Enabling the Internet of Things: Fundamentals, Design and Applications

277 Pages·2021·18.797 MB·English

by  Muhammad Azhar Iqbal, Sajjad Hussain, Huanlai Xing, Muhammad Ali Imran

Enabling the Internet of Things:
Fundamentals, Design, and Applications
Enabling the Internet of Things:
Fundamentals, Design, and Applications
Muhammad Azhar Iqbal
Southwest Jiaotong University, China
Sajjad Hussain
University of Glasgow, UK
Huanlai Xing
Southwest Jiaotong University, China
Muhammad Ali Imran
University of Glasgow, UK

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names:Iqbal,MuhammadAzhar,author.|Hussain,Sajjad,
author.|Huanlai,Xing,author.|Imran,MuhammadAli,author.
Title:Enablingtheinternetofthings:fundamentals,design,and
applications/MuhammadAzharIqbal,SajjadHussain,HuanlaiXing,
MuhammadAliImran.
Description:Firstedition.|Hoboken,NJ:Wiley,2021.|Series:Wiley‐
IEEE|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2020040726(print)|LCCN2020040727(ebook)|ISBN
9781119701255(cloth)|ISBN9781119701477(adobepdf)|ISBN
9781119701484(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Internetofthings.
Classification:LCCTK5105.8857.I772021(print)|LCCTK5105.8857
(ebook)|DDC004.67/8‐‐dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2020040726
LCebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2020040727
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CoverImage:©ivanastar/GettyImages
Setin9.5/12.5ptSTIXTwoTextbySPiGlobal,Chennai,India
10987654321
v
Contents
About the Authors xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
1 Internet of Things (IoT) Fundamentals  1
1.1  Introduction  1
1.2  Evolution of IoT Concept  2
1.3   IoT Vision  3
1.4   IoT Definition  5
1.5   IoT Basic Characteristics  6
1.6   IoT Distinction  7
1.6.1  IoT Versus Embedded Systems  7
1.6.2  IoT Versus M2M  7
1.6.3  IoT Versus CPS  7
1.6.4  IoT Versus WSN  8
1.6.5  IoT Versus WoT  8
1.7   IoT General Enablers  9
1.7.1  Identification and Sensing Technologies  10
1.7.2  Wireless Communication and Networking  11
1.7.3  Aggregation Standardization  14
1.7.4  Augmented Intelligence  14
1.7.5  Augmented Behavior  15
1.8   IoT Architectures  16
1.8.1  Three-layer IoT Architecture  17
1.8.1.1  Perception Layer  17
1.8.1.2  Network Layer  18
1.8.1.3  Application Layer  18
1.8.2  Five-Layer IoT Architecture  19
1.8.2.1  Object (Perception) Layer  19
1.8.2.2  Object Abstraction (Network) Layer  19
1.8.2.3  Service Management (Middleware) Layer  19
1.8.2.4  Application Layer  19
vi Contents
1.8.2.5  Business Layer  19
1.8.3  Six-layer Architecture  20
1.8.3.1  Focus Layer  21
1.8.3.2  Cognizance Layer  21
1.8.3.3  Transmission Layer  21
1.8.3.4  Application Layer  21
1.8.3.5  Infrastructure Layer  21
1.8.3.6  Competence Business Layer  21
1.8.4  Seven-layer Architecture  21
1.8.4.1  Layer 1: Things Layer  21
1.8.4.2  Layer 2: Connectivity  21
1.8.4.3  Layer 3: Edge/Fog Computing  22
1.8.4.4  Layer 4: Data Accumulation  23
1.8.4.5  Layer 5: Data Abstraction Layer  23
1.8.4.6  Level 6: Application Layer  23
1.8.4.7  Layer 7: Collaboration and Processes  23
1.9   Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT  23
  Review Questions  23
   References  25
2 IoT Building Blocks – Hardware and Software  29
2.1   IoT Building Blocks  29
2.2   The Smart Things  29
2.2.1  Smart Thing Sensor  30
2.2.2  Smart Thing Communicator  31
2.2.3  Smart Thing Actuator  31
2.2.4  Smart Thing Controller  32
2.2.4.1  Microcontroller (MCU)  32
2.2.4.2  Development Boards  32
2.2.4.3  Packet Tracer and MCUs  33
