;p hes1Qu0s4,- 19A0s5s; i1u90t6�a,9-t0 7.D irecBtroirtS,ic shhoa ot{l D ruse( isn pa rt. )
Athe1n8s97,- 19D001.r ecCtroertE,ax np lorFautnw1d8n,9 9.
D.H " DAVIHDA NNAY.
FormeBrrliytV iische -CaotBn asrucle lAountoahro. f S hoHritsr tyoo fR oya{lD udl,e y Robert;
NavIy2,-I I768;L8 fie Eomfi lCiaosa tr&e;cl . DutcWhSa irr s:N aval.
D.Mn. REVD.U GALDM ACFADYME.NA,.
MiniosfSt oeuryt rho Cvoen gregCahtuirocnha,l HDiigrheogcafttth oLeero. n doDnutJ ,A lexander.
MissionSaorcyi ety.
{
INITIAANLDS. HEADINGOSF A RTICLES
vii
B.A.Tr RS (ETHE)A LC TWEDIE.
M AuthoLofPr o rfiDriEia;oz Meaxsics oa iw;t &; c. Dia,zP orfirio.
E I {
E.B r. ERNEST BAMR.KAE.R,
Felloofw, L aenctdiu nMr oedre Hrins taotSr,tJy o hCno'lsl Oexgfeo,Fr odr.m e{Drileyt.
FellaonTwdu toofMr e rtCoonl leCgrea.vS ecnh o1l98a5r.,
E.C .B . RIGHRTE VE.D WARCDuT HEBRT BuTLEOR.,S .DB..IL,TT (.Du bl.i n) Domin,iS caint;
AbbooftD ownsAibDdbeeB ya,t h.. Sc.{Dom inicans.
E. C.B .* EDWARCDR ESSWEBLABLE MR., A(.d 1.9 10.) .
FormeSrelnyiS ourr geon, anBSdru isgsThehtrxoo naa tn Eda Hro spiPtrailz.e -
mana ndW illiBraomw Snc hoSltaG re,o rgHeo'ssp ital, Loon{f{dE oanr• . D t · s Aeuatsheosr.
numerpoaupseo rnDs i seoafts heEesa r, NoTsher oaantd.
E.C.K. EDwARCDA MEROKNIRK ,
MDaetaoenftMr heiDedae i UncntFaaia,lvc euaorlnfsPtPd ieyr tn oynf seoyt>fDlsE evodnarintP toiaaofalTtr . hh A eom leorgiyTc,xea tna-T nhB·dDeo eronaktpi rseyt.u tics
ofO peraDteinvtei stry.
E.C .Q . EDMUNCDR OSBQYU IGGMI.NA,.
FelloofGw o nvainlCdla ei us CCoalmlber;gi ed,Lg eecitnMu ordeerLrn a nguaDgrueisd ism.
anMdo nrLoe ctiunrC eerl tic. {
E.E s. EDMONEDs MONIN. {Des marets.
E.E .A . ERNESE.TA USTEN.
AssisitnDa enpta rtomfZe onotl Noagtyu,Hr iaslt Moursye uSmo,uK tehn sinDgitpotner.a .
{
DenmarkL:i terrea;t u
DescripPtoievter y;
DialoguDei;a ry;
EDMUNGDo ssLEL,. D.
£.G. Seteh bei ograaprhtiiccalle E:D MUND. DidactPioce try;
GossE, DithyramPboiect rDyo;n ne;
Drachmann;
DraytoMni,c hael;
DutchL iterature; Edda.
ERNESAT. GARDMN.EAR.,
Gr.
B. Seteh bei ograaprhlti:ieGc cAaRlND ERP,E RCY. {Dod ona.
E. C. EDWARIDR VICNAGR LYMLE.,A F..,R I.SHT.S.
I. FellLoewc,t urMeord eiHrnin s toarnydT, u toorfL incCoollnl Oexgfeo,r d.
DostM ahommeKdh an
FormeFrellylo ofMw et roCno lleAgses.i sEtdainottoft r hD ei ctioofNn atairoy{n al •
Biogr,1a 8p-9h15y910.
·
E.J .D. EDWARJDo sEDPEHN TM,. AM.u,s .BAc.
FormeFrellylo ofKw i ngC'osl lCeagmeb,r iAdugteh.oo fAr . S caartlthiiL:sfi e{D ur antFer,a ncesco.
anWdo rks.