2.2.5  Smart Thing Capabilities  36
2.3   The IoT Gateway  38
2.4   Network Infrastructure  39
2.5   IoT Cloud  39
2.5.1  Virtual Resource Pool  39
2.5.2  Application Server  39
2.5.3  Database Servers  40
2.5.4  Load-balancing Servers  41
2.6   IoT Analytics  41
2.6.1  IoT Analytics – Tools and Techniques  42
2.6.2  IoT Analytics Life Cycle  43
2.7   IoT Applications  43
  Review Questions  43
   References  45
Contents vii
3 Sensing Principles and Wireless Sensor Network  49
3.1   Sensor Fundamentals  49
3.2   Sensor Classification  51
3.2.1  Simple (Direct) Sensor Versus Complex Sensor  51
3.2.2  Active Sensors Versus Passive Sensors  51
3.2.3  Contact Sensors Versus Noncontact Sensors  52
3.2.4  Absolute Sensors and Relative Sensors  52
3.2.5  Digital Sensors Versus Analog Sensors (Based on Output)  52
3.2.6  Scalar Sensor Versus Vector Sensors (Based on Data Types)  52
3.3   Anatomy of Sensors  52
3.4   Physical Principles of Sensing  53
3.4.1  Capacitance  53
3.4.1.1  Examples of Capacitive Sensors  55
3.4.2  Magnetism and Induction  57
3.4.2.1  Magnetic Sensing Examples  59
3.4.3  Electric Resistance and Resistivity  60
3.4.3.1  Resistive Sensor Applications  61
3.4.4  Piezoelectric Effect  61
3.5   Use of Basic Sensing Principles in RFID Technology  61
3.6   Actuators  62
3.7   Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)  63
3.7.1  WSN Architecture  63
3.7.2  Types of WSNs  64
3.7.3  General Characteristics of WSNs  64
3.7.4  Protocol Stack of WSNs  65
3.7.4.1  Physical Layer  65
3.7.4.2  Data Link Layer (DLL)  66
3.7.4.3  Network Layer  68
3.7.4.4  Transport Layer  68
3.7.4.5  Application Layer  69
3.7.4.6  Cross-layer WSN Protocols  69
3.7.5  WSN Operating Systems  69
3.7.5.1  WSN OS Design Issues  71
  Review Questions  72
  R  eferences  72
4 IoT Gateway  75
4.1   The IoT Gateway  75
4.2   Sensing Domain and IoT Gateways  77
4.3   The Architecture of IoT Gateway  79
4.3.1  Hardware Layer of IoT Gateway  79
4.3.2  OS Layer of IoT Gateway  80
4.3.3  Hardware Abstraction Layer  80
4.3.4  Data Forwarding Layer  80
viii Contents
4.3.5  Service Abstraction Layer  81
4.3.6  Manageability Layer  81
4.3.7  Security Layer  81
4.3.8  Application Layer  81
4.4   Selection of IoT Gateway  81
4.4.1  Nature of IoT System Architecture  81
4.4.2  Multiple Network Connectivity Support  82
4.4.3  Data Storage Capacity  82
4.4.4  Development Environment  82
4.4.5  Robust Security Mechanism  82
4.4.6  External Hardware Watchdog Timer  83
4.4.7  Time Synchronization  83
4.4.8  Firmware Update  83
4.4.9  LED Indication and Remote Reboot  83
4.4.10  Support for Legacy Equipment  83
4.4.11  Standard Protocol Support  83
4.4.12  Gateway Certification  83
4.4.13  Control of Low Power Footprint  84
4.4.14  Support for Edge Computing  84
4.5   IoT Gateways and Edge Computing  84
4.5.1  Benefits of Edge Computing  84
4.5.2  Use Cases of Edge Computing  85
4.5.2.1  Smart Home  85
4.5.2.2  Cooperative Safety Smart Vehicles  86
4.5.2.3  Provisioning of Infotainment Services for Smart Vehicles  86
4.5.2.4  Online Shopping Service  86
4.5.2.5  Healthcare and Collaborative Edge  86
4.5.2.6  Video Monitoring and Analysis  87
4.5.2.7  Smart City  87
4.5.2.8  Security Surveillance  87
4.5.2.9  Retail Advertising  87
4.5.3  Challenges of Edge Computing-based IoT Systems  87
4.5.3.1  System Integration  88
4.5.3.2  Resource Management  88
4.5.3.3  Security and Privacy  88
4.5.3.4  Heterogenous Communication  88
4.5.3.5  Data Analysis Support for Smart Systems  88