{
E.K. EDMUNKDN ECHPTH.,D M..,cS .TE(CMHa.n chre,)Fs .tIe.C.
ProfeosfTs eocrh nolCohgeimciaMslat nrcyh,e ster UniovfCe hrescmiaitly . Head
DepartMmuennitc,iS pcahloo ofTl e chnology, EMxaanmciihnneDe syrte eirnD.yge ,i ng.
Citayn Gdu iolfdL so ndIosnnt itAuutteh.oo fAr M anuoafDl y ei;&n cg.E ditor
ofJ ouronfta hSleo cioeDft yyea rnsCd o lroiusts.
Ed.M . EDUARMDE YEDR,.L IT(TO.xn o.L)L,. DP.H,. D.
· dPerAostlf eeorsfAtso ;nhrF cu orimsHescinthstou zrnuygtar ehl iUnetnGn e eiensrv csohi;Gfit Be cyesh rctlheAidiunecta.shhl o totfGereg e nys pncts;h{e Diicohdto t•e u s
Diles raeulniidth Neranehc barst&ii.cm.m e; A
E.Ma. EDWARMDA NSON. ..
BarristerJ.oaiEtnd-tiL toaofwJr .o uronfCa olm parLaetgiivnsel;A au ttihofo rDi recctors.
Lawof T radCiomnpga n;iP reascGtuiictdaoCel o mpaLna;yw& c.
{
E.M.T. SIRE DWARMDA UNDTEH OMPSGO.NC.,B D.C.LL ITT.LDL.D .
DierctaonrdP rincLiipbarlaB rri.•ia rtn.Mis,u..s• s ohe u1m8.• 9,18 9-09S.a ndRaerasd er
OiAxcnBfa biodlerCiomdoofSy.rg c rriCeaeaspnmphAcoboyufern,t sid 1h.dIteo98o gshnf5nHre-te t8a ,n19i d6to.buHfF otoo rofenGaF k .rne a eclnaeeldoonk o ffLdt Uw a hn. •Rtei Poi vaynelaP rCalrsoe uilostllgrsyeDri igapaelpn, oh mya.ti c.
EditoofCr h ronAingcloinaJ eoi.En dti toofpr u blicoaftt hiPeoa nlsa aepohgircal
SocitehtNeye ,wP alaeogrSaocpiheaitncyoda,f tl h Fea csiomfti hlLeea urentian
Sophocles.
E.O'M. REVvEi.uc oGafTEr NaH ElE lNaROgY'h MtDE,uA bMRCl.Aoi,Aun n.t y Diatomace(inaep art).
{
E.P r. EDGAPRR ESTAGE.
SpecLieaclt iunrP eorr tuLgDiuteesF.reia nt Fu.UtSrnheie v. RecorfMs aRi.nt.yc h.eS,CsotmeG-r. . .,S .
AmceanddeaoPmdfSoyo cr rit,eu nLOgciruesdeosbGesfS,oere .T no h giraaCgSpooohr.cir ic&eeacstl.py M o,en mdbioenfLrg i sbRoony{ aElQa d eQ ue.ir• oz
F.A .B . FRANCAIRST HUBRA THEMR.,A ., {
AssisKteaenpotefG r e oloBgryi,tM iusshf' uRmo.l lePsrtiozneO mxafno,1�r 9d2,.
Authoof"r E chino"d ienrA m Tar eaotniZ soeo l;oT gryiaEscshiicn soo dfe Ercmhinode• rm&
Bako;&n cy.
F.E .B . FRANEKV ERBSE DDARMD.,A F..R,. .S
Proseocftt hoZero oloSgoicciaLelot nyd,o Fno.r meLrelcyt uirnBe iro laotg y
GuyH'oss piNtaatlu.r taol Cih"sa tl l"eE nxgpeerdCiotmimoins 1s88i2o-n1,8{8E 4ar.t h -wo• rm
AuthoofTr e -xBtooofZko ogeogArniampaChloy l;o oun;r& act.i
G.M . B. FREDERICK GEORGBEE CMKME,.E AS.ON
F. FellaonLwde ctiunr erC lCalsasCrioecl sl,Ce agmeb,r idge. EastA nglia.
{
··INITAINADL:SH EADIN:GOSF <A R1'IC11ES.1
viii
{
F.G .P . FREDERICK GYMERF .PRA.RCFS..OSZN..S,FS,. .RA,.N THROP.lNST
AVniacteyo-a mPtSr t�Ae hnsoaimtd<!-oHesmon'ist<:scp,l aai onltf� G _rSLteoohBacnetridS ieo�ttnahay nooi dofMn le iId•cr.;ie L fnleoWeacro nt mudoer.nne DD .iurac ptrhlaGeglsanm's; d s· ' ...· ·�
FBroimrim.neErgxalhanyamHd mmu ;ne trte h·rPUe irm.aovnfe tra;5sttost hfCo}Re arIo m eyC)saq: llm Aldobeg-fSege .ruen,dr , Leg oeenodnaosnn.d E a'r · ·'f
,
m F.S.A.
F.G .P .* FRANGKE ORGPEO PE. . . '
Lect.ou nrCe hremiEsatsrLtyo ,n dCoonl l(eUgnei veofrL sointd.yo n) {D'I a zcoo. m .po udsn .
F.J.H . FRANCJIOSH NH AVERFIME.LADL.,L, D. ., {
CamdPerno fesAsnocri Hein�Jtt ionrt hyUe n iveorfsO ixtfyo rFde.l loofw
BraseCnoolsleqeF tge el.lo ofw BritiAscha demAyu.t ohfoM ro ongraopnh ,Esb uircum.
RomaHni steo�rpye,c RioatmhlaeBln·r.y• i t&aci.n , ,
F.L lG.. FRANCLILSE WELGYRNI FFIMT.HA,.P ,H. DF..,AS .. . , .
ReadienEr !; yptoOlxofgolyr.,dJ !liF':oerrmseSirctlhyyo .flQaure e?Cno'lsl eDegned,e ra;
OxforEdd.t tooftr h Aerc haeolSpu.gr tvacenaydAl cr hae.o·l f?_oegpio.ocrfatt lhs{ e E dfu. .
EgyEpxtp loratiFoenl loFofIuw mn pde.Gr eiramlAa rnc haeo.lnIosgtiictault ¢.
.
F.R.H. FREDERRIoCBKE RHTE LMERPTH,. DD..I,N G.
ProfeosfGs eoord eUsnyi,v eorfBs eir.tly in. {Eat t,,h i.Fgurofet he( ipna rt)
F.R.M. FRANCIS RIMCAHUANRSDEC L.LM,. G.
LieutCeonlaon!tM-!i�tl!ai.r yi ce�-:msSuilv,Ta rse,b izVoann(d K uradn,)i,s t
1987-189M8t.ha tryA ttYacBhn!=et,tE smhb asCsoyn,s •.t ant1m9o0p1l-e1{D,9i0 a5bre.k r( ipna r· t); ·':;
AutohfCo ern tKruaritldsa ;&n c. ,
F.S . FRANCSITOSR R,
Editofot rhMJ e.o Au. ronfEa dlu caLtoinodnoO,nffi .c ide'rA cadPeamriie's, ' {Due•l
F.T.M. SIRF orFmRTAeHANrOKclM cyAMo SAu �RnnZteIaArKnoLa.tftSlC h, . eAB r.m Eyd.i otfot rh" eG reWarti t"eS resr{iDeusm .as .fi. l
s.
. ..
F.V .T. FREDERVIICNKC.E TNHTE OBAML.DA,.
Vi-cPerincainpda lZ ooSl.oEAgg.ir Eitc,uC lotlulrWeaygleeK ,,e n(tU niveorfs ity •i
Lond.o Gnr)anMde dalolfti hsSeto ciNeattei odnA'aclcel imadteFa rt'ainocnEec o. n ·oi.Cm E nt{omolog y.
AutohfTo hrIe n saencodtt hAellriP eeds otfOs r chBaursadhn,H d o thForuus;i&e tc s.
.. . ' '·
F.W .R.*. FREDERWIICLKL IRAUMD LEIR.,.S OF..G,. S.
CuraatnoLdri braorfti haMenu seoufmP ractGiecoalloL goyn,d 1o78n9,- 190E2a.rt hqu(akipen a rt)
Presiodfte hnGete ologAissstosc'ri 8a8t7i-o1n8,8 g. { ·
F.w.w. FREDERICW HYWT.E .