4.6   IoT Gateway Providers  89
  Review Questions  89
   References  90
5 IoT Protocol Stack  93
5.1   IoT Protocol Stack  93
5.2   IoT Protocols  95
Contents ix
5.2.1  Infrastructure Protocols  95
5.2.1.1  EPCglobal  95
5.2.1.2  Z-wave  96
5.2.1.3  Long-term Evolution – Advanced (LTE-A)  97
5.2.1.4  Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)  97
5.2.1.5  IEEE 802.15.4  97
5.2.1.6  IEEE 802.11ah  98
5.2.1.7  ZigBee  100
5.2.1.8  6LoWPAN  102
5.2.1.9  Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL)  102
5.2.2  Service Discovery Protocols  104
5.2.2.1  Multicast Domain Name System (mDNS)  104
5.2.2.2  DNS Service Discovery (DNS-SD)  104
5.2.3  Application Layer Protocols  105
5.2.3.1  Data Distribution Service (DDS)  105
5.2.3.2  Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT)  105
5.2.3.3  Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP)  111
5.2.3.4  Advanced Message Queuing Protocol (AMQP)  116
5.2.3.5  eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP)  119
  Review Questions  123
   References  124
6 IoT Cloud and Fog Computing  127
6.1   IoT Cloud  127
6.1.1  Cloud Computing for IoT  129
6.1.2  IoT Cloud Architecture  129
6.1.2.1  Virtual Resource Pool  130
6.1.2.2  Application Server  130
6.1.2.3  Database Servers  131
6.1.2.4  Load-balancing Servers  131
6.1.3  Application Domains of IoT Cloud Platforms  134
6.2   Fog Computing for IoT  135
6.2.1  Difference from Related Computing Paradigms  136
6.2.1.1  Edge Computing  136
6.2.1.2  Mobile Edge Computing (MEC)  136
6.2.2  Architecture of Fog Computing  137
6.2.2.1  Physical and Virtualization Layer  137
6.2.2.2  Monitoring Layer  137
6.2.2.3  Preprocessing Layer  137
6.2.2.4  Temporary Storage Layer  137
6.2.2.5  Security Layer  137
6.2.2.6  Transport Layer  139
6.2.3  Fog Deployment Models  139
6.2.4  Fog Service Models  140
x Contents
6.3   Case Study – Vehicles with Fog Computing  140
6.3.1  VANETs and Fog Computing  140
6.3.2  Dynamic Traffic Light Signal Management  141
6.3.3  Parking System  142
6.3.4  Content Distribution  143
6.3.5  Decision Support System  143
  Review Questions  143
   References  144
7 IoT Applications  147
7.1   Application Domains of IoT  147
7.2   IoT and Smart Home  147
7.2.1  IoT-based Smart Home Framework  148
7.3   IoT and Healthcare  150
7.4   IoT and Smart Mobility  153
7.4.1  Car Parking System  156
7.5   IoT and Agriculture  159
7.5.1  Major Instances of Crop Growth and IoT  159
7.5.2  IoT Architecture of Smart Agriculture  160
7.6   Smart Grid  162
7.7   IoT-based Smart Cities  164
7.8   IoT and Smart Education  167
7.9   Industrial IoT  168
  Review Questions  168
   References  170
8 IoT Security  173
8.1   IoT Systems and Security Constraints  173
8.1.1  IoT Security Constraints Based on Hardware Limitations  175
8.1.2  IoT Security Constraints Based on Software Limitations  176
8.1.3  IoT Security Constraints Based on Communication Limitations  176
8.2   IoT Security Requirements  176
8.2.1  Information-level Security Requirements  176
8.2.2  Access-level Security Requirements  177
8.2.3  Functional Security Requirements  177
8.3   Security Challenges  177
8.4   Taxonomy of IoT Security Threats/Attacks  178
8.4.1  IoT Security Attacks Based on Device Category  178
8.4.2  Attacks Based on Access Level  178
8.4.3  Attacks Based on Attacker’s Location  178
8.4.4  Attacks Based on Attack Strategy  178
8.4.5  Attacks Based on Information Damage Level  180
8.4.6  Host-based IoT Attacks  180
8.4.7  Protocol-based Attacks  180