AluitnWhgoio'fAtFrs cthal o sogrhfthsla h tinCe Rend it flu&e&rc;cy. .;T ran·so l·f aF ti·ol roE nn:gslS itsa;hgS ech{iDlu-M auriGe.r' ,
. '·
G.A .B . GEORGEAB .o uLENGFE.RR,. DS..cS,.P ,H .P.
Inc harogfte hc eo lleocfRt eipotnaisnl Fdei ss hDeesp,a rtomfZe onotl Boirgtyi,Ds ohr y.
MuseumV.i ce-Proefts hiZedo eonltoS goic;C#iiolef Lt oyn don. {
G.B e. GETRARuUtDMohEAfT oR hrGDe Ae RsLEaeOTnTr tdHth IS BeAoE Nw;L &nL c.. Druse(s pa.r.t )
{
G.B.M .C. GEOARsGsBEiA sRSNteAacMRnrIDteL B tBoaAarNCoryKofEd, o d RuEc.a Ltoinodno,n '. {Edu camt iNoa nt: wnSaylste mr·
• .
G.C .W . GEORGCEH ARLWEISL LIAMLSIOTNT,. D.
Chevaolfti heLere gioofHn o nouAru.t hoofPr o rtMrianiitea stL;ui roffeR ichaDorwdnm an;
Coswf?.a.yA;,y. e_orEgneg l�PheoarrtDtrr;aa iwti &ncg'.Es d;i toofnr eewd it{iDuomno n tF,r an�ois.
ofB rysaD nt ctwonfPa artyn atneEdrn sg ra·'l/e · rs. , , ·
G.F .B . G.F .B ARWICK. .
���:�Ke��epo efPr r inBtoeodak nsSd u perinotfRe enaddeRinontog m B,ri tisDhhu lpe Seingh.
{ '
G. GS.. GEDPORraGoyoEfsfJ e oasGfmEsR IenoSEVs.g":Gr Th;HO LhsTR .MiTHheY.tr, Aea.rn aQsP·tu.i euetrreiiUenSoon,•'pn md se .r�;• c tr i oeostnfptB..is tMe d yl ·d Sflca e•s;& tt. c. s.. o f·T hA{euDD outunhbgaolr'raGW,s �• i , vl.ih ·'n a m.
G.H .B r. GEOPRrGoHEfA eRoTsfPLs uBEorRYreY A AMNap,.np .,dlAM iD.Saect.d,Fh R.e.mSaU.tn.ii cv·se C,r osliltoeyfNg oer Wtahl es.
FormeFrellyol fPo ewt heoruC saem,b riPdrgees.io dfMe antth emaAtsiscoancl{,iD a.ift ufisoi •o n
1907. . .
'
G.H .C . GEORGHEE RBERT CARBP.ESNTcE.R ,
ProfeosfZs ooorl iontg hyRe o yCaoll loefSg cei eDnucbel,Ai unt .hr oo fI nseDcrtasg:on -(fliyp na r.t )
theSitrr uacntLdufi r.ee . {.
G.S.W .* GEORGSET EPHWEENs TM,. AD.,.c S.F,. L.S.
ProfeosfBs ootra Unnyi,v eorfsB iitrym ingAhsasmo.co ifRa otyeCa oll loefgD eia tomace(aipen a r.t )
ScieLnocned,o Anu.t ohfTo rre aotnBi rsiet ish AFgrlae&esc;h. - wate{r -
B.A.M i. HENRAYL EXANDER MM.IAE.DR,.SS ,c .F,. R.S.
Princoiftp haUeln iveorfsL iotnyd oFne.l loofMw a gdaCloeli).l, Oe gxeford..
FormeWralyyn flete oPfrM oiefnreaslsOooxgrfy o,rP dr.e siodfMe inentr aloDgiiacmoan4l.
Societ1y 90sE4idn.ic toeof tr hM ei neralMoaggziaicnarel8 ,9I -19A0u0t.oh f{o r
Mienral&oc.g y;
H.B .W o. HoRACBEO LINGBRWOoKoED WARFD.,R .FS..G,. S. ·
FormeArslsyi stanto ftD hiGere eocltooSgrui rcvaoelfyE nglaannddW al.e Dsesmare'Ns.t,
President,A sGseoooclniIo,a98g t-3i1i9s8t4sW·'o LlasMteodna l1l9i0s8t. ,
{{�
DevonshiEraer,l asn d lur's
H.Ch. HuGHC HISHOML.MA,. , · of· .
oFfotr hEmene Scrcylhcyo·lo lfoBCa prorairetpcdauainCs;aon C -iCoehldorlifitOet shxgorteferoi o, te rE hddd i.it toioftor hn Ie:t I he ditDiuotJn�r iann dA va,b t
MarquesEsd;w ard
VII.
INITIALS HEADINGS ARTICLES .
AND OF
I. X
H.De. REVH.I PPOLDYELTEEH AYSE.,J .
BollanJdoiisAntut.t hooftr h Aect aS acntorum. Deni,sS aint.
{
H F.B a. HENRFYR EDERBIACKKE MR., AD..,cS .F,.R .S {
FellaonwLd e ctuorfe JrSo thnCo'lsl Ceag.m eb,r iCdagyel.Le eyc tuirnMe art heDi-fferentEiqaula tion.
matics Uinni vetrhAseui tthyoo.fAr be lT'hse oarntydh Aell ieTdh e;o& rcy.
H.F . HANSF RIEDRGIACDHO WM,. A.F,. R.PSH..,D .
G. StrickCluarnadt orL ecatnudor nZe oro loignty h Uen iverosfCi atmyb ridDogdeo.( ipna )r.t
AuthoofAr m phiabniRdae pt(iClaemsb rNiadtgueHr iaslyt )o.r {
H. HUGHG ODFRMAY.,A .
G. Sometime FSetlJ loohwnC 'osol fl eCgaem,b ridAguet.ho ofra nE lemenDtiaalar nyDd i alling.
Treaotnti hsLeeu nTahroe r;y TAr eaotnAi tssreo nomy. {
{
H.H.T. HERBEHRATL LT URNEMR.,A D..S,c .F,. R.S.
SavilPiraonf eosfsA osrt ronOoxmfyo,Ur ndi versityo.f N eFwCe olllloewg e.
FormeFrellylo ofTw r inCiotlyl Ceagmeb,r iadngCdeh ,i Aesfs isattta hnReto yal
ObservaGtroenrewyi,c Cho.re rsFpond.lesnntti,Rt uFtr a.dnecP er.edS seinRto,.y aElC II 'ps (e• ;pna rt).
Astronomica.l91 03S-o1c9iA0eu4tt.yh o,of rM odeArsnrt ono;Am syrtonomical
Discovery.
H.L b. HoRACLEA MBM,. A.L,L .,DD ..Sc., {
ProfeosfsM oart hemaUtniicvse,ro sfMi atycn hestFeorr.m eFrellyl aonwd
AssisTtuatnootrf T rinCiotlyl eCagmeb,r idMgeem.b eorfC ounocfiR lo yaDly namics.
Socie19t84y-,1 8R9o6y.aM le dal1!9i0s2tP.,r esiodfLe onntd Moant ehmatical
Socie1t9y0,92 0-41A.u thoofHr yd rodyn;&a cm.i cs
H.N .D. HENRNYE WTODNI CKSMO.NA,D. .,S c.F,. R.(SE.nd i.F).R,.G .S.
Profeosfs oGre ogartUa nipvheyr CsoiltlyRe egaed,i ng. VFiocrem-ePrrleys ident,
RoyaMlee toroloSgoicciaelt y. inLP ehcytsuiGrceeaoarlgp rhOyx,f orAdu.t h{oDers e•r t
ofM eteor;o lEolgeyomfWe enattashn eCdrl im;&a ct.e
H.O.T. HENROYs BORTNA YLOLRL.,B .( Cloumb.i a) {
AuthoofTr h Ceal ssHiecrailot fta hgMeei ddAlgee;sA ncieIndte; a& lcs. D'1 0n·y smrsAe opiaCigU·St.·
H.S t. HENRSYT URMT.,A .
AuthoofIr d oTlhaer a;iTt hIed eofaa F reCeh cuh;ra nPde rsIodneaal.l ismDilhring.
{
H.S .S . HAROLSDP ENCSEcRo TMT.,A .
NewC ollOexgfeo,rB da.r risterL-iaontlc-nIL'nasnw ., Dower.
{
H.Ti. HENRTYI EDEMANN. {
LondEodni tor Noife uRtwohete t erdCoaumrsacnEhtxe.- Presoiftd heen tF oDroeziyg.n
PreAssss otciioan.
H.W.C.D. HENF1R9e8Y5l -la1oWnw9ITdA 0Lu u2LttI.oohA frBooM afEr l n ClCgAiolRoMluaLll.nnEO eAdsdxgt.es feh roN,e rDoF dAerv.lmi laoasonfnA,w Asdl l ng eSv;oiC unhlsasO_ra'xl gfeCno,m{oer DEld. edl rmme u0 g n,tedSa ,acm.M tu .r rMo hu•.g
HOPE HOG,GM .A.
H.W.H.
Prw.o feosfSs eomri Ltaincg uaagneds LitertahtUeun irveesr osfiMi nat nyc hes{tEeders s. a .
IA.. IsRRAeAEaBLdiR enTAr aH lAMmM.uSaAd,n.i Rd ca bbiLniitce raUtnvuier.re s,oi fCt aym br.i Pdrgees.ni t{d,Deu kehsL. e oplod'·
Jewish HSiosctiooerfEti nycg alla Anudt.h oofAr S hoHrits toofJr eyw iLsiht eDruan-as'
tu;rJ eeiwsLhfi ei nt hMei ddAlgee s. Duran.
F.R.S.
JOHAN ITKELNL,. D.,
J.A .•
IvnestiogfaA ttomro spDheursitIc.n venotfio nrs trufmoecrno tusn ttihdneug s t
partiicntl heaest mosphAeurteho.ofp r a peornDs u sFto gasn Cdl ou;Hd asziDnugs t.
EffecotfAs t mosphDeurs;iCt cy cloneAsn ctayincdl ;o& nce.is,n publoif{c atio ns
RoySaolc iety.
J.A.H . JoHNA LLEHNo wEB,.S c. DevoniSayns t;e m
Curator and tLhMiebu rsaeruoifmPa rna cotGfie coalloL goyn,d on. {Drift.
J. REV;. MESA LEXANDPEART ERSMO.NA,D. .,D .
A.P .* i'r.•o feosfHs eobrr aenwd TOelsdt ament NEexwCe ogle!sEeidgsie,n, b uArugthh.o r
ofT heP eriooft dh Jeu d;gB eosookfL evciutsii,n" Temp"l Beib;lB eoookf D euteronomy.
Numb,ei rn"s Polych"r oBmieb;l& ec.T ransloafSt cohru lOtlzTd'es st am{ent
Theology. .
C.M . ·JAMCELsE RMKA xwELDL.,.C LF.,.. Rs.
l. Seteh bei ograaprhti:icM caAllXe WELJLAM,E CSL ER.K {D·I agram,
J.F .K-. ]AMEFSI TZMAURICEL-IKTTE.LDFL.Y.,.,R H ISS.T .
GilmoPurro feosfsS opra niLasnhg uaangdeL iteraLtiuvreer,Up noiovle rDseiut,syJ o._ a doe ;
NormMacn Co.leLlc tuCraemrb,r iUdngiev ersity.t hBeFr eiltAlicosawhd eomDfyo .nJ ua;n
AMlepmhboeoXnrfIt s IhoARe. uo tyhaSoolpfAr a H nz.Ai scstaohofdSr epyma�y nm.Lis� ztghCt oemr;&ma cat.nu odrfee r tOhrede orf{ Echeg arya Eyia zguirre.
J.G .H . JOASuEGtP.hHoH o foPr Rl NaEtAaRz.nM,nBd. Igo. �z EMlCHa.eEkrm ;Pg ra.c MteztcTaaullr. n m g;& c. {DrawinDgr: awiffincgeW-o Ork..
:
H. JoHANHNE NDRGIAKL L:EPEH.,D .
J. G. ProfeosfCs oomrp araPthiilvloeog y and Teutonic LoafUn tgrcuehatgD.ue tsc,hL aUngnuia'vge er sity
Presiodfet nhPteh oillogSioccaile ty, UtreocfAh tlts,a chASsupitrhsaoc{rch he-
denkmaler.
. {
J.H .R . JoHNH oRACREo uND,M .AL.L,. D(.E dm.). DomesdaByo o;k
Autto.foF re udEanlgn ld;aS tudiPeese riaanng Fdea miHliys t;Po ereyraangdeE 1.
Pedrie;g&e c. Eaarr 'Ml a rshal.
J.I . JuLEISs AAC. {Du Bellay, and
ProfeosfHs iosrt aottr hye L0yfLc yeoen s. Jean. Guillaume